【啤機】啤機是(shi)(shi)什么(me)意思 啤機是(shi)(shi)做什么(me)用的機器

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啤機類型

注塑(su)機(ji)的類型有(you):立式(shi)、臥式(shi)、全電式(shi)，但是無(wu)論(lun)那種注塑(su)機(ji)，其基本功能有(you)兩個：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對熔融塑料施(shi)加高壓(ya)，使其(qi)射出而充(chong)滿模具型腔(qiang)。

注塑機(ji)通常由(you)注射系統(tong)、合(he)模系統(tong)、液壓傳達動(dong)系統(tong)、電氣控制系統(tong)、潤滑系統(tong)、加熱及(ji)冷卻系統(tong)、安全監測系統(tong)等組成(cheng)。

（3）注塑系統

注(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統的(de)(de)作(zuo)用：注(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統是(shi)注(zhu)塑(su)機最主要的(de)(de)組成部分之一(yi)，一(yi)般有柱(zhu)塞(sai)式、螺(luo)桿式、螺(luo)桿預塑(su)柱(zhu)塞(sai)注(zhu)射(she)式3種主要形式。目前應用最廣泛的(de)(de)是(shi)螺(luo)桿式。其作(zuo)用是(shi)，在(zai)注(zhu)塑(su)料機的(de)(de)一(yi)個循環中(zhong)，能在(zai)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)時間(jian)內將一(yi)定(ding)數量(liang)的(de)(de)塑(su)料加熱塑(su)化后，在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)壓力和(he)速度下，通過(guo)螺(luo)桿將熔融塑(su)料注(zhu)入模(mo)具型腔(qiang)中(zhong)。注(zhu)射(she)結束后，對注(zhu)射(she)到模(mo)腔(qiang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)熔料保持定(ding)型。

注射(she)(she)系統(tong)的組(zu)成：注射(she)(she)系統(tong)由(you)塑化裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和動力傳遞裝(zhuang)置(zhi)組(zu)成。

螺(luo)(luo)桿式注塑機塑化裝置主要(yao)由加料裝置、料筒、螺(luo)(luo)桿、射咀部(bu)分組成。動力傳遞(di)裝置包括(kuo)注射油缸(gang)、注射座移動油缸(gang)以及螺(luo)(luo)桿驅動裝置（熔膠馬(ma)達）。

（4）合模系統

合(he)(he)(he)模(mo)系(xi)統(tong)的作(zuo)用(yong)：合(he)(he)(he)模(mo)系(xi)統(tong)的作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)保證模(mo)具(ju)閉(bi)合(he)(he)(he)、開啟及頂出(chu)制品。同時(shi)，在模(mo)具(ju)閉(bi)合(he)(he)(he)后(hou)，供給(gei)予模(mo)具(ju)足夠的鎖模(mo)力(li)，以抵抗熔融(rong)塑料進入模(mo)腔產生的模(mo)腔壓(ya)力(li)，防止(zhi)模(mo)具(ju)開縫，造成制品的不良現(xian)狀。

合(he)模(mo)系統(tong)的(de)組成：合(he)模(mo)系統(tong)主要(yao)由合(he)模(mo)裝置、調模(mo)機構、頂(ding)出機構、前后固定模(mo)板(ban)、移動模(mo)板(ban)、合(he)模(mo)油缸和安(an)全保(bao)護(hu)機構組成。

（5）液壓系統

液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)傳動(dong)系統的作(zuo)用是實現注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)按(an)工藝過(guo)程(cheng)所要求(qiu)(qiu)的各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)動(dong)作(zuo)提(ti)供(gong)動(dong)力(li)，并滿(man)足注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)各(ge)(ge)部分所需(xu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)、速度、溫度等的要求(qiu)(qiu)。它主要由(you)各(ge)(ge)自種(zhong)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)元件(jian)和液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)輔助元件(jian)所組(zu)成，其中油泵和電機(ji)是注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)的動(dong)力(li)來源。各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)閥控制油液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和流量，從(cong)而(er)滿(man)足注(zhu)射成型工藝各(ge)(ge)項要求(qiu)(qiu)。

