薛(xue)濤設(she)計(ji)的(de)箋(jian)紙,是一種便于寫詩(shi),長(chang)寬適(shi)度的(de)箋(jian)。此(ci)(ci)箋(jian)原用(yong)作寫詩(shi)作為詩(shi)箋(jian),后來(lai)逐漸用(yong)作寫信,甚至官方(fang)國札也用(yong)此(ci)(ci)箋(jian),流傳。
薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產生于(yu)(yu)唐(tang)代(dai)。唐(tang)代(dai)名(ming)(ming)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紙,又(you)名(ming)(ming)“浣花箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”。亦(yi)名(ming)(ming)“松花箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”、“減樣(yang)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”、“紅(hong)(hong)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”。唐(tang)代(dai)詩人李商隱(yin)《送崔(cui)玨往西川》云:“浣花箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紙桃花色(se)(se),好(hao)(hao)好(hao)(hao)題(ti)詩詠玉(yu)鉤。”北宋(song)蘇(su)易簡《文房(fang)四(si)譜》云:“元(yuan)和(he)之(zhi)初(九世(shi)紀初葉),薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)尚斯色(se)(se),而好(hao)(hao)制(zhi)小詩,惜其幅(fu)大,不欲長,乃命匠(jiang)人狹小為(wei)之(zhi)。蜀中(zhong)才子既以為(wei)便,后裁諸箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)亦(yi)如是(shi)(shi),特(te)名(ming)(ming)曰薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)焉(yan)。”又(you)說:“府城(cheng)(指成(cheng)都(dou))之(zhi)南五(wu)里有百花潭,支(zhi)流為(wei)一(yi),皆有橋焉(yan)。其一(yi)王(wang)溪(xi),其一(yi)薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao),以紙為(wei)業者家其旁(pang)。……以浣花潭水造(zao)紙故(gu)佳,其亦(yi)水之(zhi)宜也。”從(cong)這(zhe)些記載中(zhong)可(ke)知,“薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”的形(xing)制(zhi)是(shi)(shi)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)小幅(fu)詩箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),九世(shi)紀初造(zao)于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)都(dou)郊外浣花溪(xi)的百花潭。這(zhe)種(zhong)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)小箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)曾被薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)用(yong)以寫詩與元(yuan)稹、白居易、杜牧、劉(liu)禹錫等人相唱和(he),因而名(ming)(ming)著于(yu)(yu)文壇,乃濤(tao)(tao)設計“命匠(jiang)人狹小為(wei)之(zhi)”。薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)雖(sui)只深紅(hong)(hong)一(yi)色(se)(se),但顏色(se)(se)、花紋甚精巧(qiao)鮮麗。薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)我國(guo)制(zhi)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發展史上,占有重要地(di)位,后歷代(dai)均有仿制(zhi)。宋(song)代(dai)發展了胭脂版紙箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也稱薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),用(yong)產于(yu)(yu)嘉州(今四(si)川樂山(shan)縣)的胭脂樹花染色(se)(se)。宋(song)人詩曰:“名(ming)(ming)得只從(cong)嘉郡樹,樣(yang)傳(chuan)仍自薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)時。”明宋(song)應星(xing)《天(tian)工開物》認為(wei):“其美在(zai)色(se)(se)”。
相傳薛濤箋是(shi)由(you)“浣花溪的(de)水(shui),木芙蓉(rong)的(de)皮,芙蓉(rong)花的(de)汁(zhi)”制作而成(cheng)。
薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao),唐(tang)朝女詩人。其(qi)父薛(xue)(xue)鄖為(wei)官,仕宦入蜀(shu)(shu)(shu),定居(ju)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)。薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)父早逝,母(mu)孀,生活困頓無(wu)依,后(hou)為(wei)歌(ge)(ge)妓(ji)。薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)和當時(shi)著名詩人白居(ju)易、劉(liu)禹錫(xi)、杜(du)牧等人都(dou)(dou)(dou)有唱酬(chou)交往。居(ju)浣(huan)花(hua)溪(xi)上,自造(zao)桃(tao)紅色(se)的(de)小(xiao)彩箋(jian),用(yong)以寫(xie)詩。早年居(ju)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)浣(huan)花(hua)溪(xi),善制詩箋(jian)。蜀(shu)(shu)(shu)中產紙(zhi)甚佳,制以為(wei)箋(jian),早有盛名,杜(du)甫已(yi)有“蜀(shu)(shu)(shu)箋(jian)染(ran)翰(han)光”詩句,這句詩是(shi)為(wei)高適(shi)而言,高適(shi)時(shi)在蜀(shu)(shu)(shu)西為(wei)官。成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)浣(huan)花(hua)溪(xi)自古以來就(jiu)是(shi)產箋(jian)之地,屢見于記載,唐(tang)末韋莊(zhuang)有《乞彩箋(jian)歌(ge)(ge)》也說(shuo):“浣(huan)花(hua)溪(xi)上如花(hua)客,綠閣深(shen)藏人不識。留得(de)溪(xi)頭瑟瑟波,潑成(cheng)(cheng)紙(zhi)上猩(xing)猩(xing)色(se)。”就(jiu)是(shi)指薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)在浣(huan)花(hua)溪(xi)制箋(jian)。明(ming)(ming)朝何宇(yu)度《益部談資》說(shuo)“蜀(shu)(shu)(shu)箋(jian)古已(yi)有名,至(zhi)唐(tang)而后(hou)盛,至(zhi)薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)而后(hou)精。”明(ming)(ming)曹學(xue)佺《蜀(shu)(shu)(shu)中名勝記》及萬歷刻本(ben)“薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)小(xiao)傳”都(dou)(dou)(dou)說(shuo)薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)僑(qiao)居(ju)百花(hua)潭,躬(gong)制深(shen)紅小(xiao)彩箋(jian)。詩歌(ge)(ge)唱和,多是(shi)一張紙(zhi)上寫(xie)一首律詩或(huo)絕句,但(dan)當時(shi)的(de)紙(zhi)張尺(chi)寸較(jiao)大,以大紙(zhi)寫(xie)小(xiao)詩,浪費倒不要緊,要緊的(de)是(shi)不和諧、不好看。薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)便讓(rang)造(zao)紙(zhi)工匠特地改小(xiao)尺(chi)寸,做成(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)箋(jian),自己(ji)又發明(ming)(ming)了新奇的(de)染(ran)色(se)技法,能(neng)染(ran)出深(shen)紅、粉紅、明(ming)(ming)黃等十種(zhong)顏色(se),這就(jiu)是(shi)所謂的(de)“十樣變箋(jian)”,這不是(shi)普通的(de)信箋(jian),而是(shi)專門的(de)詩箋(jian)。
據《唐音癸(gui)簽》載:詩(shi)(shi)箋(jian)始薛(xue)濤(tao),濤(tao)好制小詩(shi)(shi),惜紙長剩(sheng),命匠狹小之,時謂便,因行用。其箋(jian)染(ran)演作(zuo)十色(se),故詩(shi)(shi)家有十樣變箋(jian)之語。《牧豎閑談(tan)(tan)》載:澆花(hua)(hua)人多造十色(se)彩箋(jian),于(yu)是薛(xue)濤(tao)另模新樣,小幅松花(hua)(hua)紙,多用題詩(shi)(shi)。《益部談(tan)(tan)資》載:花(hua)(hua)箋(jian)古已有名(ming),至唐而后(hou)盛(sheng),至薛(xue)詩(shi)(shi)而后(hou)精。
薛(xue)(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)一生酷愛(ai)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se),她常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)穿著紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)的(de)衣裳在成(cheng)都浣花溪邊流(liu)連,隨處可(ke)尋的(de)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)芙蓉花常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)映入她的(de)眼簾,于是(shi)制(zhi)作(zuo)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)箋紙(zhi)的(de)創意進入她的(de)腦海。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)最愛(ai)寫四(si)言絕句(ju)(ju),律(lv)詩(shi)也常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)只(zhi)寫八句(ju)(ju),她嫌常(chang)(chang)用的(de)紙(zhi)張(zhang)尺幅太大(da),一直(zhi)有(you)制(zhi)作(zuo)適(shi)于寫詩(shi)的(de)小巧紙(zhi)箋的(de)想法。