茶區概況
汀溪(xi)(xi)蘭(lan)香茶(cha)原產(chan)于(yu)涇縣汀溪(xi)(xi)鄉(xiang)大坑村(cun),這里山(shan)高林密,幽谷縱橫,土壤(rang)肥沃,氣候溫(wen)和,“晴時(shi)早(zao)晚遍地霧,陰雨成天(tian)滿山(shan)云”。生長在這群峰環抱中的茶(cha)樹,常(chang)年(nian)以山(shan)花為(wei)(wei)伴,白云為(wei)(wei)友,清泉為(wei)(wei)鄰。優越的生態環境孕(yun)育(yu)出(chu)肥嫩滴翠(cui)的茶(cha)芽,再經過精心采(cai)制,就成為(wei)(wei)香高味醇的名茶(cha)了。
涇縣是安(an)徽省(sheng)的(de)一個老(lao)茶區,尖茶是傳統產(chan)品。遠在唐宋年代,就(jiu)曾出過白云蘭片、梅花片、涂尖等(deng)類的(de)名貴茶葉(xie)。傳說清朝皇帝六下南(nan)途經(jing)寧國府(fu)時(shi),知(zhi)府(fu)大(da)人獻下涇縣汀溪產(chan)的(de)貢(gong)尖款待,飲后贊不絕口,吩咐隨從多(duo)多(duo)帶上,以便(bian)途中飲用。
清(qing)朝(chao)末(mo)年,涇縣汀(ting)溪、愛民等地的尖(jian)(jian)(jian)茶(cha)已(yi)暢銷沿江各(ge)大城市,還曾成批出(chu)口東南(nan)(nan)亞一帶(dai),故(gu)而(er)當(dang)時尖(jian)(jian)(jian)茶(cha)又被稱之為“洋(yang)尖(jian)(jian)(jian)”。清(qing)朝(chao)學者胡聳孫稱譽其為“瑞(rui)草葳蕤,南(nan)(nan)國無雙。”
涇縣(xian)尖(jian)茶(cha)現主要(yao)產于涇縣(xian)東南部山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)愛(ai)民、南容、汀(ting)溪(xi)、銅山(shan)(shan)(shan)、晏公、陳(chen)村等(deng)鄉鎮。這些地區(qu)多為黃山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈的(de)(de)(de)(de)余(yu)峰(feng)分(fen)部地帶,山(shan)(shan)(shan)高林密,溪(xi)流(liu)瀠洄,氣候溫濕,“晴時早晚遍地霧,陰雨成天滿山(shan)(shan)(shan)云”,土壤較肥(fei)沃(wo)。其(qi)中以受民的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰尖(jian)、南容的(de)(de)(de)(de)濂(lian)長、汀(ting)溪(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大坑(keng)、銅山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)麻嶺、晏公的(de)(de)(de)(de)茶(cha)沖、陳(chen)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)里塢(wu)坑(keng)等(deng)地所產尖(jian)茶(cha)品質最(zui)好。
汀(ting)溪蘭香產(chan)于涇縣汀(ting)溪大(da)坑,當地四季山清(qing)水(shui)秀(xiu)。長(chang)年(nian)云(yun)霧繚繞(rao)。每當春季來臨,山上蘭花競相開放,縷縷馨(xin)香遍布全境(jing),在此生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)茶葉具有蘭花之馨(xin)香。
發展歷史
“汀溪(xi)蘭(lan)香”茶(cha)創(chuang)制于(yu)1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),由陳椽教授(shou)親自創(chuang)制并(bing)題名(ming)(ming)的(de)尖(jian)茶(cha)類名(ming)(ming)茶(cha)精品(pin)(pin)。已十多次榮獲國(guo)內外評(ping)比(bi)大獎(jiang),受到參評(ping)專家和廣大消(xiao)費者的(de)一致贊賞。1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)汀溪(xi)蘭(lan)香在涇縣名(ming)(ming)優茶(cha)評(ping)比(bi)中(zhong)名(ming)(ming)列前(qian)茅,1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被評(ping)為安徽省(sheng)(sheng)名(ming)(ming)茶(cha),同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月在北(bei)京獲首屆全國(guo)農(nong)業博(bo)覽會銅獎(jiang)。1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在澳門國(guo)際新技術、新發明、新產(chan)品(pin)(pin)博(bo)覽會上(shang)獲優質產(chan)品(pin)(pin)稱號(hao),1997 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲得(de)“中(zhong)茶(cha)杯”全國(guo)名(ming)(ming)茶(cha)評(ping)比(bi)一等(deng)獎(jiang),2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲第(di)四屆(韓國(guo))國(guo)際名(ming)(ming)茶(cha)評(ping)比(bi)金獎(jiang),2003 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)通過產(chan)品(pin)(pin)榮譽,2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被評(ping)為“安徽省(sheng)(sheng)著名(ming)(ming)商標”,2006 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)成(cheng)為“安徽省(sheng)(sheng)名(ming)(ming)牌農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)”,2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又被省(sheng)(sheng)政府授(shou)予“安徽省(sheng)(sheng)名(ming)(ming)牌產(chan)品(pin)(pin)”、2008 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又獲“安徽省(sheng)(sheng)十大品(pin)(pin)牌名(ming)(ming)茶(cha)”稱號(hao)。產(chan)品(pin)(pin)檢測(ce)合格率一直都為100% 。