（6）電氣控制系統

電氣控制(zhi)系統(tong)與液壓(ya)系統(tong)合(he)理配合(he)，可實現注射(she)機的工藝過程要求（壓(ya)力(li)、溫度、速度、時間）和各種程序動作(zuo)。主要由(you)電器、電子元件、儀(yi)表、加熱(re)器、傳感器等組成。一般有四種控制(zhi)方(fang)式，手動、半自(zi)(zi)動、全(quan)自(zi)(zi)動、調整。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加熱(re)系統是用(yong)來加熱(re)料(liao)筒(tong)及注射噴嘴的(de)，注塑機料(liao)筒(tong)一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)熱(re)圈作為加熱(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，安裝(zhuang)在料(liao)筒(tong)的(de)外部，并用(yong)熱(re)電(dian)偶分段檢(jian)測。熱(re)量通過筒(tong)壁導(dao)熱(re)為物(wu)料(liao)塑化提供熱(re)源；冷卻系統主要(yao)(yao)是用(yong)來冷卻油(you)溫(wen)(wen)，油(you)溫(wen)(wen)過高會引起(qi)多種故障出現所以油(you)溫(wen)(wen)必須(xu)加以控制。另一(yi)處需要(yao)(yao)冷卻的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)在料(liao)管下(xia)料(liao)口(kou)附近，防止原料(liao)在下(xia)料(liao)口(kou)熔化，導(dao)致原料(liao)不能正常下(xia)料(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤(run)滑系統是(shi)注(zhu)塑機的動模(mo)板、調(diao)模(mo)裝置、連桿(gan)機鉸等(deng)處有相對運動的部位(wei)提供(gong)潤(run)滑條件的回(hui)路(lu)，以(yi)便減少能耗和提高零件壽命，潤(run)滑可以(yi)是(shi)定期的手動潤(run)滑，也可以(yi)是(shi)自(zi)動電動潤(run)滑；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注塑(su)機的安全裝置(zhi)主要是用來保護人、機安全的裝置(zhi)。主要由安全門、液壓(ya)閥、限位開關(guan)、光電檢測元件等組成，實(shi)現電氣——機械——液壓(ya)的聯鎖保護。

監測系統(tong)主(zhu)要對注塑機的(de)油溫(wen)、料溫(wen)、系統(tong)超載，以及工藝和設備故(gu)障進(jin)行監測，發現異常情況進(jin)行指示(shi)或報警。

啤機工作原理

注(zhu)塑機的工(gong)作原理與(yu)打(da)針用的注(zhu)射器相(xiang)似，它是(shi)借助螺桿（或柱塞）的推力，將已塑化(hua)好的熔融狀(zhuang)態（即(ji)粘流態）的塑料注(zhu)射入閉合好的模腔內，經固化(hua)定型(xing)后取得制(zhi)品的工(gong)藝過程。

注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)型是一(yi)個循(xun)環(huan)的過程，每一(yi)周期主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)：定量加(jia)料—熔(rong)融塑(su)化—施壓(ya)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)—充模冷卻—啟(qi)模取(qu)件。取(qu)出(chu)塑(su)件后又再(zai)閉模，進行下一(yi)個循(xun)環(huan)。注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)型是一(yi)個循(xun)環(huan)的過程，每一(yi)周期主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)：定量加(jia)料—熔(rong)融塑(su)化—施壓(ya)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)—充模冷卻—啟(qi)模取(qu)件，取(qu)出(chu)塑(su)件后又再(zai)閉模，進行下一(yi)個循(xun)環(huan)。

注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)項目：注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)項目包(bao)括控(kong)制鍵盤操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、電(dian)器控(kong)制系統操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和液壓系統操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)三個(ge)方面。分別(bie)進行注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射過程動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、加料(liao)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射壓力、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射速度(du)、頂出型式的(de)(de)選擇(ze)，料(liao)筒各段溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)監控(kong)，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射壓力和背壓壓力的(de)(de)調(diao)節等。

