龜甲(龜板)的真偽鑒別
龜甲為(wei)常用中藥,具有滋陰潛陽、益腎強骨、養血補心(xin)等作用,該藥材(cai)供不(bu)應求,現將正品與(yu)非正品從外觀性狀(zhuang)鑒別如(ru)下:
1、正品龜甲
正品(pin)龜(gui)甲為龜(gui)科動物烏(wu)龜(gui)的(de)(de)(de)背甲(jia)及(ji)腹甲(jia)。背甲(jia):本(ben)品(pin)呈(cheng)(cheng)橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)形拱狀,邊緣整(zheng)齊,前(qian)端略凹入(ru)(ru),后(hou)端圓(yuan),前(qian)窄后(hou)寬,背棱3條,其正中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條隆(long)起較明顯(xian)。長(chang)9~16cm,寬6~12cm,高(gao)3~6cm.外表(biao)面(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)棕色(se),頸盾(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)枚(mei),緣盾(dun)(dun)(dun)左(zuo)右各11枚(mei),類長(chang)方形,第11緣盾(dun)(dun)(dun)明顯(xian)較臀(tun)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)小。臀(tun)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)雙枚(mei),類長(chang)方形,連接處稍凹入(ru)(ru)。醫.學教育網收集(ji)整(zheng)理腹甲(jia):本(ben)品(pin)呈(cheng)(cheng)板(ban)(ban)片(pian)狀,近橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)形,長(chang)8~15cm,寬5~8cm,前(qian)端平截,后(hou)端具三(san)(san)角(jiao)形深缺刻,兩側有呈(cheng)(cheng)翼狀向后(hou)彎(wan)曲的(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)橋,有的(de)(de)(de)已(yi)除去。外表(biao)黃色(se),角(jiao)質(zhi)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)片(pian)12塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)具紫褐(he)色(se)放射(she)狀紋理或(huo)大部分呈(cheng)(cheng)紫褐(he)色(se),喉盾(dun)(dun)(dun)呈(cheng)(cheng)三(san)(san)角(jiao)形,腹盾(dun)(dun)(dun)間的(de)(de)(de)中縫線(xian)最長(chang),肱盾(dun)(dun)(dun)間的(de)(de)(de)中縫線(xian)最短,內表(biao)面(mian)黃白(bai)色(se),骨板(ban)(ban)9塊(kuai)。
2、非正品龜甲
非正品龜甲(jia)為龜科動(dong)物馬來(lai)閉殼(ke)龜的背甲(jia)(jia)(jia)及腹(fu)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)。背甲(jia)(jia)(jia):本(ben)品呈(cheng)(cheng)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)拱(gong)狀,隆(long)起(qi)較高,中(zhong)央(yang)有1條隆(long)起(qi)不明顯(xian)的背景棱。長15~19cm,寬12~15cm,高7~9cm.表面灰褐色(se),頸盾較小,前寬后窄,第3椎盾呈(cheng)(cheng)六邊形(xing),緣盾近方形(xing),臀盾類方形(xing)。腹(fu)甲(jia)(jia)(jia):本(ben)品呈(cheng)(cheng)板(ban)片狀,近橢(tuo)圓形(xing),長8~19cm,寬4~10cm,前后兩端圓形(xing),兩側(ce)無甲(jia)(jia)(jia)橋。外表面黃白色(se),盾片具(ju)黑色(se)斑點。腹(fu)盾間(jian)(jian)的中(zhong)縫線最短,內表面近白色(se),舌板(ban)和下(xia)板(ban)間(jian)(jian)具(ju)一橫折(zhe)紋。
龜板怎么選 龜板的類似品有哪些
1、緬(mian)甸(dian)陸龜(gui)(gui):為龜(gui)(gui)科(ke)動(dong)物緬(mian)甸(dian)陸龜(gui)(gui)Testudo elongata(Blyth)的(de)(de)腹(fu)甲。分(fen)布于印度東(dong)北部至越南(nan)、馬來半(ban)島,我國廣西、云南(nan)亦有分(fen)布。形狀是:腹(fu)甲呈(cheng)(cheng)板片狀、類長方橢圓形,甲橋后(hou)部較(jiao)前(qian)部寬;長12~19cm,寬8~12cm,前(qian)端稍突出,后(hou)端具三角(jiao)(jiao)形深缺(que)刻,兩側有呈(cheng)(cheng)翼狀向(xiang)后(hou)彎(wan)曲的(de)(de)甲橋。