1954年長江(jiang)流域發(fa)生(sheng)的特(te)大(da)洪(hong)(hong)水,自枝(zhi)江(jiang)以下(xia)約1800公里的河段,水位突破歷年最高紀錄,洪(hong)(hong)水位持續時間十分(fen)長,洪(hong)(hong)水總量也十分(fen)大(da)。在沿江(jiang)兩岸人(ren)民(min)在中國共產(chan)黨和人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)的正確領導下(xia),人(ren)民(min)展開了英勇頑強的防汛斗爭。根據水情的發(fa)展和預(yu)測,及時地(di)有計劃地(di)采取了若干(gan)分(fen)洪(hong)(hong)措施,大(da)大(da)減輕了水災的危害。
1954年長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)流域特大(da)洪水(shui),氣(qi)象專家們分析認為,1954年晚春初夏,副熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)高壓(ya)偏(pian)強,到了(le)7月(yue),副熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)高壓(ya)又偏(pian)弱,仍然位于北(bei)緯18°附近,引導海(hai)洋(yang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)南方濕暖(nuan)(nuan)氣(qi)流長(chang)(chang)時(shi)間(jian)北(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)江(jiang)淮一(yi)帶(dai)(dai),來自印度(du)洋(yang)的(de)西南季風像注射(she)了(le)興奮劑(ji),來勢(shi)強勁(jing);偏(pian)巧在(zai)鄂霍次克海(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)空(kong),一(yi)個(ge)強大(da)的(de)高空(kong)高氣(qi)壓(ya)竟穩坐“龍座”多(duo)(duo)日,驅動(dong)著北(bei)方冷空(kong)氣(qi)在(zai)1954年這段時(shi)間(jian)內也很強大(da),不斷南下,致使冷暖(nuan)(nuan)空(kong)氣(qi)在(zai)長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)中下游上(shang)(shang)(shang)空(kong)30多(duo)(duo)天內一(yi)直(zhi)盤(pan)旋徘徊(huai),“接(jie)吻”不斷,梅雨季節比常(chang)年長(chang)(chang)了(le)1個(ge)多(duo)(duo)月(yue),又偏(pian)偏(pian)西南太平洋(yang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)赤(chi)道輻合(he)帶(dai)(dai)遲(chi)遲(chi)按(an)兵不動(dong),1個(ge)多(duo)(duo)月(yue)沒有刮(gua)臺風,眼(yan)睜(zheng)(zheng)睜(zheng)(zheng)看著降雨帶(dai)(dai)在(zai)江(jiang)淮流域“生(sheng)根”而(er)袖手(shou)旁(pang)觀。造成了(le)比常(chang)年時(shi)間(jian)更(geng)長(chang)(chang)、強度(du)更(geng)大(da)的(de)降水(shui),洪災便由此而(er)發生(sheng)了(le)。
1954年(nian)長(chang)江(jiang)出現(xian)百年(nian)來罕見的流(liu)(liu)域性特(te)大洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)。這年(nian)汛期,雨(yu)(yu)季來得早,暴雨(yu)(yu)過程(cheng)頻(pin)繁,持(chi)續時間長(chang),降雨(yu)(yu)強(qiang)度(du)大,籠罩(zhao)面(mian)積(ji)廣,長(chang)江(jiang)干支流(liu)(liu)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)遭遇,枝城以下1800km河段最(zui)(zui)高水(shui)(shui)位全面(mian)超過歷史(shi)最(zui)(zui)高記錄。
這年汛期大(da)氣環流形勢(shi)異常,從5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)至7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun),副熱(re)帶高壓脊(ji)線一直停滯(zhi)在北緯(wei)20°~22°附近(jin)。7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份鄂霍次(ci)克海維持(chi)(chi)著一個阻塞高壓,使(shi)江、淮流域上(shang)空(kong)成為冷暖(nuan)空(kong)氣長(chang)時間交綏地區(qu),造成連續(xu)持(chi)(chi)久的降(jiang)雨過(guo)程。長(chang)江中(zhong)下游(you)整個梅雨期長(chang)達60多(duo)天。5-7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)3個月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)內共有12次(ci)降(jiang)雨過(guo)程,其中(zhong)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)至7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)5次(ci)暴雨,強度范(fan)圍(wei)都比較大(da),是(shi)本年汛期暴雨全盛階(jie)段。
該年汛期,季(ji)風雨(yu)(yu)(yu)帶提(ti)前進入長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)。4月(yue)份(fen)鄱(po)陽湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系即出現(xian)大(da)(da)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)和(he)暴雨(yu)(yu)(yu),贛(gan)江(jiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游(you)月(yue)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)500mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。5月(yue)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan),鄱(po)陽湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系和(he)錢塘(tang)江(jiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游(you)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)500mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),安徽黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)站(zhan)(zhan)月(yue)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)1037mm,300mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)范(fan)圍約(yue)(yue)74萬(wan)km2,相應面積總(zong)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)3000億m3。