一(yi)般(ban)螺桿式注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)的成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工藝過(guo)程是(shi)：首先將(jiang)粒(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或粉狀(zhuang)(zhuang)塑(su)料加入(ru)機(ji)筒(tong)內，并通過(guo)螺桿的旋(xuan)轉和機(ji)筒(tong)外壁(bi)加熱使(shi)塑(su)料成(cheng)為(wei)熔融狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態，然后機(ji)器進行合(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)和注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)座前(qian)移，使(shi)噴嘴(zui)貼緊(jin)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)的澆口道，接著向(xiang)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)缸通人壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)油，使(shi)螺桿向(xiang)前(qian)推(tui)進，從而(er)以很高的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)和較快的速度將(jiang)熔料注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)溫(wen)度較低的閉合(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)內，經過(guo)一(yi)定(ding)時間(jian)和壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持（又稱(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)）、冷卻(que)，使(shi)其(qi)固化(hua)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，便(bian)可開(kai)模(mo)(mo)取(qu)出(chu)制品(pin)（保(bao)(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)的目的是(shi)防止模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)中熔料的反流、向(xiang)模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)內補(bu)充物(wu)料，以及保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)制品(pin)具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的密(mi)度和尺寸公差）。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)的基本要求(qiu)是(shi)塑(su)化(hua)、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)和成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)。塑(su)化(hua)是(shi)實現和保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)制品(pin)質量(liang)的前(qian)提，而(er)為(wei)滿足成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)的要求(qiu)，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)必(bi)須保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)有(you)足夠的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)和速度。同時，由于(yu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)很高，相應地在(zai)模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)中產生(sheng)很高的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)（模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)內的平(ping)均壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)20~45MPa之間(jian)），因此(ci)必(bi)須有(you)足夠大的合(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)力(li)(li)。由此(ci)可見，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和合(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)是(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)的關(guan)鍵部件。

對(dui)塑料(liao)制品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評價主(zhu)要有三(san)個方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，第(di)一(yi)是(shi)外(wai)觀質量，包括(kuo)完整(zheng)性(xing)、顏(yan)色、光澤(ze)等；第(di)二(er)是(shi)尺(chi)寸和(he)相對(dui)位置間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)；第(di)三(san)是(shi)與(yu)用途相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理性(xing)能(neng)、化(hua)學性(xing)能(neng)、電性(xing)能(neng)等。這些質量要求又根(gen)據(ju)制品(pin)使用場合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同，要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)度也不(bu)(bu)同。制品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷主(zhu)要在(zai)于模(mo)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計、制造(zao)精(jing)度和(he)磨損程度等方面(mian)(mian)(mian)。但事實上，塑料(liao)加工(gong)廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術人員往往苦于面(mian)(mian)(mian)對(dui)用工(gong)藝手段來(lai)彌補模(mo)具缺陷帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題而成效不(bu)(bu)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)難(nan)局面(mian)(mian)(mian)。

生產(chan)過程中(zhong)工藝的(de)(de)(de)調節是提高(gao)制品質(zhi)量(liang)和產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)途徑。由于注塑周(zhou)期(qi)本身(shen)很短(duan)，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)工藝條件(jian)掌(zhang)握(wo)不好,廢(fei)品就(jiu)會源源不絕(jue)。在調整工藝時(shi)(shi)最好一次只改變一個條件(jian)，多觀察幾回，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)壓力、溫度、時(shi)(shi)間統統一起調的(de)(de)(de)話，很易造成(cheng)混(hun)亂和誤解(jie)(jie)，出(chu)(chu)了問(wen)題(ti)也不知道是何道理。調整工藝的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)、手段是多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)。例如(ru)(ru)：解(jie)(jie)決(jue)制品注不滿(man)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)就(jiu)有十多個可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)途徑，要(yao)選擇(ze)出(chu)(chu)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)問(wen)題(ti)癥結的(de)(de)(de)一、二個主(zhu)要(yao)方(fang)案，才能真(zhen)正解(jie)(jie)決(jue)問(wen)題(ti)。此外，還應注意解(jie)(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)辨證關系。比如(ru)(ru)：制品出(chu)(chu)現了凹陷(xian)，有時(shi)(shi)要(yao)提高(gao)料溫，有時(shi)(shi)要(yao)降低料溫；有時(shi)(shi)要(yao)增加料量(liang)，有時(shi)(shi)要(yao)減少(shao)料量(liang)。要(yao)承認逆向措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)行性。