外表呈(cheng)(cheng)黃綠色(se),角(jiao)(jiao)質(zhi)盾(dun)(dun)片12塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)具大(da)(da)小不一的(de)(de)黑色(se)斑(ban)塊(kuai),喉盾(dun)(dun)三角(jiao)(jiao)形,肱盾(dun)(dun)較(jiao)胸(xiong)盾(dun)(dun)小,腹(fu)盾(dun)(dun)大(da)(da),股盾(dun)(dun)較(jiao)胸(xiong)質(zhi)大(da)(da),腹(fu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)縫線(xian)最長,肛盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)最短,肱、胸(xiong)盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)近等長。內面灰(hui)白色(se),除凈后(hou)可(ke)見骨(gu)板9塊(kuai),呈(cheng)(cheng)鋸齒(chi)狀嵌接,股盾(dun)(dun)與(yu)胸(xiong)盾(dun)(dun)縫交叉處在內板中(zhong)。質(zhi)堅硬。氣微腥(xing),味微咸。
2、凹甲(jia)陸(lu)龜(gui)甲(jia):為龜(gui)科動物凹甲(jia)陸(lu)龜(gui)Testudo impressa(Gunther)的(de)腹(fu)甲(jia)。分布(bu)于泰國(guo)、錫金、馬來(lai)半島,我(wo)國(guo)海南島亦有分布(bu)。形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)是(shi):腹(fu)甲(jia)呈板(ban)(ban)片狀(zhuang)、近長(chang)方(fang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),甲(jia)橋后(hou)(hou)部較前(qian)部寬,長(chang)19~21cm,寬13~15cm。前(qian)端(duan)平截(jie)、后(hou)(hou)端(duan)具(ju)三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)深缺刻,兩側有呈翼狀(zhuang)向后(hou)(hou)方(fang)彎(wan)曲的(de)甲(jia)橋。外表呈黃棕色(se),角(jiao)質(zhi)盾(dun)片12塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)具(ju)不規則黑褐色(se)斑塊(kuai)。喉盾(dun)三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing),腹(fu)盾(dun)最大,胸(xiong)盾(dun)及肛盾(dun)小,腹(fu)盾(dun)的(de)中(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)線最長(chang),胸(xiong)、肛盾(dun)中(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)線最短。內(nei)表面(mian)呈黃白色(se),可見骨(gu)板(ban)(ban)9塊(kuai),呈鋸齒狀(zhuang)嵌(qian)接,肱(gong)盾(dun)與胸(xiong)盾(dun)縫(feng)(feng)交叉(cha)處(chu)在(zai)內(nei)板(ban)(ban)下方(fang)。質(zhi)堅(jian)硬,氣微腥(xing),味微咸。
3、背平(ping)陸龜甲:為龜科動(dong)物背平(ping)陸龜Testudo platgnota Bigth.的腹甲。分布(bu)于(yu)緬甸(dian)。形(xing)狀(zhuang)是:腹甲呈板片狀(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)橢圓形(xing),雌(ci)體板面較(jiao)平(ping)坦,雄體板面較(jiao)凹陷,長(chang)(chang)12~25cm,寬8.5~16cm。前端(duan)略平(ping)截或(huo)微(wei)凹缺,后(hou)端(duan)呈三角(jiao)形(xing)或(huo)圓弧形(xing)深凹缺。外表呈淺黃色,兩側有對稱的黑褐色略呈三角(jiao)形(xing)的斑塊。內表面呈淡黃白(bai)色,前端(duan)角(jiao)質面覆(fu)蓋甚寬,前緣薄(bo)刃形(xing),后(hou)緣增厚,呈懸空的腔穴。股、肱(gong)盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)(xian)稍(shao)向后(hou)形(xing)成夾角(jiao)或(huo)弧形(xing),腹盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)(xian)最長(chang)(chang),約占盾(dun)(dun)片中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)總長(chang)(chang)的35%~39%,肱(gong)盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)(xian)長(chang)(chang)于(yu)股盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)(xian),股盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)(xian)長(chang)(chang)于(yu)喉盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)(xian),肛、胸盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)(xian)最短,胸盾(dun)(dun)狹窄,呈橫條帶狀(zhuang),兩側似喇叭口,內板在肱(gong)盾(dun)(dun)胸盾(dun)(dun)交叉之上。質堅硬、氣(qi)微(wei)腥、味微(wei)咸。
