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形態特征

高大草本，高40-160厘米，大部分地下生。莖不(bu)分枝或自基部分2-4枝，下部直徑可達5-10（-15）厘米，向上(shang)漸變細，直徑2-5厘米。葉寬卵形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)三角(jiao)狀卵形(xing)，長(chang)0.5-1.5厘(li)米(mi)，寬1-2厘(li)米(mi)，生于莖下(xia)部(bu)的較(jiao)密，上部(bu)的較(jiao)稀疏并變狹，披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)狹披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)，長(chang)2-4厘(li)米(mi)，寬0.5-1厘(li)米(mi)，兩面無(wu)毛。花序穗狀，長(chang)15-50厘(li)米(mi)，直徑(jing)4-7厘(li)米(mi)；花序下(xia)半部(bu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)全(quan)部(bu)苞(bao)片(pian)較(jiao)長(chang)，與(yu)(yu)花冠(guan)等長(chang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)稍長(chang)，卵狀披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)、披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)線(xian)狀披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)，連(lian)同小苞(bao)片(pian)和花冠(guan)裂片(pian)外面及邊緣疏被柔毛或(huo)(huo)(huo)近無(wu)毛；小苞(bao)片(pian)2枚，卵狀披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)披(pi)(pi)(pi)針形(xing)，與(yu)(yu)花萼等長(chang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)稍長(chang)。

花(hua)萼鐘狀(zhuang)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，頂端5淺裂，裂片近圓形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，寬3-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。花(hua)冠筒(tong)狀(zhuang)鐘形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，頂端5裂，裂片近半圓形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，寬0.6-1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，邊(bian)緣常(chang)(chang)稍外卷，顏色(se)有(you)(you)變異，淡黃白色(se)或淡紫色(se)，干后常(chang)(chang)變棕褐色(se)。雄(xiong)蕊4枚，花(hua)絲著生于距筒(tong)基(ji)部(bu)5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)處(chu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，基(ji)部(bu)被(bei)皺(zhou)曲長(chang)(chang)(chang)柔毛(mao)，花(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)(chang)卵形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)3.5-4.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，密被(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)柔毛(mao)，基(ji)部(bu)有(you)(you)驟(zou)尖頭(tou)。

子房橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)，長約1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，基部(bu)有(you)蜜腺，花柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)比(bi)雄蕊稍(shao)長，無(wu)毛，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)近(jin)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)。蒴(shuo)果(guo)卵(luan)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)，長1.5-2.7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，直(zhi)徑1.3-1.4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，項端常(chang)具宿存的花柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，2瓣開裂。種(zhong)子橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)近(jin)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，長約0.6-1毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，外(wai)面網狀，有(you)光澤。花期5-6月，果(guo)期6-8月。

產地分布

產內蒙(meng)古(gu)、寧(ning)夏（阿佐旗）、甘(gan)肅（昌(chang)馬）及新疆和(he)田。模式標本采自內蒙(meng)古(gu)巴彥淖爾盟(meng)阿拉(la)善旗。

生長環境

喜生(sheng)(sheng)于輕(qing)度(du)鹽漬(zi)化的(de)松(song)軟沙地(di)上(shang)，一般生(sheng)(sheng)長在(zai)沙地(di)或(huo)半固定沙丘、干涸老河(he)床(chuang)、湖盆低地(di)等，生(sheng)(sheng)境條件很差。適(shi)宜生(sheng)(sheng)長區的(de)氣候(hou)干旱(han)，降雨量少，蒸發量大(da)，日照時數長，晝夜溫差大(da)。土壤以(yi)灰棕漠(mo)土、棕漠(mo)土為主。寄(ji)主梭梭為強旱(han)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物。肉蓯蓉多寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)其(qi)30-100厘米(mi)深的(de)側根上(shang)。生(sheng)(sheng)于海拔225-1150m的(de)荒(huang)漠(mo)中，寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)藜科(ke)植(zhi)物梭梭、白梭梭等植(zhi)物的(de)根上(shang)。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉歷史淵源

內蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)是寄(ji)生(sheng)在(zai)荒漠(mo)植物(wu)(wu)梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)根(gen)部的(de)(de)一(yi)種珍貴藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材，在(zai)我(wo)(wo)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已有近2000年的(de)(de)使用歷(li)(li)史，我(wo)(wo)國古(gu)(gu)今著(zhu)名的(de)(de)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)籍論著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)長環境、外形特(te)征、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)食特(te)性、經濟價值、歷(li)(li)史淵(yuan)源等均有詳細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai)(zai)。如我(wo)(wo)國現存(cun)歷(li)(li)史最(zui)悠久的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)學專著(zhu) ——《神農(nong)本草經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)有詳細(xi)(xi)記(ji)載(zai)(zai)：“肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)，味甘，微溫，主五勞(lao)七(qi)傷，補（莖(jing)）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)熱痛，養五臟，強陰，益(yi)精(jing)氣(qi)”。我(wo)(wo)國現存(cun)記(ji)載(zai)(zai)最(zui)全的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)學專著(zhu) ——《本草綱目》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)有詳細(xi)(xi)記(ji)載(zai)(zai)“此物(wu)(wu)補而(er)不(bu)(bu)峻，故(gu)有從容之號，氣(qi)味甘、微溫、無毒，主治五勞(lao)七(qi)傷，補中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)熱痛，養五臟，強陰益(yi)精(jing)氣(qi)，多子(zi)”。我(wo)(wo)國最(zui)權威(wei)的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)執行標準(zhun)——《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民共和國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)亦有詳細(xi)(xi)記(ji)載(zai)(zai)“肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)補腎(shen)陽，益(yi)精(jing)血(xue)，潤腸通便。用于(yu)腎(shen)陽不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，精(jing)血(xue)虧(kui)虛，陽痿不(bu)(bu)孕，筋(jin)骨無力，腸燥便秘”。關于(yu)內蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)，在(zai)當(dang)地蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)族(zu)牧民中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)個流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)久遠的(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)，傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)當(dang)年一(yi)代天(tian)驕成吉(ji)思(si)汗(han)在(zai)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)十三冀之戰(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，與(yu)對(dui)(dui)手(shou)札木合集結重兵大戰(zhan)，成吉(ji)思(si)汗(han)暫時失利，被圍(wei)困(kun)(kun)于(yu)長滿梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)沙漠(mo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，饑渴難耐，人(ren)困(kun)(kun)馬乏(fa)，此時正值農(nong)歷(li)(li)三九的(de)(de)第三天(tian)，天(tian)寒(han)地凍(dong)，示威(wei)的(de)(de)扎(zha)木合當(dang)眾殘忍地把俘(fu)虜用大鍋(guo)煮殺，不(bu)(bu)料(liao)卻激怒了天(tian)神，天(tian)神派出的(de)(de)神馬一(yi)躍到(dao)成吉(ji)思(si)汗(han)面前(qian)，仰天(tian)長嘯(xiao)，將精(jing)血(xue)射到(dao)梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)根(gen)部，然后用蹄(ti)子(zi)刨出大量(liang)像神馬生(sheng)殖器一(yi)樣的(de)(de)塊(kuai)根(gen)，這(zhe)(zhe)塊(kuai)根(gen)即肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)，成吉(ji)思(si)汗(han)與(yu)將領們(men)(men)吃了肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)，神力涌現，沖下沙山，一(yi)舉擊潰(kui)扎(zha)木合部落，這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)戰(zhan)乃為統(tong)一(yi)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)奠定了基(ji)礎(chu)，并由此拉開征服(fu)歐亞大陸(lu)的(de)(de)序幕。傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)歸傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)。近年來，人(ren)們(men)(men)對(dui)(dui)肉(rou)(rou)(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)化(hua)學成分(fen)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理作用進(jin)一(yi)步分(fen)析，發現除了具(ju)有傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)補腎(shen)功能外，更兼有抵抗衰(shuai)老、增(zeng)強記(ji)憶、提高免疫力等各種功能。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉的知名度：

內(nei)(nei)(nei)蒙古肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)是(shi)沙漠地區(qu)特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)貴中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，具有(you)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)腎(shen)，抗(kang)(kang)衰老(lao)，抗(kang)(kang)老(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)癡呆，調節免疫，抗(kang)(kang)氧化(hua)，增強(qiang)體(ti)力，抗(kang)(kang)輻射，鎮靜，促進(jin)傷口愈合，保(bao)護缺血(xue)心肌(ji)，提(ti)高消化(hua)功能，保(bao)護神經，保(bao)肝，通(tong)便，腫(zhong)瘤輔助治療，提(ti)高記憶(yi)力等15—16種藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用功能，被譽為“沙漠人(ren)參”而(er)馳名(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)。原(yuan)(yuan)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)大(da)常(chang)委會副委員(yuan)長吳階平院士在(zai)(zai)首屆肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)學術研(yan)討會稱肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)是(shi)“大(da)漠絕(jue)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華奇藥(yao)(yao)(yao)”。在(zai)(zai)《神草農本(ben)草經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將其(qi)列為上品(pin)(pin)(pin)，在(zai)(zai)歷(li)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)典籍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)出現(xian)頻(pin)度最高，而(er)在(zai)(zai)抗(kang)(kang)衰老(lao)、延年(nian)(nian)(nian)類(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)古方中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)出現(xian)頻(pin)率僅次(ci)于人(ren)參，居第(di)二位。目前(qian)，隨著(zhu)經濟發展，生活水(shui)平提(ti)高和社會人(ren)口老(lao)齡化(hua)，養身保(bao)健(jian)和綠色原(yuan)(yuan)生態(tai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)越來越被人(ren)們(men)重視和青睞，“回歸(gui)大(da)自然”和“綠色消費”熱潮風靡全(quan)球，天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物在(zai)(zai)消費者心目中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位不(bu)斷提(ti)升,人(ren)們(men)普遍希望于靠天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物治病，已(yi)解決化(hua)學藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毒副作用、抗(kang)(kang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)及(ji)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)源性(xing)疾病等問(wen)題。因此，人(ren)們(men)紛紛尋求(qiu)健(jian)康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)希望轉向(xiang)了純(chun)天然、無污染、素有(you)綠色藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)美譽之(zhi)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)蒙古肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)有(you)2000多年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用歷(li)史，目前(qian)，其(qi)主要產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)有(you)肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)酒、肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)口服液、肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)膠囊(nang)、肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)保(bao)健(jian)飲料(liao)、肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)茶、肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)濃(nong)縮(suo)液以及(ji)各(ge)種含有(you)肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)成分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)丸、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)膏、片劑、粉劑等產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，不(bu)斷研(yan)發推出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)跨越了醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)領(ling)域(yu)，廣(guang)泛進(jin)入(ru)(ru)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)、美容保(bao)健(jian)、養身等高檔生活領(ling)域(yu)。肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)消費不(bu)但(dan)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)日漸看好，而(er)且已(yi)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場，深受(shou)漢文化(hua)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日本(ben)、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)和東南亞(ya)一帶需求(qiu)也(ye)很可觀，每年(nian)(nian)(nian)從我國(guo)(guo)(guo)進(jin)口大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干品(pin)(pin)(pin)肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)。而(er)且，不(bu)論在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)界還是(shi)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)界，普遍認(ren)為內(nei)(nei)(nei)蒙古肉蓯(cong)(cong)(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)是(shi)道地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)。