啤機用途

注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)具有能一次(ci)成(cheng)型外型復雜、尺寸(cun)精確或帶(dai)有金(jin)屬嵌件的質地(di)密(mi)致的塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)制品，被廣(guang)泛(fan)應用于國防、機(ji)(ji)電、汽車、交通運輸、建材、包裝、農業、文教衛生(sheng)及(ji)人(ren)們(men)日(ri)常生(sheng)活各個領域。在(zai)(zai)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)工(gong)業迅速發展的今天，注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)不論在(zai)(zai)數量(liang)上或品種上都占(zhan)有重(zhong)要地(di)位，其生(sheng)產(chan)總數占(zhan)整個塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)成(cheng)型設備的20%--30%，從而成(cheng)為目前塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)中(zhong)增長最快，生(sheng)產(chan)數量(liang)最多的機(ji)(ji)種之一。據有關(guan)資料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)統計(ji)，1996--1998年我國出(chu)口注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)8383臺(tai)(tai)（套），進口注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)42959臺(tai)(tai)（套），其中(zhong)1998年我國注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)產(chan)量(liang)達到20000臺(tai)(tai)，其銷(xiao)售額(e)占(zhan)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)總銷(xiao)售額(e)的42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一般而言，從事注塑(su)行業多(duo)年的(de)(de)客(ke)戶(hu)多(duo)半有能力自(zi)行判(pan)斷并選擇(ze)合適的(de)(de)注塑(su)機來生產。但(dan)是在某些狀況下，客(ke)戶(hu)可(ke)能需要(yao)廠(chang)商(shang)的(de)(de)協助(zhu)才能決定采用(yong)哪一個規格的(de)(de)注塑(su)機，甚(shen)至客(ke)戶(hu)可(ke)能只有產品的(de)(de)樣(yang)品或構想，然(ran)后詢問廠(chang)商(shang)的(de)(de)機器(qi)是否能生產，或是哪一種機型(xing)比較(jiao)適合。

此外，某(mou)些特(te)殊產(chan)品可(ke)能需要搭配特(te)殊裝置(zhi)如(ru)蓄壓器、閉回(hui)路、射出壓縮等，才(cai)能更(geng)有效率地生(sheng)產(chan)。由此可(ke)見(jian)，如(ru)何決定合(he)適的注塑機來生(sheng)產(chan)，是一個極為重要的問題。以下資訊提供給讀者(zhe)參(can)考。

通常影(ying)響射出機選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)(yin)素包括模具、產品、塑料、成型要求等，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，在進行選(xuan)擇(ze)前必須(xu)先收集或具備下列(lie)資訊：

模具(ju)尺寸(寬度(du)(du)、高度(du)(du)、厚度(du)(du)）、重(zhong)量、特殊(shu)設計等；

使用塑料的(de)種類及數量(liang)（單一原(yuan)料或多種塑料）；

注塑成品的外觀尺寸（長(chang)、寬(kuan)、高、厚(hou)度）、重量等；

成型要求，如品質條件、生產速度等。

在獲得以上資(zi)訊后，即(ji)可按(an)照下列步驟來選擇(ze)合(he)適(shi)的射出機(ji)：

1、選對型: 由產品及塑料決定機種(zhong)及系列(lie)。

由于射(she)(she)出機有(you)非常多(duo)的種類，因此(ci)一(yi)(yi)開始要先(xian)正確判(pan)斷(duan)此(ci)產(chan)品應由哪一(yi)(yi)種注塑機，或(huo)是(shi)哪一(yi)(yi)個系列來生產(chan)，例如是(shi)一(yi)(yi)般熱塑性塑膠或(huo)電木原料或(huo)PET原料等(deng)，是(shi)單色、雙色、多(duo)色、夾層或(huo)混(hun)色等(deng)。此(ci)外，某些(xie)產(chan)品需要高(gao)(gao)(gao)穩定(ding)（閉(bi)回路(lu)）、高(gao)(gao)(gao)精密、超高(gao)(gao)(gao)射(she)(she)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)射(she)(she)壓(ya)或(huo)快速(su)生產(chan)（多(duo)回路(lu)）等(deng)條件，也(ye)必須選擇合(he)適的系列來生產(chan)。

2、放得下(xia) ：由模(mo)(mo)具尺(chi)寸判定機臺的“大柱內(nei)距”、“模(mo)(mo)厚(hou)”、“模(mo)(mo)具最(zui)小尺(chi)寸”及“模(mo)(mo)盤尺(chi)寸”是否(fou)適當(dang)，以(yi)確認模(mo)(mo)具是否(fou)放得下(xia)。

模(mo)具(ju)的(de)寬度及高(gao)度需小于或至少(shao)有一邊小于大(da)柱內距；

模(mo)具的寬度及高度最好在模(mo)盤尺寸范圍內(nei)；

模(mo)具的(de)厚度需(xu)介于注塑機的(de)模(mo)厚之間(jian)；

模具(ju)的寬度及高度需符合該注塑機建議的最小模具(ju)尺寸，太小也不行；

3、拿得出 ：由模具及(ji)成(cheng)品判定“開模行(xing)程(cheng)”及(ji)“托模行(xing)程(cheng)”是否足以讓成(cheng)品取(qu)出。