4、陸龜(gui)甲(jia)(jia):為龜(gui)科(ke)動物陸龜(gui)Testudo emys Schleg-Mull.的(de)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)甲(jia)(jia)。分布(bu)于(yu)緬(mian)甸、馬來西亞、印度尼西亞及我國南部(bu)地區。形狀是:腹(fu)(fu)(fu)甲(jia)(jia)呈(cheng)(cheng)板(ban)片狀,長方橢圓形,長24~27(~54)cm,寬(kuan)17~34cm,前后(hou)部(bu)近等寬(kuan),前端(duan)微(wei)缺(que)刻(ke)(ke),后(hou)端(duan)具三(san)角(jiao)狀微(wei)帶弧形缺(que)刻(ke)(ke)。外(wai)(wai)表呈(cheng)(cheng)暗褐(he)色(se)或淺黑色(se),股肛盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian)向后(hou)形成夾角(jiao),使股盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)外(wai)(wai)緣(yuan)(yuan)大(da)于(yu)內(nei)緣(yuan)(yuan),肱盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)和(he)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian)直接相連,胸(xiong)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)被分離于(yu)兩側,略(lve)呈(cheng)(cheng)三(san)角(jiao)形。腹(fu)(fu)(fu)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)外(wai)(wai)緣(yuan)(yuan)小于(yu)中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian),腹(fu)(fu)(fu)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian)最(zui)長,約占盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)片總中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian)38~42%,肱盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian)長于(yu)股盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian),肛、喉盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)中(zhong)縫線(xian)(xian)(xian)最(zui)短。內(nei)面呈(cheng)(cheng)黃白色(se),可見骨板(ban)9塊,前端(duan)角(jiao)質覆(fu)蓋面寬(kuan),內(nei)板(ban)在肱盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)與胸(xiong)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)交叉之上。質堅硬。氣微(wei)腥,味(wei)微(wei)咸。
5、地(di)龜(gui):為龜(gui)科動物地(di)龜(gui)Geoemgda spengleri(Gmeln.)的腹(fu)(fu)甲。分布于巴都群島、蘇門(men)答(da)臘、菲(fei)律賓(bin)及我國南部(bu)等地(di)。形(xing)狀(zhuang)是:腹(fu)(fu)甲呈(cheng)(cheng)板(ban)(ban)片(pian)狀(zhuang),長(chang)方(fang)橢圓形(xing),雌體(ti)(ti)板(ban)(ban)面(mian)較(jiao)(jiao)平坦,雄體(ti)(ti)板(ban)(ban)面(mian)凹槽狀(zhuang),長(chang)10~26cm,寬(kuan)8~15cm。前(qian)部(bu)稍窄于后部(bu),前(qian)略(lve)平截或微(wei)缺(que)刻(ke),邊緣具(ju)黃色條帶(dai),把甲橋與腹(fu)(fu)板(ban)(ban)其余部(bu)隔開。外面(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)黑(hei)色或黑(hei)褐色,角質盾(dun)(dun)片(pian)12塊,腹(fu)(fu)盾(dun)(dun)最(zui)(zui)大,喉盾(dun)(dun)最(zui)(zui)小。內表面(mian)呈(cheng)(cheng)淡黃白色,可見骨板(ban)(ban)9塊,上端角質覆(fu)蓋較(jiao)(jiao)寬(kuan),微(wei)呈(cheng)(cheng)凹塊狀(zhuang)。內板(ban)(ban)在肱(gong)盾(dun)(dun)與胸盾(dun)(dun)縫(feng)交叉之下。質堅硬(ying)。氣微(wei)腥(xing),味微(wei)咸(xian)。