6月(yue)份(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)依(yi)然在(zai)長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan),位置(zhi)比5月(yue)份(fen)稍北(bei)移,鄱(po)陽湖(hu)(hu)、洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)500-700mm,湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)洪(hong)湖(hu)(hu)縣(xian)(xian)螺山(shan)(shan)站(zhan)(zhan)月(yue)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)1047mm,300mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)范(fan)圍約(yue)(yue)71萬(wan)h/,相應面積總(zong)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)3200億m3。7月(yue)份(fen)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)北(bei)移,中心(xin)在(zai)長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)干流(liu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)北(bei)及(ji)淮河流(liu)域(yu)(yu),大(da)(da)別(bie)(bie)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)淮河流(liu)域(yu)(yu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)500-900mm,金寨縣(xian)(xian)吳店(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)月(yue)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)1265mm,長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)側除沅江(jiang)、澧水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)和(he)皖(wan)南(nan)(nan)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)500mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)外(wai),一(yi)般在(zai)500mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,300mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)范(fan)圍達(da)(da)91萬(wan)h㎡,相應面積總(zong)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)4280億m3,為汛期各(ge)月(yue)中雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的一(yi)個(ge)月(yue)。8月(yue)份(fen)副高(gao)位置(zhi)西伸北(bei)抬,脊線在(zai)北(bei)緯30°附近,長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)中下游(you)在(zai)副高(gao)控制下,梅雨(yu)(yu)(yu)結束,主(zhu)要(yao)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)已在(zai)四川盆地、漢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)域(yu)(yu),月(yue)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)200mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),峨媚(mei)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)達(da)(da)600mm。主(zhu)汛期5—7月(yue)3個(ge)月(yue)累計雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)1200mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的高(gao)值區(qu)(qu)(qu)主(zhu)要(yao)分布在(zai)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系、鄱(po)陽湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系和(he)皖(wan)南(nan)(nan)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、大(da)(da)別(bie)(bie)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。其中黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)別(bie)(bie)山(shan)(shan)、九嶺山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)局部(bu)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)1800nnn以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),最(zui)大(da)(da)點雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)站(zhan)(zhan)達(da)(da)2824mm。
在(zai)(zai)全(quan)流(liu)(liu)域普(pu)降大(da)雨(yu)的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia),鄱(po)陽湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)的(de)贛(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)等(deng)河(he)在(zai)(zai)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)和7月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)發(fa)生(sheng)了較(jiao)大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),丁家埠最大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)(feng)流(liu)(liu)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)別達(da)(da)12900m3/s(6月(yue)(yue)(yue)4日(ri))和13800m3/s(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)1日(ri));洞庭湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)沅(yuan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)于5月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬、6月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬、7月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)旬和7月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬連續發(fa)生(sheng)較(jiao)大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),桃(tao)源站(zhan)