一.產品介紹
美姑(gu)山(shan)羊(yang),是由(you)美姑(gu)縣巴普(pu)(pu)鎮俄普(pu)(pu)村一(yi)帶駐地(di)彝民族(zu)在特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境下(xia)和特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)活方式(shi)(shi)下(xia)飼(si)(si)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)羊(yang)逐(zhu)步培育形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。據2000多年前形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美姑(gu)彝族(zu)經(jing)典文(wen)獻《孜孜尼(ni)渣》中記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)美姑(gu)彝族(zu)人民在在祭祀神靈(ling)、祈求平(ping)安的(de)(de)(de)(de)儀式(shi)(shi)中所使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物“癡(chi)布樹(shu)尼(ni)”就是指黑色(se)公山(shan)羊(yang),在山(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養管理過程中,農戶只能(neng)將(jiang)山(shan)羊(yang)關(guan)在圈(quan)里(li)同豬一(yi)起喂養或將(jiang)山(shan)羊(yang)用繩索套牢牽至耕地(di)附近進行拴牧和牽牧,由(you)此(ci)逐(zhu)漸形成(cheng)了(le)以圈(quan)養為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)羊(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)產模式(shi)(shi)。由(you)于放牧場地(di)有(you)限(xian),每(mei)家每(mei)戶飼(si)(si)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)羊(yang)數量(liang)(liang)也(ye)有(you)限(xian),少量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養使(shi)農戶投入(ru)了(le)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)力,使(shi)當地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)羊(yang)得(de)到了(le)精(jing)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養,生(sheng)(sheng)產性(xing)能(neng)不斷(duan)得(de)到提(ti)高。
二.自然生(sheng)態(tai)環境和(he)人文歷(li)史因(yin)素
(1)土(tu)壤地(di)(di)貌情況(kuang):美姑(gu)縣位于涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)州東(dong)北(bei)部,地(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)大(da)涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)腹心(xin)地(di)(di)帶,距州府西(xi)昌(chang)171公里。地(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)青藏(zang)高(gao)原(yuan)東(dong)南部的(de)(de)(de)橫斷山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈與四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)西(xi)南邊緣(yuan)交(jiao)匯處(chu)(chu),境(jing)內山(shan)(shan)(shan)巒起伏(fu),河流(liu)縱橫,地(di)(di)勢由東(dong)北(bei)向西(xi)南傾(qing)斜,平(ping)均海(hai)拔2000米(mi),最高(gao)海(hai)拔在大(da)風頂為4042米(mi),最低(di)處(chu)(chu)640米(mi)。地(di)(di)形以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)為主(zhu),丘陵和平(ping)壩只占(zhan)(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)8%。土(tu)壤有17個土(tu)類(lei),以(yi)黃棕壤、暗棕壤、紫色土(tu)、草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)為主(zhu)。全縣天(tian)然草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)193.35萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)共有8類(lei):亞高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)44.53萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)23.03%;高(gao)寒灌叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)10.79萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)5.58%;高(gao)寒沼澤草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)0.27萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.14%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)疏林草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.28萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)13.07%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)灌叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.27萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)13.07%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)叢草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)18.86萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)9.75%;山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甸草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)25.89萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)13.34%;農(nong)隙地(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)42.46萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占(zhan)(zhan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)21.96%。天(tian)然牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)主(zhu)要有禾本科(ke)(ke)、莎草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)科(ke)(ke)、豆科(ke)(ke)、菊科(ke)(ke);人工(gong)牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)主(zhu)要種(zhong)植白三葉、多年生 黑(hei)麥草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、光葉紫花苕、紫花苜蓿、皇(huang)竹草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)等。
(2)水(shui)(shui)文情(qing)況(kuang): 美(mei)(mei)姑山羊產地區域河(he)(he)流(liu)為(wei)內陸河(he)(he),全縣(xian)大(da)小河(he)(he)流(liu)和溪溝159條,總長287公里。東北部的(de)瓦侯河(he)(he)流(liu)入馬邊(bian)河(he)(he),屬岷(min)江水(shui)(shui)系,河(he)(he)流(liu)全長45公里;美(mei)(mei)姑河(he)(he)(含(han)下游溜筒河(he)(he))由北向南(nan)出(chu)境(jing)(jing)流(liu)入金沙江,境(jing)(jing)內干流(liu)總長142.5公里。全縣(xian)河(he)(he)流(liu)年涇流(liu)量29億立(li)方米,水(shui)(shui)資源豐富(fu)。