6、刺地(di)龜:為龜科(ke)動物刺地(di)龜Geoemgda spinosa(Gray.)的(de)腹甲。分布于緬(mian)甸、泰國、印(yin)度(du)尼西亞、馬來(lai)西亞、新加坡。形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)是:腹甲呈(cheng)板(ban)片(pian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),長(chang)橢圓形(xing),雌體板(ban)面(mian)較平(ping)(ping)坦,雄體板(ban)面(mian)凹(ao)槽狀(zhuang)(zhuang),長(chang)17~22cm,寬11.5~13cm,前部(bu)稍比后(hou)部(bu)窄(zhai),前端平(ping)(ping)截,后(hou)端具三角(jiao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)缺刻。外(wai)表面(mian)呈(cheng)黃色(se)(se),角(jiao)質(zhi)盾(dun)片(pian)12塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)盾(dun)片(pian)具褐色(se)(se)放射狀(zhuang)(zhuang)條(tiao)紋,射線起(qi)端呈(cheng)黃棕(zong)色(se)(se),無斑點。除喉盾(dun)與肱(gong)盾(dun)縫(feng)(feng)呈(cheng)V字形(xing)外(wai),其他各盾(dun)片(pian)之間(jian)縫(feng)(feng)線都(dou)近(jin)于平(ping)(ping)直,腹盾(dun)中縫(feng)(feng)線、胸(xiong)盾(dun)中縫(feng)(feng)線和股盾(dun)中縫(feng)(feng)線均較長(chang)且相等,其余盾(dun)片(pian)半(ban)縫(feng)(feng)線較短(duan)。內面(mian)呈(cheng)黃白色(se)(se),可見骨板(ban)9塊(kuai)。質(zhi)堅硬,氣微腥,味微咸。
7、大(da)地(di)龜(gui)(gui)甲(jia)(jia):為(wei)龜(gui)(gui)科(ke)動物大(da)地(di)龜(gui)(gui)Geoemgda Grandis(gray)的(de)腹甲(jia)(jia)。分布于(yu)泰國、馬來(lai)西亞、柬埔寨、錫金等地(di)。形(xing)狀是(shi):腹甲(jia)(jia)呈(cheng)大(da)板片(pian)狀,近(jin)長方大(da)橢圓形(xing),甲(jia)(jia)橋(qiao)前部(bu)較后(hou)(hou)部(bu)寬,長30~33cm,寬15~19cm,前端(duan)平截,后(hou)(hou)端(duan)具(ju)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)深缺刻(ke),兩側有殘缺翼狀向后(hou)(hou)方彎曲的(de)甲(jia)(jia)橋(qiao)。外表呈(cheng)淡棕色,角(jiao)(jiao)質(zhi)盾片(pian)12塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)具(ju)黑棕色的(de)斑點及放射紋理(li)。喉盾類(lei)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing),腹盾較大(da),腹盾的(de)中縫線最(zui)長,肱(gong)盾、肛盾的(de)中縫線較短,有腋盾和胯盾。內面黃(huang)白色,可見骨板9塊(kuai),呈(cheng)鋸齒狀嵌接(jie),肱(gong)盾與胸(xiong)盾縫交叉處在內板中。質(zhi)堅硬(ying),氣微腥,味微咸。
8.馬來閉(bi)殼龜(gui)(gui):又名東南亞(ya)閉(bi)殼龜(gui)(gui)。為龜(gui)(gui)科動物馬來閉(bi)殼龜(gui)(gui)Cuora am-boinensis(Gunther)的腹(fu)甲(jia)。分布于緬甸、錫金、柬埔寨、印度尼西(xi)亞(ya)。形(xing)狀是:腹(fu)甲(jia)呈板片(pian)狀,長(chang)方橢(tuo)圓形(xing),后方稍寬,長(chang)8~19cm,寬4.5~10cm,前后端圓形(xing),無明顯甲(jia)橋(qiao)。外表淺黃白(bai)色,角質盾(dun)片(pian)12塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)具褐色斑(ban)點。