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)(feng)流(liu)(liu)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)別達(da)(da)到19200m3/s(5月(yue)(yue)(yue)26日(ri))、17800m3/s(6月(yue)(yue)(yue)27日(ri))、17800m3/s(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)16日(ri))和23000m3/s(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)31日(ri));湘江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)也于6月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)、6月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)和6月(yue)(yue)(yue)底連續發(fa)生(sheng)大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),其中(zhong)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)30日(ri)湘潭站(zhan)最大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)(feng)流(liu)(liu)量達(da)(da)18枷咖3/s,接近實測(ce)最大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);澧水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、資水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也都出現了較(jiao)大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);在(zai)(zai)此期間漢江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)和大(da)別山南側各支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)也在(zai)(zai)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)旬和8月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬發(fa)生(sheng)了中(zhong)等(deng)偏大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),漢口(kou)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)至湖(hu)口(kou)以(yi)上(shang)區間支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)最大(da)入江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)量達(da)(da)13600m3/s(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)13日(ri))。在(zai)(zai)上(shang)述(shu)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)迅速上(shang)漲,漢口(kou)站(zhan)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)25日(ri)超過警戒水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(26.3m),7月(yue)(yue)(yue)18日(ri)突破1931年最高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)28.28m。在(zai)(zai)下(xia)(xia)游全(quan)面高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia),6月(yue)(yue)(yue)25日(ri)至9月(yue)(yue)(yue)6日(ri)上(shang)游發(fa)生(sheng)4次(ci)連續洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),宜昌(chang)站(zhan)先后(hou)出現4次(ci)大(da)于50000m3/s的(de)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)(feng)流(liu)(liu)量,8月(yue)(yue)(yue)7日(ri)最大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)(feng)流(liu)(liu)量達(da)(da)66800m3/s,枝城站(zhan)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)(feng)流(liu)(liu)量達(da)(da)71900m3/s。由于7月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬至8月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過大(da),為保證荊(jing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)大(da)堤安(an)全(quan),曾3次(ci)運用北閘(太平(ping)口(kou)分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)閘)向荊(jing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)區分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)。第(di)1次(ci)分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)量23.53億m3,第(di)2次(ci)17.17億m3,第(di)3次(ci)81.86億m3,3次(ci)合計分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)量122.56億m3。
在利用荊江(jiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)區3次分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)和(he)多處扒口分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong),分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)潰口水(shui)(shui)量(liang)達到1023億(yi)m3的情(qing)況下,沙市水(shui)(shui)位(wei)達到44.67m,城(cheng)陵磯水(shui)(shui)位(wei)達到33.95m,漢口水(shui)(shui)位(wei)達到29.73m(實測最大洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰流量(liang)為76100m3/s),湖(hu)口水(shui)(shui)位(wei)達到21.68m,都突破了歷(li)史最高記錄。據推算,如果不潰口、扒口分(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)和(he)江(jiang)湖(hu)自然滯(zhi)蓄(xu),合(he)成最大流量(liang)城(cheng)陵磯站為108900m3/s,漢口為114183m3/s,八(ba)里江(jiang)為126800m3/s。
洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水過程:長江上游干流(liu)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水,經荊(jing)江分洪(hong)(hong)(hong)和四(si)口(kou)分流(liu)后(hou),8月(yue)7日(ri)(ri)(ri)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)到(dao)達(da)(da)石首,最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水位39.89m,8月(yue)8日(ri)(ri)(ri)監(jian)利最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)水位36.57m。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水過監(jian)利后(hou),經向洪(hong)(hong)(hong)湖(hu)分洪(hong)(hong)(hong)并匯洞庭湖(hu)出(chu)(chu)流(liu),洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)于8月(yue)8日(ri)(ri)(ri)到(dao)達(da)(da)螺山站(zhan)(zhan),最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)水位33.17m,最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)流(liu)量(liang)78800m3/s。當洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)傳播到(dao)漢口(kou)時(shi),漢江于11日(ri)(ri)(ri)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng),新(xin)城站(zhan)(zhan)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)流(liu)量(liang)16400m3/s。受其影響漢口(kou)站(zhan)(zhan)于14日(ri)(ri)(ri)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)流(liu)量(liang)76100m3/s,18日(ri)(ri)(ri)水位達(da)(da)到(dao)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)29.73m。鄱陽湖(hu)水系洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)來(lai)得早,一般出(chu)(chu)現(xian)在7月(yue)中旬,受鄱陽湖(hu)出(chu)(chu)流(liu)影響,下游安慶、大(da)通等站(zhan)(zhan)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)時(shi)間(jian)比(bi)漢口(kou)提前約半個月(yue),大(da)通站(zhan)(zhan)8月(yue)1日(ri)(ri)(ri)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水位16.64m,相應最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)流(liu)量(liang)92600m3/s。
1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)長江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)主要支流(liu)(liu)和(he)上游干流(liu)(liu)洪(hong)(hong)水重(zhong)現(xian)期(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般都(dou)不高,如岷(min)江、嘉陵江、漢(han)江、贛江的(de)洪(hong)(hong)峰流(liu)(liu)量都(dou)不是很大(da),屬于常遇(yu)洪(hong)(hong)水;資水、沅江、澧水洪(hong)(hong)水比較大(da),約(yue)(yue)為(wei)15年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)遇(yu)干流(liu)(liu)宜(yi)(yi)昌(chang)洪(hong)(hong)峰流(liu)(liu)量的(de)重(zhong)現(xian)期(qi)為(wei)15~20年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)遇(yu)。干流(liu)(liu)中下游洪(hong)(hong)水組(zu)成情況復雜,難以(yi)用(yong)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)站(zhan)(zhan)點某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)水文特征來表示,以(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最大(da)30天(tian)洪(hong)(hong)量為(wei)分析(xi)指標,則1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)洪(hong)(hong)水在宜(yi)(yi)昌(chang)站(zhan)(zhan)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)遇(yu),城(cheng)陵磯站(zhan)(zhan)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)180年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)遇(yu),漢(han)口、湖口站(zhan)(zhan)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)200年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)遇(yu)(代表站(zhan)(zhan)30天(tian)洪(hong)(hong)量:宜(yi)(yi)昌(chang)站(zhan)(zhan)1390億m3,漢(han)口站(zhan)(zhan)1730億m3,大(da)通站(zhan)(zhan)2190億m3)。
洪水(shui)組(zu)成(cheng):以漢(han)口(kou)以上最(zui)大60天總人流(liu)量的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)來看,漢(han)口(kou)60天總人流(liu)量3830億(yi)(yi)m3,宜(yi)(yi)昌2323億(yi)(yi)m3,宜(yi)(yi)昌以上來水(shui)量占(zhan)(zhan)60.7%;洞(dong)庭湖四水(shui)913億(yi)(yi)m3,占(zhan)(zhan)23.8%;漢(han)江(碾(nian)盤山)336.3億(yi)(yi)m3,占(zhan)(zhan)8.8%;宜(yi)(yi)昌至漢(han)口(kou)區間257.7億(yi)(yi)占(zhan)(zhan)6.7%,由此可見,川江來水(shui)量占(zhan)(zhan)的(de)比重很大。
在(zai)新中(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立初期全(quan)面恢復整修(xiu)江(jiang)(jiang)河堤(di)防、修(xiu)建荊(jing)江(jiang)(jiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)工(gong)程和汛(xun)期軍民(min)全(quan)力抗洪(hong)(hong)(hong)搶險(xian)的情況下,這(zhe)次特(te)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水雖然保住了(le)荊(jing)江(jiang)(jiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)堤(di)和武漢(han)市的主要市區(qu)(qu),但仍(reng)然造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)巨大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的經(jing)(jing)濟損(sun)失(shi)和社會影響。