(3)氣(qi)候(hou)條件:境內山嶺(ling)連綿,異峰疊起,大部份為(wei)高(gao)(gao)山谷地,最高(gao)(gao)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)的(de)大風(feng)(feng)頂為(wei)4042米,最低海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)640米,海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)差(cha)懸殊很大,立體(ti)氣(qi)候(hou)明顯,四(si)季(ji)分明,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣(qi)溫11.4℃,日溫差(cha)較大。常年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照充(chong)(chong)足,年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照1790.7小時,雨量充(chong)(chong)沛,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)降水(shui)量814.6毫米,但降水(shui)量北部多南(nan)部少,分布(bu)不均(jun)。冬(dong)季(ji)長達135天,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)霜期125天。得(de)天獨厚的(de)自然環境孕育出了(le)許許多多的(de)珍禽異獸,其中最具(ju)代(dai)表的(de)美(mei)姑(gu)大熊貓(mao)(mao)具(ju)有性情(qing)溫順(shun)、繁殖(zhi)率(lv)(lv)強的(de)特點,1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)送往(wang)墨西(xi)(xi)哥(ge)的(de)雌性大熊貓(mao)(mao)在墨西(xi)(xi)哥(ge)首產(chan)成(cheng)活幼(you)仔而(er)轟動世(shi)界,1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)送往(wang)成(cheng)都動物園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)大熊貓(mao)(mao)“美(mei)美(mei)”連產(chan)7胎,成(cheng)為(wei)懷孕率(lv)(lv)、產(chan)仔率(lv)(lv)、產(chan)仔成(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)最高(gao)(gao)的(de)“英雄(xiong)母親”,2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)送往(wang)臺灣的(de)“團團”、“園(yuan)(yuan)園(yuan)(yuan)”的(de)祖(zu)藉也是美(mei)姑(gu)縣大風(feng)(feng)頂自然保(bao)護區(qu)。同時也孕育出了(le)性情(qing)溫順(shun)、繁殖(zhi)率(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)、屠宰率(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)、膽固醇含量低、肉質好的(de)美(mei)姑(gu)山羊(yang)。
(4)人文歷(li)史(shi)情(qing)況:美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)直接從奴隸社(she)(she)會(hui)跨入社(she)(she)會(hui)主義社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)聚居縣(xian)(xian),在(zai)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)(shi)彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)人民在(zai)婚(hun)喪嫁娶、畢摩法事、過(guo)(guo)年過(guo)(guo)節(jie)、走親(qin)訪(fang)友(you)、招待(dai)貴(gui)客時(shi)必需宰殺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牲(sheng)畜,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位僅次于(yu)牛(niu)。由(you)(you)于(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)兼(jian)具(ju)了(le)(le)“偶蹄四肢”和(he)皮毛(mao)可利用(yong)、肉質細(xi)嫩(nen)鮮美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)食用(yong)貴(gui)重動物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征,且其(qi)個(ge)體適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong),價格較(jiao)牛(niu)更容易讓廣(guang)(guang)大彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)人民能(neng)夠承受,因(yin)此,使(shi)用(yong)范(fan)圍比(bi)牛(niu)廣(guang)(guang),在(zai)彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)人民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)不(bu)可替(ti)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),所以(yi)(yi)彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)人民家家戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)歷(li)來(lai)都有(you)(you)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習慣。美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)原產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)在(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)。90年代(dai)(dai)初,美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)畜牧(mu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)在(zai)以(yi)(yi)縣(xian)(xian)境內巴(ba)普(pu)鎮(zhen)俄普(pu)村為(wei)中(zhong)心區(qu)(qu)域一(yi)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域范(fan)圍內發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)高繁(fan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)類(lei)群(qun)(qun)(qun),暫定(ding)名為(wei)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang),其(qi)形成(cheng)歷(li)史(shi)近30余(yu)年。據調查,美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)(shi)從上世紀70年代(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)來(lai),由(you)(you)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)縣(xian)(xian)巴(ba)普(pu)鎮(zhen)俄普(pu)村一(yi)帶駐地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)民族(zu)在(zai)特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境下和(he)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)方式(shi)下飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)逐(zhu)(zhu)步培(pei)育(yu)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。由(you)(you)于(yu)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)交(jiao)通不(bu)便、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域封閉、水草豐茂、土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)肥沃(wo)、人丁興(xing)旺、人多(duo)(duo)(duo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)少,除 耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)外基本上沒有(you)(you)什(shen)么(me)牲(sheng)畜放牧(mu)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),因(yin)此,該村除極(ji)少經濟條(tiao)件(jian)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)能(neng)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)1-2只(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)外幾(ji)乎(hu)沒有(you)(you)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)其(qi)它草食畜。在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)管理過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)只(zhi)能(neng)將(jiang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)關在(zai)圈(quan)里同豬一(yi)起(qi)喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)或(huo)將(jiang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)用(yong)繩(sheng)索套(tao)牢牽(qian)至(zhi)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)附近進行拴牧(mu)和(he)牽(qian)牧(mu),由(you)(you)此逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)圈(quan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)模(mo)式(shi)。