地理環境
巴(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)位(wei)于(yu)四(si)川(chuan)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu),地處(chu)川(chuan)陜兩省交界(jie)的(de)(de)大巴(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)系米(mi)倉(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)麓,轄(xia)巴(ba)州(zhou)區(qu)(qu)、恩陽區(qu)(qu),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)江縣、通江縣、平昌縣。屬盆周邊遠山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu),東(dong)(dong)鄰(lin)達川(chuan),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)接南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)充,西(xi)抵(di)廣(guang)元,北(bei)接陜西(xi)漢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。全(quan)(quan)市地貌(mao)以丘(qiu)陵(ling)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),地勢北(bei)高南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)低(di),由北(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)傾(qing)斜。北(bei)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)深切(qie)(qie)割(ge)(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)切(qie)(qie)割(ge)(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)切(qie)(qie)割(ge)(ge)低(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、淺切(qie)(qie)割(ge)(ge)低(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan);南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)丘(qiu)陵(ling),沿(yan)(yan)河兩岸及臺狀山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂有(you)平壩。境(jing)內西(xi)北(bei)為(wei)龍(long)門山(shan)(shan)(shan)北(bei)東(dong)(dong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)褶皺帶,北(bei)部(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)米(mi)倉(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)褶皺帶,東(dong)(dong)北(bei)與(yu)大巴(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)褶皺帶相連,東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)鄰(lin)華鎣山(shan)(shan)(shan)北(bei)東(dong)(dong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)褶皺帶,南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)西(xi)是(shi)(shi)川(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)北(bei)西(xi)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)褶皺帶。山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)來自大巴(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)段與(yu)米(mi)倉(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)復合部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)麓,沿(yan)(yan)川(chuan)、陜省界(jie)逶迤南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)下(xia),直接或輾轉從東(dong)(dong)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、北(bei)、西(xi)、西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)五面延伸(shen)入(ru)(ru)境(jing)域,分成百余個(ge)走向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不一的(de)(de)支(zhi)脈,綿亙全(quan)(quan)境(jing),入(ru)(ru)境(jing)主(zhu)(zhu)要山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈有(you)36支(zhi)。全(quan)(quan)市多年平均降雨1198.9㎜,多年平均水(shui)資源量為(wei)71.68億(yi)立方米(mi)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕地面積258.8萬畝,具有(you)巴(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)雞豐富的(de)(de)飼養資源。
巴中(zhong)市屬亞熱(re)帶大陸性濕潤季風氣候,光照較(jiao)好,多年平均光照時數為1462.1小時;從整體上看,光、熱(re)、水資源比較(jiao)豐富,有利(li)于巴山(shan)土(tu)雞的飼養。
土(tu)壤類型大多為水(shui)稻(dao)土(tu),其次為紫色土(tu)、黃壤土(tu)、沖積土(tu)和(he)石(shi)灰(hui)土(tu),大部分土(tu)壤中(zhong)硒含量豐富。這些土(tu)壤非常(chang)適(shi)合常(chang)綠落葉闊葉混交林、針葉林、竹林、灌(guan)叢林、銀(yin)(yin)杏、三尖杉、紅豆、巴(ba)山(shan)松、巴(ba)山(shan)水(shui)青(qing)杠等(deng)近3000種(zhong)(zhong)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong);金銀(yin)(yin)花、川明(ming)參、銀(yin)(yin)耳、杜仲(zhong)、天麻、梔子(zi)等(deng)近1000種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)藥材(cai)和(he)茶樹(shu)、柑桔、茶樹(shu)、桃、李樹(shu)等(deng)近100百種(zhong)(zhong)特色茶葉、蔬果的生長,而且(qie)牧草資(zi)源遍及全境域(yu),全市森林覆蓋(gai)率(lv)達(da)54%。