制作工藝
汀(ting)溪(xi)蘭香(xiang)的(de)(de)采、制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)藝要(yao)求(qiu)是(shi)十分嚴格的(de)(de)。特(te)尖要(yao)求(qiu)采一芽(ya)(ya)二葉初展芽(ya)(ya)葉,茶(cha)農形象(xiang)地稱為(wei)“一葉抱,二葉靠”。茶(cha)芽(ya)(ya)還須(xu)肥壯(zhuang)完好,長約(yue)3厘米,每100個鮮茶(cha)芽(ya)(ya)重量應為(wei)15克左右。采回的(de)(de)鮮葉必(bi)須(xu)立即攤放,一般是(shi)上午采,下午制(zhi)。汀(ting)溪(xi)蘭香(xiang)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作(zuo)工(gong)(gong)藝主要(yao)有殺青和烘(hong)焙(bei)兩(liang)道。殺青投葉量要(yao)少,拌炒為(wei)主。烘(hong)焙(bei)用炭火,分初烘(hong)和復烘(hong)兩(liang)道。初烘(hong)、復烘(hong)均用四只(zhi)烘(hong)籠(long)連續(xu)進行,其中并有輕(qing)壓做形。尖茶(cha)外形松(song)散,難以貯藏保鮮,因此要(yao)求(qiu)成品茶(cha)含水量低于4%。
鮮葉分級
適合制的鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)要求在一(yi)芽二葉(xie)(xie)(xie)以(yi)上,但(dan)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)要分(fen)級采(cai)摘。將一(yi)芽二、三葉(xie)(xie)(xie)的鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)作一(yi)等(deng)次(ci),一(yi)芽三、四葉(xie)(xie)(xie)的又(you)分(fen)一(yi)等(deng)次(ci),老茶(cha)作另(ling)一(yi)檔次(ci)分(fen)開。采(cai)茶(cha)時應(ying)采(cai)用“提折”采(cai),禁用指甲“捏采(cai)”及“一(yi)手抓采(cai)”,盡量避(bi)免損傷嫩葉(xie)(xie)(xie)。忌緊壓、曝曬、雨(yu)淋鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)。上午十點前鐘(zhong)后所采(cai)的鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)分(fen)開制作。
曬青
總體原則(ze)(ze)(ze)是薄攤快曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)。要求曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)均勻(yun)一致(zhi),失水(shui)率在某些方面15~20%左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)(即10斤鮮葉(xie)經曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)后重量(liang)在8.5至(zhi)8斤左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右).曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)標準以頂芽下(xia)第二片(pian)葉(xie)葉(xie)色變(bian)為(wei)(wei)暗綠、有光(guang)(guang)澤(ze),葉(xie)片(pian)微(wei)向后卷為(wei)(wei)度(du)(du)(du)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)根據鮮葉(xie)嫩(nen)度(du)(du)(du)、產茶季(ji)節、氣(qi)溫高低|、空(kong)氣(qi)濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)小、光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強度(du)(du)(du)、制(zhi)作過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)可連續程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)靈活(huo)掌握,以便(bian)發揮此工藝的(de)(de)最佳水(shui)準,提高成茶的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)檔次(ci)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)在室外當陽處以篾(mie)制(zhi)品或(huo)(huo)鐵(tie)篩墊曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai),曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)攤放厚度(du)(du)(du)宜(yi)薄不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)厚,以葉(xie)片(pian)這間(jian)互無(wu)遮(zhe)擋為(wei)(wei)最好(hao);整個曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)程(cheng)需輕(qing)手翻動2至(zhi)3次(ci),使曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)受光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)均勻(yun)一致(zhi)。