由(you)(you)于(yu)放牧(mu)場地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)限,每(mei)家每(mei)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)數量(liang)也有(you)(you)限,少量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)使(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)投(tou)入了(le)(le)更多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)力,使(shi)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)得到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)精(jing)(jing)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)能(neng)不(bu)斷得到(dao)(dao)提(ti)高。在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)偶爾出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些一(yi)胎兩羔(gao),甚至(zhi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)羔(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)母體和(he)后代(dai)(dai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)斷被(bei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)留養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),如此經過(guo)(guo)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然選(xuan)擇和(he)群(qun)(qun)(qun)眾自發(fa)(fa)(fa)選(xuan)育(yu),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)自發(fa)(fa)(fa)將(jiang)產(chan)雙(shuang)羔(gao)以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公、母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)再進行選(xuan)育(yu)、培(pei)育(yu),逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)具(ju)有(you)(you)繁(fan)殖率高、前(qian)期(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)育(yu)速(su)度快、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)范(fan)圍廣(guang)(guang)、性(xing)情(qing)溫順宜圈(quan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效益(yi)高等(deng)特色,并深受當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)喜愛,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)能(neng)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方優良(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)類(lei)群(qun)(qun)(qun)—美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)。由(you)(you)于(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)較(jiao)為(wei)簡便,沒有(you)(you)什(shen)么(me)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)限制,特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)黑色、光亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被(bei)毛(mao)特征迅速(su)受到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)廣(guang)(guang)大彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)人民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歡迎(ying)(ying)。美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)很快成(cheng)為(wei)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)彝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族(zu)在(zai)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)年過(guo)(guo)節(jie)、迎(ying)(ying)親(qin)嫁娶等(deng)喜慶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子里贈送親(qin)友(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)貴(gui)畜種(zhong)(zhong),收到(dao)(dao)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)這一(yi)貴(gui)重禮物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親(qin)友(you)也倍加珍(zhen)惜和(he)愛護(hu)這一(yi)畜種(zhong)(zhong)而予以(yi)(yi)精(jing)(jing)心喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),使(shi)得美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)范(fan)圍越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)廣(guang)(guang),數量(liang)越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)多(duo)(duo)(duo),規模(mo)越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)大,在(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)范(fan)圍內形成(cheng)了(le)(le)特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)類(lei)群(qun)(qun)(qun)。經過(guo)(guo)畜牧(mu)部門十多(duo)(duo)(duo)年有(you)(you)計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)育(yu)和(he)推廣(guang)(guang),美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)已從1997年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全縣(xian)(xian)僅有(you)(you)3個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)3個(ge)村中(zhong)不(bu)到(dao)(dao)100戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展到(dao)(dao)現(xian)在(zai)(2008年統(tong)計)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)36個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(鎮(zhen))136個(ge)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8000多(duo)(duo)(duo)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),存欄美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)從不(bu)到(dao)(dao)400只(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展到(dao)(dao)現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)59150只(zhi),核(he)心群(qun)(qun)(qun)達(da)(da)9640只(zhi),選(xuan)育(yu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)達(da)(da)12200只(zhi)。