◆ 開(kai)模(mo)行程至少需(xu)大(da)于成品(pin)在開(kai)關模(mo)方向的(de)高度的(de)兩倍(bei)以上，且需(xu)含豎(shu)澆道(dao)（sprue）的(de)長(chang)度；

托模行(xing)程需足夠將成(cheng)品(pin)頂出；

4、鎖得住 ：由產(chan)品及塑(su)料決定“鎖模力”噸(dun)數。

當(dang)原料以(yi)高壓注(zhu)入(ru)模(mo)穴(xue)內(nei)時會產生一(yi)個撐模(mo)的力(li)量(liang)，因此注(zhu)塑機的鎖(suo)模(mo)單元必須提供(gong)足夠(gou)的“鎖(suo)模(mo)力(li)”使模(mo)具不至(zhi)于(yu)被撐開。鎖(suo)模(mo)力(li)需(xu)求(qiu)的計算(suan)如下(xia)：

由成(cheng)品外觀尺寸求(qiu)出成(cheng)品在開關模方向的投影面積；

撐模(mo)(mo)力量=成品在開關模(mo)(mo)方(fang)向的投影面積(cm2)×模(mo)(mo)穴數(shu)×模(mo)(mo)內壓力(kg/cm2)；

模(mo)內(nei)壓力隨原料而不同, 一般原料取(qu)350～400kg/cm2；

機器鎖(suo)模(mo)力(li)需(xu)大(da)于撐(cheng)模(mo)力(li)量(liang)，且為(wei)了保險起見，機器鎖(suo)模(mo)力(li)通(tong)常需(xu)大(da)于撐(cheng)模(mo)力(li)量(liang)的1.17倍以上；

至此已初(chu)步決定(ding)夾模單(dan)元的(de)規格，并大致確(que)定(ding)機種噸數，接著(zhu)必須再(zai)進行下列步驟(zou)，以確(que)認哪一個射(she)出單(dan)元的(de)螺桿直徑比較符合所需。

5、射得飽(bao): 由(you)成(cheng)品重量(liang)及模穴數判(pan)定所需(xu)“射出量(liang)”并選擇(ze)合適的(de)“螺(luo)桿直徑(jing)”。

計算成品(pin)重量(liang)需(xu)考慮(lv)模(mo)穴數（一模(mo)幾穴）；

為(wei)了穩(wen)定(ding)性起見，射(she)出(chu)量需為(wei)成(cheng)品重量的(de)1.35倍以上，亦即(ji)成(cheng)品重量需為(wei)射(she)出(chu)量的(de)75%以內(nei)；

6、射得好 ：由塑料判定“螺(luo)桿壓縮比”及“射出壓力”等條件(jian)。

有些工程塑料(liao)需要較高的射出(chu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)及合(he)適的螺(luo)桿壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)比(bi)設計(ji)，才有較好的成型效果，因此為(wei)了使成品射得更好，在選擇螺(luo)桿時亦(yi)需考慮射壓(ya)(ya)的需求及壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)比(bi)的問題(ti)。

一般而(er)言(yan)，直徑較(jiao)(jiao)小的螺桿可提供較(jiao)(jiao)高的射(she)出壓(ya)力。

7、射得快 ：及“射出速度”的確認(ren)。

有些(xie)成品需要高(gao)射(she)出(chu)(chu)率速射(she)出(chu)(chu)才能(neng)(neng)穩定成型，如超(chao)薄類成品，在此情況(kuang)下，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)需要確(que)認機器的(de)射(she)出(chu)(chu)率及(ji)射(she)速是否(fou)足(zu)夠，是否(fou)需搭配蓄(xu)壓(ya)(ya)器、閉回路控(kong)制等裝置。一般(ban)而言，在相同(tong)條件(jian)下，可(ke)提(ti)供較高(gao)射(she)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)螺桿(gan)通常射(she)速較低，相反的(de)，可(ke)提(ti)供較低射(she)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)螺桿(gan)通常射(she)速較高(gao)。因此，選擇(ze)螺桿(gan)直徑時，射(she)出(chu)(chu)量、射(she)出(chu)(chu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)及(ji)射(she)出(chu)(chu)率（射(she)出(chu)(chu)速度），需交(jiao)叉考量及(ji)取(qu)舍。

此外，也可以采用(yong)多回路(lu)設(she)計(ji)，以同步復合動作縮短成(cheng)型時間。

經(jing)過以上(shang)步驟之后，原則上(shang)已經(jing)可(ke)以決定符合需求的注塑機，但是有一些(xie)特殊(shu)問題可(ke)能也必須再(zai)加以考慮，包括：