喉盾(dun)類三角形(xing),肱、股盾(dun)外緣較中(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)長(chang),腹(fu)盾(dun)間的中(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)最(zui)長(chang),肱盾(dun)及股盾(dun)中(zhong)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)最(zui)短,在胸盾(dun)與腹(fu)盾(dun)間為韌帶組織(zhi),其(qi)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)明顯寬于其(qi)他盾(dun)間縫(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian),腋盾(dun)和跨盾(dun)小或(huo)不存在。內(nei)面類白(bai)色,除去殘肉可見骨(gu)板9塊(kuai),呈鋸齒狀嵌接,肱盾(dun)與胸盾(dun)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)交(jiao)叉處右內(nei)板中(zhong),在舌板和下板間亦有一橫(heng)折紋,并與胸盾(dun)、腹(fu)盾(dun)間的寬縫(feng)(feng)(feng)線(xian)重合(he)。質堅(jian)硬,可從骨(gu)板縫(feng)(feng)(feng)中(zhong)折斷。氣微腥,味微咸。
9、黃(huang)(huang)緣(yuan)(yuan)閉殼龜:又名呷蛇龜。為(wei)龜科(ke)動物(wu)黃(huang)(huang)緣(yuan)(yuan)閉殼龜Cuora flaromargina-ta(Gray)的腹甲(jia)(jia)。分布(bu)于(yu)河南(nan)、湖北、湖南(nan)、江蘇、浙江等地。形狀是:腹甲(jia)(jia)呈(cheng)板片狀,長(chang)圓形,后部略寬,長(chang)11~14cm,寬6~8cm。外(wai)表呈(cheng)棕黑色,有巛(chuan)形紋,喉盾2枚并合似心形,肛(gang)盾單枚,外(wai)緣(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun)圓,無缺刻,中有肛(gang)盾溝,有的磨損消失。內表呈(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)白色,周邊(bian)黃(huang)(huang)色。質堅而稍重(zhong),在橫折紋處易(yi)折斷(duan)。氣微(wei)腥,昧微(wei)咸。
10、馬來龜:又(you)名(ming)爪哇弓(gong)穴龜。為(wei)龜科動物爪哇弓(gong)穴龜Dumonia subtrijuga(Boulenger)的(de)腹(fu)甲。分布于馬來半島、越南(nan)及(ji)錫金。形狀是:腹(fu)甲呈板片狀、類長(chang)(chang)方橢圓形、甲橋前(qian)部(bu)較后部(bu)寬,長(chang)(chang)12~17cm,寬10~12cm,前(qian)端(duan)平截(jie),后端(duan)具缺(que)刻,兩側有翼狀向(xiang)后彎(wan)曲的(de)甲橋。外(wai)(wai)表(biao)呈淺黃色,角質盾(dun)(dun)片12塊(kuai),每(mei)塊(kuai)具黑褐色斑(ban)塊(kuai)。喉盾(dun)(dun)三角形,肱、股(gu)盾(dun)(dun)外(wai)(wai)緣(yuan)較中(zhong)縫線(xian)長(chang)(chang),腹(fu)盾(dun)(dun)的(de)中(zhong)縫線(xian)最(zui)長(chang)(chang)。喉盾(dun)(dun)、肱盾(dun)(dun)及(ji)肛盾(dun)(dun)的(de)中(zhong)縫線(xian)較短。內表(biao)面呈黃白色,除去殘肉,可見骨板9塊(kuai),呈鋸齒狀嵌接(jie),肱盾(dun)(dun)與胸盾(dun)(dun)交叉處在內板的(de)下方。質堅(jian)硬,氣(qi)微(wei)腥(xing),味微(wei)成。
11、廟龜:為龜科動物(wu)兔安嫩代爾圣龜Hiermgs annandei(Smith)(又名安嫩代爾圣龜)的腹(fu)甲(jia)。分布于(yu)錫金、柬埔寨、馬(ma)來半島、泰國等(deng)地。形(xing)狀是:腹(fu)甲(jia)大板(ban)(ban)片狀,近長(chang)方圓(yuan)形(xing),甲(jia)橋(qiao)前部明(ming)顯(xian)寬(kuan)于(yu)后(hou)部,長(chang)可(ke)達38cm,寬(kuan)22cm,前端(duan)平截,后(hou)端(duan)具拱形(xing)深凹陷(xian),兩側有翼(yi)狀向(xiang)后(hou)彎曲(qu)的甲(jia)橋(qiao)。外表呈(cheng)黑(hei)褐色(se),角質盾(dun)(dun)片12塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)具黑(hei)色(se)暗(an)斑,喉盾(dun)(dun)三角形(xing),腹(fu)盾(dun)(dun)、股盾(dun)(dun)較大腹(fu)盾(dun)(dun)的中(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)線較股盾(dun)(dun)稍長(chang),肱盾(dun)(dun)中(zhong)(zhong)的中(zhong)(zhong)縫(feng)線最短。內表面呈(cheng)灰(hui)白色(se),除(chu)去(qu)殘肉可(ke)見骨板(ban)(ban)9塊(kuai),呈(cheng)鋸齒狀嵌接,肱股與(yu)胸盾(dun)(dun)縫(feng)的交叉(cha)處在內板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)。質堅實,氣(qi)微(wei)腥,味微(wei)咸。