主要(yao)分布(bu)在(zai)海(hai)拔700米(mi)到(dao)(dao)2800米(mi)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)普(pu)鎮(zhen)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、巴(ba)古鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、佐戈依(yi)達(da)(da)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、依(yi)洛(luo)拉達(da)(da)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、牛(niu)牛(niu)壩鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、九口鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、洛(luo)俄依(yi)甘(gan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、井葉特西鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)全縣(xian)(xian)36個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(鎮(zhen))136個(ge)村。在(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)境內海(hai)拔700米(mi)到(dao)(dao)2800米(mi)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)都表現(xian)出了(le)(le)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)性(xing)和(he)高繁(fan)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺傳穩定(ding)性(xing)。同時(shi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)方式(shi)既可舍(she)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)也可放牧(mu),不(bu)但適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)于(yu)半農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)半牧(mu)區(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展,也適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)區(qu)(qu)和(he)牧(mu)區(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展,不(bu)但適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)于(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展,也適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)于(yu)涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、四川大部分地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展,周邊(bian)(bian)涼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)州境內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷波、昭(zhao)覺、金(jin)陽、布(bu)拖、越(yue)(yue)西以(yi)(yi)及(ji)樂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峨(e)邊(bian)(bian)、馬邊(bian)(bian)等(deng)縣(xian)(xian)均曾來(lai)我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)引(yin)進飼(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。其(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展前(qian)景非常(chang)廣(guang)(guang)闊(kuo)。
三.地域范圍
美姑山羊地(di)理標(biao)志畜產品產地(di)范(fan)圍為四川省涼山州(zhou)美姑縣所(suo)轄的36個(ge)鄉鎮291個(ge)村。其地(di)理坐標(biao)為東經102°53′-103°29′,北緯28°02′-28°53′。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)美(mei)(mei)姑山(shan)羊(yang)肉質感官(guan)特征:宰殺(sha)后(hou),肌肉豐(feng)滿緊密、有(you)堅實(shi)感、顏色(se)(se)鮮(xian)艷、光(guang)澤潤(run)滑(hua)、水嫩多(duo)汁、紅(hong)色(se)(se)均勻(yun),用手觸摸(mo)濕潤(run)不粘手、肌纖(xian)維韌性(xing)(xing)強、有(you)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing),胴(dong)體表(biao)面(mian)被覆一層薄薄的(de)(de)白色(se)(se)、均勻(yun)的(de)(de)脂(zhi)肪分布,有(you)輕微的(de)(de)膻味,無其他異味。煮(zhu)沸后(hou)的(de)(de)羊(yang)肉湯澄清透明(ming),羊(yang)脂(zhi)團浮聚于(yu)湯表(biao)面(mian),香氣四溢,風味十足,具有(you)鮮(xian)、香、濃等特色(se)(se),品嘗過美(mei)(mei)姑山(shan)羊(yang)湯鍋的(de)(de)人都對其贊不絕(jue)口。
(2)美(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)內在品質指(zhi)標(biao)和風味(wei)特征:美(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(后腿肌肉(rou))經農業部食品質量(liang)監督檢驗測(ce)試中(zhong)心(成(cheng)都(dou))進(jin)行了(le)測(ce)定和分析,結(jie)果表(biao)明:美(mei)(mei)姑(gu)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)品質好(hao),營養豐富,水(shui)分含(han)(han)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)74.73%,肌肉(rou)中(zhong)粗蛋白含(han)(han)量(liang)達(da)22.3%,粗脂肪含(han)(han)量(liang)達(da)3.72%,灰分含(han)(han)量(liang)達(da)0.97%。膽固醇含(han)(han)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)41.7㎎/100g,明顯低于84.62%的(de)其(qi)他山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)在成(cheng)都(dou)檢測(ce)的(de)平(ping)均數;富含(han)(han)17種(zhong)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan),其(qi)中(zhong)天(tian)冬門氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)2.26%、蘇氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.96%、絲氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.79%、谷(gu)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)3.75%、甘氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.25%、丙氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.52%、胱(guang)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.050%、纈氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.12%、蛋氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.56%、異亮氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.06%、亮氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.83%、酪氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.78%、苯丙氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.91%、賴氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)2.10%、組氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.58%、精氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)1.56%、脯氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)0.95%,氨(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)總量(liang)22.1%,氨(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)含(han)(han)量(liang)比(bi)其(qi)他山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)的(de)平(ping)均數21.63%略高。屠宰率高且(qie)鮮(xian)肉(rou)色澤純正,具有清香(xiang)味(wei);熟肉(rou)肉(rou)質細嫩鮮(xian)美(mei)(mei);膻(shan)味(wei)小,肉(rou)湯香(xiang)味(wei)濃(nong)郁(yu),風味(wei)獨特。