大小配的問題：

在(zai)某些特殊狀況下，客戶的(de)模具(ju)或產(chan)品(pin)可(ke)能模具(ju)體積(ji)小(xiao)(xiao)但(dan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)射(she)(she)(she)量大(da)(da)(da)，或模具(ju)體積(ji)大(da)(da)(da)但(dan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)射(she)(she)(she)量小(xiao)(xiao)，在(zai)這種況下，廠家(jia)所(suo)(suo)(suo)預先設定的(de)標(biao)(biao)準規格可(ke)能無法符合客戶需(xu)求，而(er)必(bi)須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂“大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)配(pei)”，亦即“大(da)(da)(da)壁(bi)(bi)小(xiao)(xiao)射(she)(she)(she)”或“小(xiao)(xiao)壁(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂“大(da)(da)(da)壁(bi)(bi)小(xiao)(xiao)射(she)(she)(she)”指以原(yuan)先標(biao)(biao)準的(de)夾模單(dan)元搭配(pei)較小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)射(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)螺桿，反之，“小(xiao)(xiao)壁(bi)(bi)大(da)(da)(da)射(she)(she)(she)”即是以原(yuan)先標(biao)(biao)準的(de)夾模單(dan)元搭配(pei)較大(da)(da)(da)的(de)射(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)螺桿。當然，在(zai)搭配(pei)上也可(ke)能夾模與射(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)相差好(hao)幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在(zai)實際運(yun)用(yong)中，越來越多(duo)的客戶會要(yao)求購(gou)買所謂(wei)“高速(su)(su)機”或“快速(su)(su)機”。一般而言，其目的除了產品(pin)本(ben)身(shen)的需求外，其他大(da)多(duo)是(shi)要(yao)縮(suo)短(duan)成型周(zhou)期(qi)、提(ti)高單(dan)位時間(jian)的產量，進而降低生產成本(ben)，提(ti)高競爭力。通常，要(yao)達到上述(shu)目的，有(you)幾種做法(fa)：

射出速度(du)加(jia)(jia)快：將電機馬達(da)及泵浦(pu)加(jia)(jia)大，或加(jia)(jia)蓄壓器（最好加(jia)(jia)閉回(hui)路控制）；

加料(liao)速(su)度加快(kuai)：將電(dian)機馬達及泵浦加大，或加料(liao)油壓馬達改小，使螺桿轉(zhuan)速(su)加快(kuai)；

多回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)系統(tong)：采(cai)用雙(shuang)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)或三(san)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)設計，以同步進行復合動作，縮短(duan)成型(xing)時間(jian)；

增加模具(ju)水路，提升模具(ju)的冷(leng)卻效率；

然而，“天(tian)下沒有白吃的午餐”，機器性能的提升及(ji)(ji)改造固然可以增加生(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)率(lv)，但(dan)往往也增加投資成本及(ji)(ji)運轉成本，因此，投資前的效(xiao)益(yi)評估需仔細衡(heng)量，才能以最合適(shi)的機型產(chan)生(sheng)最高的效(xiao)益(yi)。

相關術語

電流(liu)(liu)(liu)電荷的定向(xiang)移動叫做電流(liu)(liu)(liu)，電流(liu)(liu)(liu)常(chang)用(yong)I表示。電流(liu)(liu)(liu)分直流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)兩種。電流(liu)(liu)(liu)的大小(xiao)和(he)方向(xiang)不隨(sui)時(shi)間變化(hua)的叫做直流(liu)(liu)(liu)。電流(liu)(liu)(liu)的大小(xiao)和(he)方向(xiang)隨(sui)時(shi)間變化(hua)的叫做交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。電流(liu)(liu)(liu)的單位是安（A），也常(chang)用(yong)毫安（mA)或者微安(uA)做單位。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電流(liu)(liu)可(ke)以用電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)測(ce)量。測(ce)量的時候，把電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)串聯在電路中，要選擇電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針接近滿偏轉的量程。這樣可(ke)以防止電流(liu)(liu)過(guo)大而損(sun)壞電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)。

