乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)由腺(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮(pi)和纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)組(zu)織兩種成(cheng)分混合組(zu)成(cheng)的良性腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),好發于(yu)青年女性,與(yu)患者(zhe)體內性激素水平失衡有(you)關。對本病(bing)的認識還有(you)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)、腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)之稱,是(shi)由于(yu)構(gou)成(cheng)腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)的纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)成(cheng)分和腺(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮(pi)增生(sheng)程度的不同(tong)(tong)所致(zhi)。當腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)構(gou)成(cheng)以腺(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮(pi)增生(sheng)為(wei)主,而纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)成(cheng)分較少(shao)時(shi)稱為(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu);若纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)組(zu)織在(zai)腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)中占多數(shu),腺(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)成(cheng)分較少(shao)時(shi),稱為(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu);腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)組(zu)織由大量腺(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)成(cheng)分組(zu)成(cheng)時(shi),則稱為(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。上(shang)述三(san)種分類只是(shi)病(bing)理形(xing)態學(xue)方(fang)面的差(cha)異,其(qi)臨床表現、治(zhi)療及預后并無不同(tong)(tong),故統稱為(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)好發于(yu)乳(ru)(ru)房外上(shang)象限,呈圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing),臨床多見1~3cm,生(sheng)長緩(huan)慢,妊娠或(huo)哺乳(ru)(ru)期時(shi)可急驟(zou)增長。極(ji)少(shao)數(shu)青春期發生(sheng)的纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)可在(zai)短時(shi)間內迅速(su)增大,直徑(jing)可達8~10cm,稱為(wei)巨大纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),仍屬(shu)良性腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)惡變成(cheng)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)或(huo)乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)癌者(zhe)極(ji)少(shao)見,不到(dao)1%。
卵巢功能旺盛,雌激(ji)(ji)素(su)(su)水平過(guo)高,調(diao)節失(shi)衡,加(jia)之患者(zhe)對雌激(ji)(ji)素(su)(su)反應敏感,在雌激(ji)(ji)素(su)(su)的(de)長期刺激(ji)(ji)下,引(yin)起(qi)乳腺腺上皮組(zu)織(zhi)和纖維組(zu)織(zhi)過(guo)度增生,結構紊亂,形成腫瘤。由(you)于乳腺纖維腺瘤與性激(ji)(ji)素(su)(su)分泌旺盛有關,故此多發生在青(qing)年(nian)女(nv)性,月經(jing)來潮前(qian)或(huo)絕經(jing)后婦女(nv)少見(jian)。
主要為乳(ru)房(fang)無(wu)痛性腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai),很少伴有乳(ru)房(fang)疼痛或(huo)乳(ru)頭溢(yi)液。腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)往往是(shi)無(wu)意中、洗澡時,或(huo)體檢中被發(fa)現。單發(fa)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)居多(duo)(duo),亦(yi)可多(duo)(duo)發(fa),也可兩側乳(ru)房(fang)同時或(huo)先后觸及腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)。多(duo)(duo)為圓形或(huo)橢圓形,直徑常為1~3cm,亦(yi)有更小(xiao)或(huo)更大者,偶(ou)可見巨大者。境界清楚,邊緣整齊,表面光滑(hua),富(fu)有彈(dan)性,無(wu)壓痛,活動度較大,與皮膚(fu)無(wu)粘連(lian)。
1.彩超