長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)干堤(di)和漢(han)江(jiang)(jiang)下游堤(di)防潰(kui)(kui)(kui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)61處,扒(ba)口(kou)(kou)(kou)13處,支堤(di)、民(min)堤(di)潰(kui)(kui)(kui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)無(wu)數。湖(hu)(hu)南洞庭湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)900多處圩(wei)垸,潰(kui)(kui)(kui)決(jue)70%,淹(yan)(yan)沒耕地(di)(di)25.7萬(wan)(wan)(wan)h㎡,受(shou)(shou)災(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)達(da)(da)165萬(wan)(wan)(wan),潰(kui)(kui)(kui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)量(liang)達(da)(da)245億(yi)m3,其余圩(wei)區(qu)(qu)也都漬澇(lao)成(cheng)災(zai)(zai)(zai);江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)平原的洪(hong)(hong)(hong)湖(hu)(hu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、東荊(jing)河兩岸一直到武漢(han)市區(qu)(qu)周圍湖(hu)(hu)泊一片汪洋,荊(jing)江(jiang)(jiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)區(qu)(qu)及其備蓄區(qu)(qu)全(quan)部(bu)運用淹(yan)(yan)沒,湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)全(quan)省潰(kui)(kui)(kui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水量(liang)達(da)(da)602億(yi)m3,淹(yan)(yan)沒耕地(di)(di)87.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)h㎡,受(shou)(shou)災(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)達(da)(da)538萬(wan)(wan)(wan);江(jiang)(jiang)西鄱陽(yang)湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)五河尾(wei)閭及湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)周圍圩(wei)垸大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)潰(kui)(kui)(kui)決(jue),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)量(liang)達(da)(da)80億(yi)m3,淹(yan)(yan)沒耕地(di)(di)16.2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)h㎡,受(shou)(shou)災(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)171萬(wan)(wan)(wan);安徽省華陽(yang)河地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong),無(wu)為大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)堤(di)潰(kui)(kui)(kui)決(jue),決(jue)口(kou)(kou)(kou)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)量(liang)達(da)(da)87億(yi)m3,淹(yan)(yan)沒耕地(di)(di)34.3h㎡,受(shou)(shou)災(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)達(da)(da)290萬(wan)(wan)(wan)。堤(di)防圩(wei)垸潰(kui)(kui)(kui)決(jue)、扒(ba)口(kou)(kou)(kou)共(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)1023億(yi)m3,淹(yan)(yan)沒耕地(di)(di)約166.7萬(wan)(wan)(wan)h㎡,受(shou)(shou)災(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)達(da)(da)1800余萬(wan)(wan)(wan)。此外,廣(guang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)農田(tian)暴雨(yu)(yu)積澇(lao)成(cheng)災(zai)(zai)(zai),廣(guang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)山(shan)地(di)(di)暴雨(yu)(yu)山(shan)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)為害(hai)(hai)。長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)下游湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)、湖(hu)(hu)南、江(jiang)(jiang)西、安徽、江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)5省有(you)123個(ge)縣市受(shou)(shou)災(zai)(zai)(zai),洪(hong)(hong)(hong)澇(lao)災(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)農田(tian)面積317余萬(wan)(wan)(wan)h㎡,受(shou)(shou)災(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)1888余萬(wan)(wan)(wan),京廣(guang)鐵路100天不能正常運行,災(zai)(zai)(zai)后疾(ji)病流(liu)行,僅洞庭湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)死亡達(da)(da)3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)余人(ren)(ren)。由于(yu)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)澇(lao)淹(yan)(yan)沒地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)積水時間長(chang),房(fang)屋大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)倒塌,莊稼(jia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)絕收,災(zai)(zai)(zai)后數年才(cai)完全(quan)恢復。由于(yu)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域工(gong)農業生產(chan)和水陸交通運輸(shu)在(zai)全(quan)國(guo)的重要地(di)(di)位(wei),1954年大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)水不僅造(zao)成(cheng)當年重大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)經(jing)(jing)濟損(sun)失(shi),而(er)且對以后幾(ji)年經(jing)(jing)濟發展都產(chan)生了(le)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)影響。