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)所(suo)居(ju)住盼浣花溪畔,是(shi)當時四(si)川造紙(zhi)業的(de)中心之一,于是(shi),薛(xue)(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)指點(dian)工匠制(zhi)成(cheng)了(le)這種(zhong)既便(bian)于攜帶(dai)又便(bian)于交流(liu)且帶(dai)有(you)個人(ren)色(se)(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)的(de)“薛(xue)(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)箋”,這大(da)概(gai)是(shi)中國最早(zao)的(de)“個人(ren)定制(zhi)”產(chan)品。
不僅如此(ci),后世更有人認為(wei),薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)從此(ci)以(yi)技術專利入行,進入了造紙(zhi)業。南宋(song)記錄各地(di)(di)地(di)(di)理風物的專著《方輿勝(sheng)覽》中,就說薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)”蜀(shu)(shu)妓也,以(yi)造紙(zhi)為(wei)業”,《蜀(shu)(shu)箋(jian)譜》甚至把(ba)薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)與當(dang)時的造紙(zhi)名家“謝公”謝師厚相提并論。
蘊含女性特有的(de)(de)美妙才思,紅色的(de)(de)“薛(xue)(xue)濤箋(jian)(jian)”配上以(yi)薛(xue)(xue)濤俊逸的(de)(de)行書書寫的(de)(de)清雅(ya)脫俗的(de)(de)薛(xue)(xue)濤詩,一時間廣(guang)為風行,成(cheng)了文人(ren)雅(ya)士收藏的(de)(de)珍品(pin)。后來,甚至官(guan)方的(de)(de)國札(zha)也用(yong)此箋(jian)(jian),流傳。
據載:薛濤用毛筆或毛刷把(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)紙(zhi)涂(tu)(tu)上(shang)紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)雞冠花、荷花及(ji)不(bu)知名的(de)紅(hong)(hong)花,將(jiang)(jiang)花瓣搗成(cheng)泥再(zai)加(jia)(jia)清水(shui),經反(fan)復實驗,從紅(hong)(hong)花中(zhong)得到染料,并加(jia)(jia)進一些膠質調勻,涂(tu)(tu)在紙(zhi)上(shang),一遍一遍地使(shi)顏色均勻涂(tu)(tu)抹。再(zai)以書夾(jia)濕紙(zhi),用吸水(shui)麻紙(zhi)附貼色紙(zhi),再(zai)一張(zhang)(zhang)張(zhang)(zhang)疊壓成(cheng)摞,壓平陰干(gan)。由此解決了(le)(le)外觀不(bu)勻和一次制作多張(zhang)(zhang)色紙(zhi)的(de)問(wen)題。薛濤用自己設計(ji)的(de)涂(tu)(tu)刷法,做出了(le)(le)小(xiao)(xiao)彩箋。為(wei)了(le)(le)變花樣,還將(jiang)(jiang)小(xiao)(xiao)花瓣灑在小(xiao)(xiao)箋上(shang),制成(cheng)了(le)(le)紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)彩箋。薛濤使(shi)用的(de)涂(tu)(tu)刷加(jia)(jia)工(gong)制作色紙(zhi)的(de)方法,與傳統的(de)浸漬方法相比,有省料、加(jia)(jia)工(gong)方便、生產成(cheng)本(ben)低之特(te)點,類似現代的(de)涂(tu)(tu)布加(jia)(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)。
薛濤名箋有(you)(you)十種顏色:深(shen)紅(hong)(hong)、粉紅(hong)(hong)、杏(xing)紅(hong)(hong)、明黃(huang)、深(shen)青、淺青、深(shen)綠、淺綠、銅綠、殘云。何以特喜紅(hong)(hong)色,一(yi)般認為紅(hong)(hong)是快(kuai)樂的(de)顏色,它使人喜悅興奮,也象征了她對(dui)正常生(sheng)活的(de)渴望和(he)對(dui)愛情的(de)渴望。這可能就是薛濤喜愛紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)原因(yin)所在。另一(yi)方面,薛濤可能有(you)(you)意打破當時(shi)一(yi)味黃(huang)色的(de)沉悶(men)枯燥的(de)色調(diao)。
薛濤(tao)(tao)(約768~832年)唐代(dai)女詩(shi)人(ren),歌妓,字(zi)洪(hong)度。長安(an)(今陜西(xi)西(xi)安(an))人(ren)。父薛鄖,仕宦入蜀,死后,妻女流寓(yu)蜀中(zhong)。薛濤(tao)(tao)姿容美(mei)艷(yan),性敏慧,8歲(sui)能詩(shi),洞曉音律,多才藝,聲名(ming)(ming)傾動一時。第二批四(si)川歷史名(ming)(ming)人(ren)。創薛濤(tao)(tao)箋。在(zai)唐代(dai)女詩(shi)人(ren)中(zhong),薛濤(tao)(tao)和(he)李冶、魚玄機最為(wei)著名(ming)(ming)。流傳詩(shi)作90余首,收(shou)于《錦江集》。