在空(kong)氣(qi)濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)、氣(qi)溫較低的(de)(de)天氣(qi)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)重些,在氣(qi)溫較高、光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強烈或(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)保持制(zhi)作連續性(時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)充分(fen))情況下(xia)則(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)重曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai),強光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)(中午)或(huo)(huo)高溫條件下(xia)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)應(ying)(ying)分(fen)次(ci)進行(xing),每次(ci)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)超過(guo)10分(fen)鐘,氣(qi)溫超過(guo)35℃時(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)進行(xing)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)間(jian)在春、秋季(ji)一般掌握在30至(zhi)45分(fen)鐘左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右,夏(xia)季(ji)則(ze)(ze)(ze)在15至(zhi)25分(fen)鐘左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右。不(bu)(bu)論在哪一個季(ji)節,凡曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)不(bu)(bu)到5分(fen)鐘即顯(xian)濃郁花(hua)香(xiang)的(de)(de)鮮葉(xie)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)制(zhi),應(ying)(ying)立即停止曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing),移至(zhi)室內攤放2至(zhi)3小時(shi)后,待再顯(xian)花(hua)香(xiang)時(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)可殺青(qing)(qing)(qing),以綠茶的(de)(de)方式炒(chao)制(zhi)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)以聞這微(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)、略帶“水(shui)香(xiang)”味為(wei)(wei)好(hao),聞這顯(xian)甜味、或(huo)(huo)全為(wei)(wei)“水(shui)香(xiang)”味則(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)(wei)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)度(du)(du)(du)。
攤放做青
青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)移(yi)室內1至2小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)即可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)手(shou)法(fa)是(shi)兩(liang)手(shou)伸開,掌(zhang)心(xin)向(xiang)上(shang),手(shou)指(zhi)叉開,將曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)輕輕捧起,掌(zhang)心(xin)抖(dou)動(dong),手(shou)指(zhi)微向(xiang)上(shang)提,使(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)叢手(shou)掌(zhang)兩(liang)邊及指(zhi)隙間(jian)(jian)滑下,葉(xie)子受振(zhen)支散(san)開,葉(xie)邊受到摩擦(ca)。或(huo)兩(liang)緊握篩沿(yan),前(qian)后(hou)左右(you)輕輕抖(dou)動(dong),使(shi)葉(xie)子在(zai)篩內互(hu)相(xiang)碰撞(zhuang),這兩(liang)種方法(fa)在(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)過程(cheng)中(zhong)經常交叉使(shi)用。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般須經3至5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)才進(jin)(jin)行(xing)殺青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),高香(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)超過5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),此(ci)工序耗時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)4至10小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這間(jian)(jian)。