電動車蓄電池的使用和保養

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)是現在電(dian)動(dong)車(che)主要采(cai)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)不是用(yong)壞(huai)的(de)而是充壞(huai)的(de)，決非(fei)危言聳聽，蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)性能好壞(huai)對蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)使用(yong)壽命和使用(yong)性能起著舉足輕重的(de)作用(yong)，必(bi)須重視。

1、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池循環使用壽(shou)命影響很大，這是(shi)因為放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度越深(shen)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)膨脹(zhang)收(shou)縮(suo)量(liang)(liang)越大，正極(ji)的(de)活(huo)性物質脫落越多，從(cong)而失去放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，性能下降，直至壽(shou)命終止。所以蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用時(shi)應盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)避免深(shen)度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，做到淺(qian)放(fang)勤充(chong)，一(yi)般情況應做到：蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池以放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度為50%-70%時(shi)充(chong)一(yi)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)最佳。

2、蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后，繼(ji)續放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)）會嚴(yan)重損(sun)害蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，這是因為此時(shi)極(ji)易形(xing)成不可逆硫(liu)酸鹽化，從(cong)而(er)使充電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復能力(li)變差，甚(shen)至(zhi)無法修(xiu)復。所(suo)以蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用時(shi)應防止過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，“欠壓(ya)保護”是有效的措施(shi)。“欠壓(ya)保護”措施(shi)是由電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)控制器控制的，但(dan)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)儀表和指示燈等耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器不受控制器控制，所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)鎖一旦合上就開始用電(dian)(dian)(dian)，雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小，但(dan)若長時(shi)間(jian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會出(chu)現過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，不得長時(shi)間(jian)開鎖，不用時(shi)應立即關掉。

3、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流應小于或等于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以(yi)接受的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，否則，過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)的過(guo)(guo)剩電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會使電(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui)液過(guo)(guo)快地消耗(hao)掉，并產(chan)生(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的析氣現象(xiang)，時(shi)間長了將使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變得(de)十分(fen)困難，所(suo)以(yi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)因盡(jin)可(ke)能防止過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。正規廠家生(sheng)產(chan)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可(ke)確保不對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

4、鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)尤其(qi)怕虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)置3-7天(tian)，將有(you)可能(neng)永(yong)久損壞，因此(ci)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用過后請盡快(kuai)充電(dian)(dian)。對于(yu)長期(qi)不使用的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，應每隔15天(tian)左(zuo)右對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)一(yi)次，以補償電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存放(fang)(fang)時的自放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)量損失(shi)。

5、蓄(xu)電池(chi)在(zai)(zai)高溫(wen)季節(jie)運行，主要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)過充(chong)電的(de)(de)問(wen)題。因此，夏天應(ying)盡量降低蓄(xu)電池(chi)溫(wen)度，保證良好的(de)(de)散熱，防止(zhi)在(zai)(zai)烈日暴(bao)曬后即(ji)充(chong)電，并(bing)應(ying)遠離(li)熱源(yuan)。在(zai)(zai)低溫(wen)情況下(xia)，充(chong)電主要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)電接受(shou)能力(li)差(cha)、充(chong)電不足造成電池(chi)虧(kui)電的(de)(de)問(wen)題。低溫(wen)時(shi)應(ying)采取保溫(wen)防凍措施(shi)，特別是充(chong)電時(shi)應(ying)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)溫(wen)暖的(de)(de)環境(jing)中，有利于保證充(chong)足電，防止(zhi)不可逆(ni)硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)的(de)(de)產生，延長蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)(de)使用壽命(ming)。

6、一般情況(kuang)下，放電(dian)深度(du)較(jiao)大的蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)使用壽命(ming)在1年(nian)左(zuo)右(you)(you)，放電(dian)深度(du)在50%-70%的蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)在1年(nian)半左(zuo)右(you)(you)。個別廠家(jia)生產的蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以(yi)達到2年(nian)以(yi)上(shang)。