電壓

河水之(zhi)所以(yi)能夠(gou)流動，是因(yin)為有(you)水位(wei)(wei)差；電(dian)荷(he)之(zhi)所以(yi)能夠(gou)流動，是因(yin)為有(you)電(dian)位(wei)(wei)差。電(dian)位(wei)(wei)差也就是電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是形成(cheng)電(dian)流的原因(yin)。在電(dian)路中，電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)常(chang)用U表示(shi)。電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的單(dan)位(wei)(wei)是伏(fu)（V），也常(chang)用毫伏(fu)（mV）或者(zhe)微伏(fu)（uV）做單(dan)位(wei)(wei)。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可以用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)時候，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)并聯在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上，要(yao)選擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)指針接近滿(man)偏轉(zhuan)的(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程(cheng)。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)大(da)小估計(ji)不出來(lai)，要(yao)先用大(da)的(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程(cheng)，粗略測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)后(hou)再用合適(shi)的(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程(cheng)。這樣(yang)可以防(fang)止由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過大(da)而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)。

電阻

電(dian)(dian)路中對電(dian)(dian)流通過有阻(zu)礙作用(yong)并且造(zao)成能量消耗的部分(fen)叫做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)常用(yong)R表示。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的單位是歐（Ω），也常用(yong)千歐（kΩ）或者兆歐（MΩ）做(zuo)(zuo)單位。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導體的電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)由(you)導體的材料(liao)、橫(heng)截面積和(he)長(chang)度決定。

電(dian)阻可以用(yong)萬用(yong)表歐姆檔測(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)量(liang)的(de)時候，要(yao)(yao)選擇(ze)電(dian)表指針接(jie)近(jin)偏轉(zhuan)一(yi)半的(de)歐姆檔。如果電(dian)阻在電(dian)路中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)把電(dian)阻的(de)一(yi)頭(tou)燙開后再測(ce)量(liang)。

歐(ou)姆(mu)定律導體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的電(dian)流I和(he)導體(ti)(ti)兩端的電(dian)壓(ya)U成(cheng)正比(bi)，和(he)導體(ti)(ti)的電(dian)阻R成(cheng)反比(bi)，即I=U/R

這個規律(lv)叫做(zuo)歐姆定律(lv)。如果知道電壓、電流(liu)、電阻三個量中的兩個，就(jiu)可以根(gen)據歐姆定律(lv)求出第三個量，即

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在交流電路中，歐姆(mu)定律(lv)同(tong)樣成立，但電阻(zu)R應該改成阻(zu)抗Z，即I=U/Z

電源

把(ba)(ba)其他形式的能(neng)轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的裝置叫做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)能(neng)把(ba)(ba)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能(neng)把(ba)(ba)化學(xue)能(neng)轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等(deng)叫做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。通過變壓器和整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器，把(ba)(ba)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變成直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的裝置叫做(zuo)(zuo)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。能(neng)提供信(xin)號的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)備叫做(zuo)(zuo)信(xin)號源(yuan)(yuan)。晶(jing)體三(san)極管能(neng)把(ba)(ba)前(qian)面送來的信(xin)號加以放(fang)大(da)，又把(ba)(ba)放(fang)大(da)了的信(xin)號傳送到后面的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中去。晶(jing)體三(san)極管對后面的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路來說，也可以看做(zuo)(zuo)是信(xin)號源(yuan)(yuan)。整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)、信(xin)號源(yuan)(yuan)有時也叫做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。

負載

把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成其他形式的能(neng)(neng)(neng)的裝置叫(jiao)做負載(zai)(zai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成機械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈泡(pao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)和光能(neng)(neng)(neng)，揚(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)器能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成聲(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈泡(pao)、揚(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)器等(deng)都叫(jiao)做負載(zai)(zai)。晶體三(san)極管對于前面的信號(hao)源來說，也可以看作是負載(zai)(zai)。

電路

最簡單的電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)由(you)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、負載和(he)導線、開關等元件組成。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)處處連通(tong)(tong)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)。只有通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)才有電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)某(mou)一處斷(duan)開叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)或者(zhe)開路(lu)(lu)。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)某(mou)一部(bu)分(fen)的兩端(duan)直接接通(tong)(tong)，使這部(bu)分(fen)的電(dian)(dian)壓變成零，叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)短路(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)是反映電(dian)(dian)源把(ba)其他形式的(de)(de)能(neng)轉換成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)本領的(de)(de)物理量。電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)使電(dian)(dian)源兩端產生電(dian)(dian)壓。在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)常用δ表示(shi)。電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)的(de)(de)單(dan)位和電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)單(dan)位相同，也是伏。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)量。測(ce)量的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不要(yao)接(jie)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)去，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，所得的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看作(zuo)等于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就會(hui)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢。這(zhe)是因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。在閉合(he)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻r有內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降，通過外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R有外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢δ等于(yu)(yu)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)Ur和(he)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)UR之和(he)，即(ji)δ=Ur+UR 。嚴格來說，即(ji)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)成了外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢。但是，由(you)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很小(xiao)，內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)忽略。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看作(zuo)等于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢的(de)(de)(de)。