有(you)了這些天(tian)(tian)然飼草(cao)(cao)資源和綠色生態環境(jing),加上適宜的光(guang)、熱、水和地(di)面(mian)復蓋的草(cao)(cao)地(di)資源,形成了巴山土雞大棚(peng)散養賴以生存(cun)的獨特環境(jing),夏天(tian)(tian)能遮蔭(yin),雨(yu)季(ji)能躲雨(yu)、冷天(tian)(tian)能擋風,雞群白天(tian)(tian)在棚(peng)外活動和棲(qi)息的范圍廣,能自由覓食昆(kun)蟲、牧草(cao)(cao)、樹葉和土壤中(zhong)豐富的礦物質及微量(liang)元(yuan)素(su)。
品種特征
母雞(ji):單(dan)冠或復冠、頭清秀,眼有神,羽(yu)毛緊(jin)湊(cou),冠與肉髯,耳葉為紅(hong)色,喙、趾、足庶為鐵青色、米黃色、黑色等,體型呈馬(ma)鞍型,是巴山土雞(ji)區別于(yu)其它雞(ji)種(黃毛雞(ji)、紅(hong)毛雞(ji)、三黃雞(ji)、白(bai)毛雞(ji)、黑毛雞(ji)、蘆花雞(ji)、黃腳雞(ji))的顯著外貌特征。
公雞:羽(yu)毛色(se)彩鮮艷,雄(xiong)健俊俏,羽(yu)毛棕紅(hong)(hong)色(se)或(huo)紅(hong)(hong)褐色(se),尾羽(yu)呈黑色(se),胸、腹部(bu)羽(yu)毛黃中帶(dai)紅(hong)(hong)或(huo)黑,胸部(bu)肌肉(rou)發達,頭高昂,眼(yan)有神,冠(guan)大紅(hong)(hong)潤,單冠(guan)直立,冠(guan)齒(chi)一般5個,肉(rou)髯深而薄呈紅(hong)(hong)色(se),尾部(bu)高翹,喙、足庶、趾呈青色(se),米黃色(se)或(huo)黑色(se),體態優美,體形呈駝峰(feng)型。
開產日(ri)齡135-160天,500日(ri)齡產蛋(dan)100-150枚,平均蛋(dan)重(zhong)(zhong)45-55克,開產體重(zhong)(zhong)1250-1500克;種蛋(dan)受(shou)精率(lv)92-98%,受(shou)精蛋(dan)孵化(hua)率(lv)85-90%,種蛋(dan)合格率(lv)90-92%。
營養價值
顯著的(de)“三高一低(di)(di)”特點,即“可(ke)食(shi)部分高、人體必需(xu)的(de)八種氨基酸含量高、維(wei)生(sheng)素含量高、微量元素含量高、膽固醇(chun)含量低(di)(di)”,表現在肉嫩味鮮、清沌(dun)滋補(bu)、適(shi)合老(lao)中少各齡人食(shi)用(yong),對人體生(sheng)精(jing)益氣、抗疲勞、健(jian)美養顏有獨特的(de)功(gong)效,有利于(yu)血漿膽固醇(chun)的(de)降低(di)(di)及防止動(dong)脈粥樣硬化,對冠心病(bing)、高血壓、產(chan)(chan)后虛(xu)弱(ruo)等疾(ji)病(bing)具(ju)有顯著食(shi)療保健(jian)作用(yong),是兒童生(sheng)長發育、老(lao)人延年益壽、產(chan)(chan)婦虛(xu)弱(ruo)、缺奶的(de)良好滋補(bu)佳(jia)品。深(shen)受消(xiao)(xiao)費者(zhe)青睞,符合現代及今(jin)后消(xiao)(xiao)費趨(qu)勢(shi)。
區別
1、體表(biao)顏(yan)色(se)的區別:巴山(shan)土雞(ji)外觀(guan)形體清(qing)秀,頭尾上(shang)翹,羽(yu)毛緊湊,羽(yu)色(se)有(you)深(shen)黃、淺麻(ma)、黑色(se)、淺花(hua)、偶爾也有(you)白(bai)色(se)和(he)其他一些雜(za)色(se)羽(yu)毛,其中以(yi)深(shen)黃為主。冠(guan)為單冠(guan),冠(guan)行大小(xiao)中等,厚實、直立。臉、耳葉(xie)均為紅色(se),脛上(shang)偶爾有(you)毛,皮(pi)膚為淺黃、灰白(bai)、烏色(se)。成年母雞(ji)體重1.5~2.5公斤左(zuo)(zuo)右,公雞(ji)體重2.0~3.0公斤左(zuo)(zuo)右。巴山(shan)土雞(ji)習性活(huo)潑,覓食性強,適合散養。
2、生(sheng)長(chang)速度的區別:初生(sheng)重39克(ke),公雞(ji)(ji)39.5克(ke),母雞(ji)(ji)39.2克(ke);44周齡公雞(ji)(ji)達到2600克(ke)左右,母雞(ji)(ji)達到1785克(ke)左右;公、母雞(ji)(ji)日(ri)均增長(chang)7.15±1.33克(ke)。初期(qi)生(sheng)長(chang)速度較后(hou)期(qi)生(sheng)長(chang)速度緩慢。
3、適應(ying)(ying)環境(jing)的區(qu)別:巴山土雞(ji)特(te)別適應(ying)(ying)在(zai)山區(qu)生存(cun),即(ji)使海拔(ba)(ba)3500米以(yi)上的高(gao)寒地區(qu),也能生存(cun),而且(qie)海拔(ba)(ba)越(yue)(yue)高(gao),其風(feng)味越(yue)(yue)好(hao),抗氧化性越(yue)(yue)強。
4、養殖技(ji)術的(de)區別(bie):巴山土雞仔自然氣(qi)候和(he)林地、果園里,實行(xing)山地散養,遠離(li)污染(ran)源,提(ti)供的(de)是與野生(sheng)鳥類相近的(de)生(sheng)長條件。活動量大,吃天然的(de)草(cao)、蟲、五谷雜(za)糧,突出了“綠”、“特”、“野”、“土”的(de)生(sheng)態養殖模式(shi)。
地理標志
2010年巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)中(zhong)市人民政府劃定(ding)了(le)“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)土雞(ji)”地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)產(chan)品保護區(qu)域,成立了(le)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)中(zhong)市畜禽(qin)養殖協會(hui),掛靠(kao)市畜牧食品局(ju),負責承擔(dan)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)土雞(ji)發展和(he)服務,為(wei)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)土雞(ji)地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)證明(ming)商標(biao)(biao)持有(you)人。市質監局(ju)、畜牧食品局(ju)組織(zhi)制定(ding)了(le)“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)土雞(ji)”及其產(chan)品的相關標(biao)(biao)準(zhun),確立了(le)生產(chan)基地(di),“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)土雞(ji)”、“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)土雞(ji)蛋”、“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)土雞(ji)肉”三大地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)證明(ming)商標(biao)(biao),通過(guo)了(le)國家工商總(zong)局(ju)商標(biao)(biao)局(ju)注冊(ce),于2011年3月20日開始正式施(shi)行。
產地范圍
四川省巴中(zhong)市巴州區、恩陽(yang)區、南(nan)江縣、通江縣、平昌縣等4個區縣現轄行政區域。