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)分為促活與(yu)呈香(xiang)(xiang)兩(liang)個階段(duan),前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)階段(duan)須經2至3次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),耗時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2至3小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),后(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)階段(duan)在(zai)3小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)上(shang)。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)總原則是(shi)輕手(shou)、多(duo)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)、先輕后(hou)重;做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)逐次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)增(zeng)多(duo);攤(tan)放間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)逐步拉長(chang)。在(zai)具體操作中(zhong)亦(yi)受氣(qi)溫的(de)高低、曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)程(cheng)度等因素的(de)影響應適(shi)度調整(zheng)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)及攤(tan)入(ru)(ru)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)來(lai)回2至3次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),以(yi)后(hou)每(mei)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)逐倍增(zeng)加。每(mei)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)逐步延長(chang),即第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)攤(tan)放1小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)才進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)第(di)二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),則第(di)二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)須攤(tan)放1小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)上(shang)則做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)難以(yi)達(da)到理想效果。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)階段(duan)主要是(shi)促使(shi)鮮(xian)(xian)葉(xie)內水分的(de)重新均勻(yun)分布,去除部分青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)味(wei)。使(shi)葉(xie)色堅挺呈活氣(qi)(即與(yu)剛曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)),利(li)于做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)均勻(yun)。在(zai)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)第(di)三次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)鮮(xian)(xian)葉(xie)呈青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)辣味(wei),第(di)四次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)顯青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)辣帶花(hua)香(xiang)(xiang),在(zai)理往前(qian)第(di)五次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)顯香(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)香(xiang)(xiang)略帶青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)辣味(wei),待香(xiang)(xiang)氣(qi)伏后(hou)即可進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)工序,也可再做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)才進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)工序。若出現花(hua)香(xiang)(xiang)帶甜(tian)味(wei)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)應及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)轉入(ru)(ru)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)工序。若做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)變為純(chun)味(wei)則為做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)過度或(huo)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)進(jin)(jin)間(jian)(jian)過長(chang)成茶不具花(hua)香(xiang)(xiang)。