能顯示乳房各層次結構(gou)及腫塊(kuai)形(xing)態、大小及回(hui)聲(sheng)狀(zhuang)況。乳腺(xian)纖維腺(xian)瘤彩超多為圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)、卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)均勻低回(hui)聲(sheng)腫物,多可見光滑(hua)清(qing)晰的包膜回(hui)聲(sheng),腫塊(kuai)后方回(hui)聲(sheng)正常(chang)或輕微增強(qiang),可見側方聲(sheng)影,腫塊(kuai)內可見伴聲(sheng)影的粗大鈣化(hua)。彩色多普勒(le)顯示腫塊(kuai)內多無血流信號或見少(shao)量血流信號,RI<0.7。
2.乳(ru)腺X線攝影
青(qing)春期女孩(hai),致密(mi)型乳(ru)腺,不適(shi)宜進行乳(ru)腺X線(xian)攝影(ying)。中(zhong)年及(ji)以上婦女乳(ru)腺X線(xian)片纖維腺瘤表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)圓(yuan)形、卵圓(yuan)形腫(zhong)塊(kuai),也(ye)可(ke)呈分葉狀(zhuang),直徑(jing)多(duo)為(wei)1~3cm,邊緣光滑清(qing)楚,與等體積(ji)的正常腺體比較,腫(zhong)塊(kuai)呈等或稍高密(mi)度,周圍可(ke)有低密(mi)度暈環。部分病灶內(nei)可(ke)見鈣(gai)(gai)化,鈣(gai)(gai)化多(duo)位于腫(zhong)塊(kuai)中(zhong)心或邊緣,多(duo)呈粗(cu)顆粒狀(zhuang)、樹枝狀(zhuang)或斑(ban)點狀(zhuang),也(ye)可(ke)相(xiang)互融合成大塊(kuai)狀(zhuang),占據腫(zhong)塊(kuai)大部或全部,與乳(ru)腺癌的成簇(cu)沙(sha)粒樣(yang)鈣(gai)(gai)化灶不同。
3.乳腺病灶活檢
根據病史(shi)、體檢(jian)或影像(xiang)學檢(jian)查(cha)難以鑒別的乳腺腫塊(kuai),可采取穿刺或手術切除(chu)的方法,進行組織(zhi)病理學檢(jian)查(cha),明確診斷。
乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)位(wei)于(yu)體表,典型的乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤相對容易診斷(duan)(duan)(duan)。青(qing)少年女(nv)性,無意中或(huo)體檢(jian)中發現乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)無痛(tong)性腫塊1~3cm,圓形(xing)或(huo)卵圓形(xing),與(yu)周圍無粘連,活(huo)動(dong)度大(da),觸診有滑脫(tuo)感;生長緩慢,與(yu)月(yue)經(jing)周期無關;臨床可考(kao)慮為乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤。但對于(yu)妊娠后,特別是絕(jue)經(jing)后婦(fu)女(nv),乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)發現無痛(tong)性腫塊,要提(ti)高警惕,不要輕易診斷(duan)(duan)(duan)乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤,應借助影(ying)像學(xue)檢(jian)查(cha)鑒(jian)別診斷(duan)(duan)(duan),必要時需依據病理組(zu)織(zhi)學(xue)檢(jian)查(cha)確診。
1.密(mi)切觀察、定期隨診
乳腺纖維腺瘤是常見的(de)良性腫(zhong)瘤,極(ji)少惡變。發展(zhan)緩慢,沒有癥狀,不影響生活和工作(zuo),可以密切(qie)觀察定期(qi)隨診。
2.外(wai)科手術切除
(1)觀察過程中(zhong),如乳房自(zi)查或去醫院檢查,發現纖維腺(xian)瘤有增(zeng)大傾向(xiang),或彩超原顯示腫塊內無血流(liu)(liu)信(xin)號(hao)現可見大量血流(liu)(liu)信(xin)號(hao),應手術切除。
(2)乳腺(xian)纖維(wei)瘤(liu)患者,準備懷孕(yun)之(zhi)前,應進行(xing)纖維(wei)腺(xian)瘤(liu)切除(chu)術。原因(yin):a.乳腺(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)瘤(liu)的發生與雌激素水平升高有關,妊娠、哺乳期(qi),隨(sui)著體內(nei)激素水平的變化,可導致(zhi)腫瘤(liu)體積迅速增大。b.妊娠期(qi)乳腺(xian)不宜進行(xing)手術及有創性檢(jian)查,哺乳期(qi)亦不適合手術。
(3)青(qing)少(shao)年巨大(da)纖維(wei)腺瘤(liu)(幼年性纖維(wei)腺瘤(liu)),因腫瘤(liu)生(sheng)(sheng)長快,體積大(da),對正常乳腺組織產生(sheng)(sheng)擠壓,應考(kao)慮手(shou)術(shu)切除,手(shou)術(shu)不會對以后的妊娠、哺乳產生(sheng)(sheng)不良影響(xiang)。
(4)有乳腺(xian)癌家族史(shi)者可(ke)考慮手術切除。
3.乳腺微創旋(xuan)切手術
選擇(ze)乳(ru)腺(xian)纖(xian)維腺(xian)瘤診斷明(ming)確者(zhe)(不適宜乳(ru)腺(xian)癌的治療)。利用真空(kong)輔助(zhu)旋切(qie)(qie)設備,在乳(ru)腺(xian)超聲引導(dao)下,一次進針(zhen)多次切(qie)(qie)割將(jiang)腫瘤切(qie)(qie)除。切(qie)(qie)口僅0.3cm,恢復快,美(mei)學(xue)效果(guo)好(hao)。纖(xian)維腺(xian)瘤完整(zheng)切(qie)(qie)除后很(hen)少復發,但可再發。
建(jian)立(li)良(liang)好地生活飲食習(xi)慣,避免(mian)和(he)減(jian)少心(xin)理緊(jin)張因素,保持心(xin)情舒暢。控制高(gao)脂(zhi)肪、高(gao)熱量飲食的(de)攝入,不(bu)亂服用(yong)外源(yuan)性雌激(ji)素。掌握(wo)乳房自我檢查(cha)方法,養成(cheng)每(mei)月一次的(de)乳房自查(cha)習(xi)慣,若發(fa)現(xian)原因不(bu)明的(de)乳腺結節,應及(ji)時去(qu)醫院診斷。積極參加乳腺癌篩查(cha)。