殺青
殺青與綠茶方式的(de)(de)鍋(guo)溫求(qiu)大體相似(si),但操作手法卻(que)與黃茶類同(tong)(tong)。殺青過程要求(qiu)“多悶少揚,揚悶結(jie)合”。鍋(guo)溫以能斷(duan)續聽到(dao)鍋(guo)底“噼啦”聲為度(du),急迫的(de)(de)“噼啦”聲為鍋(guo)溫偏(pian)高。殺青程度(du)以綠茶制作相同(tong)(tong)。
揉捻
揉(rou)捻(nian)(nian)與綠茶相同,但揉(rou)捻(nian)(nian)程度可(ke)以重些,揉(rou)捻(nian)(nian)葉(xie)溫在30至45℃之間對成茶品質增進作用。
烘干
烘干過程要求(qiu)比較嚴格。揉捻(nian)葉解決后(hou)應及時烘制(zhi)。烘溫(wen)掌握先高后(hou)低的原則進行,烘干前期溫(wen)度在100至(zhi)(zhi)120度左右,時間在30分鐘(zhong)左右,中途(tu)翻轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)2至(zhi)(zhi)3次(ci),后(hou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)(ru)70至(zhi)(zhi)90度的火溫(wen)烘至(zhi)(zhi)9成(cheng)干,再經離火攤(tan)涼10分鐘(zhong)左右轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)(ru)60至(zhi)(zhi)70度火溫(wen)燉火3至(zhi)(zhi)6個小(xiao)時,即為烘干到(dao)度。
包裝
茶時經烘干攤涼后(hou)及時包(bao)裝,避光、避異味、放(fang)陰涼干燥處保存。
沖泡方法
汀溪(xi)蘭香沖(chong)泡時,應根據茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)的(de)老嫩、葉(xie)張大小(xiao),以及含(han)絨多寡等外觀因素來決定(ding)注水(shui)方(fang)式(shi)。綠茶(cha)(cha)沖(chong)泡的(de)方(fang)法(fa)由注水(shui)、投放茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)不(bu)同的(de)而稱之為(wei)上投法(fa)、中(zhong)投法(fa)和(he)下投法(fa)。
上投法:先在玻璃杯中(zhong)注七分(fen)滿的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui),然后向杯中(zhong)投放茶葉。這種方(fang)法適用(yong)于茶芽細嫩(nen),緊(jin)細重實的(de)(de)茶葉。優(you)點在于讓(rang)茶芽避免水(shui)(shui)流激蕩,自然與(yu)水(shui)(shui)浸潤,以利于茶湯的(de)(de)細柔爽口甘(gan)甜。
中(zhong)投法:先(xian)在玻璃杯(bei)中(zhong)注三(san)分水(shui),放入茶(cha)(cha)葉,輕輕搖(yao)晃使茶(cha)(cha)葉與水(shui)初步(bu)浸潤,然后再向杯(bei)中(zhong)注滿(man)七分水(shui)使茶(cha)(cha)葉與水(shui)充分浸潤。這(zhe)種方(fang)法適用于(yu)茶(cha)(cha)芽細嫩,葉張(zhang)扁平或茸毫多而易浮水(shui)面(mian)的茶(cha)(cha)葉。
下投法(fa):先在杯中(zhong)放入茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie),注(zhu)入少量足以(yi)(yi)浸(jin)潤(run)茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)的水(shui)(shui),輕輕搖晃使茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)初步浸(jin)潤(run),然(ran)后再向杯中(zhong)注(zhu)滿水(shui)(shui)使茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)充分浸(jin)潤(run)。這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)適(shi)用于葉(xie)(xie)張扁平或寬(kuan)大的茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)。用以(yi)(yi)上(shang)方(fang)法(fa)沖泡(pao)(pao)后,約一分鐘左右出(chu)茶(cha)(cha),即可泡(pao)(pao)出(chu)綠茶(cha)(cha)鮮爽回甘、水(shui)(shui)醇(chun)湯柔的特(te)點。那種(zhong)茶(cha)(cha)缸一壺泡(pao)(pao)到底的便捷方(fang)式不(bu)太適(shi)宜于綠茶(cha)(cha),這樣一來,綠茶(cha)(cha)最引以(yi)(yi)為豪的維生素氨基(ji)酸等營養成分已經由高溫(wen)悶(men)泡(pao)(pao)而(er)轉(zhuan)化而(er)消失(shi)了。
有的(de)人喜歡用蓋碗、瓷壺或紫(zi)砂壺沖(chong)泡(pao),也不(bu)是(shi)不(bu)可行,只要根據茶(cha)具來把握(wo)水溫和(he)出茶(cha)時(shi)間,泡(pao)出綠茶(cha)的(de)特點,都(dou)會泡(pao)出一杯芳香甘(gan)美的(de)好茶(cha)。
茶葉的功效
茶為藥用,在(zai)我(wo)國已有2700年(nian)的歷史。根據《本草綱目(mu)》記(ji)載,茶葉具(ju)有散風熱、清頭目(mu)、生(sheng)津止渴、消(xiao)食提神(shen)、消(xiao)炎解毒、降壓降脂等(deng)藥理(li)功能。茶葉中富(fu)含(han)維生(sheng)素C、維生(sheng)素D、維生(sheng)素E、多種氨基(ji)酸,B—胡蘿卜、多酚類、三萜甙類等(deng)物質及鈣(Ca)、鉀(K)、鈉(Na)、錳(Mn)、鉬(Mo)、鎂(Mg)、鐵(tie)(Fe)、鋅(Zn)、硒(Se)、鍺(Ge)、鉻(Cr)、鎳(Ni)、磷(lin)(P)等(deng)人(ren)體必需微量元(yuan)素。
現代(dai)科學(xue)大量(liang)研究證實,茶(cha)(cha)(cha)葉藥(yao)理功(gong)效之(zhi)多,作用之(zhi)廣(guang),是其他飲料無可替代(dai)的。對治療(liao)高血壓、肥(fei)胖(pang)癥(zheng)、口腔炎、咽(yan)喉(hou)炎等(deng)(deng)療(liao)效顯著;對急性胃炎、感冒、肚痛、痧氣(qi)、瘧疾、便(bian)秘等(deng)(deng)有(you)(you)較好療(liao)效;對鼻(bi)咽(yan)癌、食道(dao)癌有(you)(you)抑制作用;煮(zhu)水外洗能治療(liao)多種(zhong)皮膚病及燙傷(shang)等(deng)(deng);如果把(ba)它當(dang)作茶(cha)(cha)(cha)泡飲,其滋味(wei)甘涼、生(sheng)津止渴(ke)、先苦后甘,回味(wei)持久,故(gu)被人們譽(yu)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)‘綠色黃金’、‘益(yi)壽茶(cha)(cha)(cha)’、‘美(mei)容(rong)(rong)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)’”。現代(dai)科學(xue)臨(lin)床(chuang)應(ying)用表明,茶(cha)(cha)(cha)葉具有(you)(you)消(xiao)暑解毒、消(xiao)炎殺菌、化痰止咳、健胃消(xiao)積、提神醒腦、減肥(fei)搞癌和(he)抗(kang)輻(fu)射(she)、降血壓、降血脂、降膽固醇等(deng)(deng)功(gong)效。被國內(nei)外消(xiao)費者譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)保健茶(cha)(cha)(cha)、益(yi)壽茶(cha)(cha)(cha)、美(mei)容(rong)(rong)茶(cha)(cha)(cha),是一種(zhong)應(ying)用極為(wei)(wei)(wei)廣(guang)泛的天然多功(gong)能植物飲料。
茶葉具(ju)體作用有:
1、有(you)(you)助于延緩衰老。茶多酚具有(you)(you)很強的抗氧化性(xing)(xing)和生理活(huo)性(xing)(xing),是人體自由基的清(qing)除劑,能阻斷脂(zhi)質(zhi)過氧化反工應,清(qing)除活(huo)性(xing)(xing)酶的作用。
2、有助于(yu)(yu)抑制心血(xue)管疾(ji)病。茶(cha)多酚,有助于(yu)(yu)使(shi)這(zhe)種斑狀(zhuang)增(zeng)生受到(dao)抑制,使(shi)形成血(xue)凝黏度增(zeng)強的纖維(wei)蛋(dan)白原降低,凝血(xue)變(bian)清,從而抑制動脈粥(zhou)樣硬化(hua)。
3、有(you)助于預防和抗癌(ai)。茶多酚可(ke)以阻斷亞(ya)硝酸鉸等多種致癌(ai)物質在(zai)體內合成,并(bing)具有(you)直接殺傷癌(ai)細(xi)胞和提高機(ji)體免(mian)疫能力(li)的功效。
4、有(you)助于(yu)預防和(he)治療輻射傷害。茶多酚及(ji)其氧化產物具有(you)吸(xi)收放射性物質鍶90和(he)鈷60毒害的(de)能力。對因放射輻射而引起的(de)白血球減少癥治療效(xiao)果(guo)更好。
5、有(you)助于抑(yi)(yi)制和抵抗病(bing)毒菌(jun)。茶多酚(fen)有(you)較強的收斂(lian)作用,對(dui)病(bing)原菌(jun)、病(bing)毒有(you)明顯(xian)的抑(yi)(yi)制和殺滅(mie)作用,對(dui)消炎(yan)止(zhi)瀉有(you)明顯(xian)效果。
6、有(you)助于美容護膚(fu)。茶多酚是水溶性物質,用它洗(xi)瞼能清除面部的(de)油膩,收斂毛孔(kong),具有(you)消毒、滅菌(jun)、抗皮(pi)膚(fu)老(lao)化,減少日光中的(de)紫(zi)外(wai)線輻射(she)對皮(pi)膚(fu)的(de)損傷等功效。
7、有助(zhu)于醒腦提(ti)神(shen)。茶(cha)葉中(zhong)的(de)(de)咖啡堿(jian)能促使(shi)人體中(zhong)樞(shu)神(shen)經興奮,增強大腦皮(pi)層的(de)(de)興奮過程,起到提(ti)神(shen)益思(si)、清心的(de)(de)效(xiao)果。
8、有(you)助(zhu)(zhu)于利尿解乏。茶(cha)葉中(zhong)的咖啡(fei)堿(jian)可(ke)(ke)刺激(ji)腎(shen)臟,促(cu)使(shi)尿液(ye)迅速排(pai)出(chu)體(ti)外(wai),提高腎(shen)臟的濾出(chu)率(lv),減少有(you)害物質(zhi)在腎(shen)臟中(zhong)滯留時間。咖啡(fei)堿(jian)還可(ke)(ke)排(pai)除(chu)尿液(ye)中(zhong)的過(guo)量乳酸,有(you)助(zhu)(zhu)于使(shi)人體(ti)盡快消除(chu)疲勞。
9、有助(zhu)于(yu)降(jiang)脂助(zhu)消(xiao)化。茶(cha)葉中的(de)咖啡(fei)堿能(neng)提高胃液的(de)分泌量(liang),可以幫助(zhu)消(xiao)化,增(zeng)強分解脂肪(fang)的(de)能(neng)力。所謂“久(jiu)食令人瘦”的(de)道理就(jiu)在這(zhe)里。
10、有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)護齒(chi)明目。茶(cha)葉(xie)中(zhong)含氟量較(jiao)高,這對(dui)預防齲齒(chi),護齒(chi)、堅齒(chi),都是有(you)(you)益的(de)。茶(cha)葉(xie)中(zhong)的(de)維生素C等成分,能降低眼睛(jing)晶(jing)體混濁(zhuo)度,經(jing)常飲(yin)茶(cha),對(dui)減少眼疾、護眼明目均有(you)(you)積極的(de)作用。