干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)用(yong)舊了(le)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)用(yong)測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，有(you)(you)時(shi)候(hou)依然(ran)(ran)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)高，但是(shi)接入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路后卻不能(neng)使(shi)負載(zai)（收音機、錄音機等）正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)。這種情況(kuang)是(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)變大(da)了(le)，甚至比(bi)負載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)還(huan)大(da)，但是(shi)依然(ran)(ran)比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小(xiao)。用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)(fen)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)不大(da)，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)依然(ran)(ran)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)高。但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)接入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)(fen)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)增(zeng)大(da)，負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)(fen)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就(jiu)減小(xiao)，因此不能(neng)使(shi)負載(zai)正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)。為(wei)了(le)判斷舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)不能(neng)用(yong)，應該(gai)在有(you)(you)負載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。有(you)(you)些性(xing)能(neng)較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，有(you)(you)負載(zai)和沒有(you)(you)負載(zai)兩(liang)種情況(kuang)下(xia)測(ce)(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相差(cha)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，也是(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

周 期(qi)(qi)交流電(dian)完(wan)成一次完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)變化所(suo)需要的(de)(de)時間叫做周期(qi)(qi)，常用T表示。周期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)單位是秒（s）,也(ye)常用毫秒（ms）或微秒（us）做單位。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻 率交流電(dian)在1s內完成周期性變化(hua)的次數(shu)叫做(zuo)頻率，常(chang)用f表示。頻率的單位是(shi)赫（Hz），也常(chang)用千赫（kHz）或兆赫（MHz）做(zuo)單位。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交流電(dian)頻率f是(shi)周期T的倒數(shu)，即f =1/T

電容

電(dian)(dian)容是衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)導(dao)體(ti)儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)荷能力的(de)物(wu)理量(liang)(liang)。在(zai)兩個相互(hu)絕緣的(de)導(dao)體(ti)上(shang)(shang)，加上(shang)(shang)一(yi)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，它們就會(hui)儲(chu)存一(yi)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。其中一(yi)個導(dao)體(ti)儲(chu)存著正電(dian)(dian)荷，另一(yi)個導(dao)體(ti)儲(chu)存著大小相等(deng)的(de)負電(dian)(dian)荷。加上(shang)(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)大，儲(chu)存的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)就越(yue)多。儲(chu)存的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)和加上(shang)(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是成正比的(de)，它們的(de)比值叫(jiao)做電(dian)(dian)容。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)用U表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)用Q表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)容用C表(biao)示，那么(me)C=Q/U

電容(rong)的單(dan)位(wei)是法(fa)(fa)（F），也常用微法(fa)(fa)（uF）或者微微法(fa)(fa)（pF）做(zuo)單(dan)位(wei)。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)試儀測(ce)量，也可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表歐(ou)(ou)姆檔(dang)粗略(lve)估(gu)測(ce)。歐(ou)(ou)姆表紅、黑兩(liang)表筆(bi)(bi)分別碰接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)兩(liang)腳，歐(ou)(ou)姆表內(nei)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，指(zhi)針(zhen)偏轉，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完了(le)，指(zhi)針(zhen)回零。調換紅、黑兩(liang)表筆(bi)(bi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后又(you)會反向充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越大，指(zhi)針(zhen)偏轉也越大。對比被測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和已知電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)偏轉情況，就可(ke)以(yi)粗略(lve)估(gu)計被測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)量值(zhi)。在一般的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，除了(le)調諧回路(lu)(lu)等需要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量較(jiao)準確(que)(que)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)以(yi)外，用(yong)得最多(duo)的(de)(de)隔直、旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等，都不需要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量準確(que)(que)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。因此，用(yong)歐(ou)(ou)姆檔(dang)粗略(lve)估(gu)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量值(zhi)是(shi)有實際意義的(de)(de)。但是(shi)，普通萬(wan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表歐(ou)(ou)姆檔(dang)只能估(gu)測(ce)量值(zhi)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，量值(zhi)較(jiao)小的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就要(yao)用(yong)中(zhong)值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很(hen)大的(de)(de)晶體管萬(wan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表歐(ou)(ou)姆檔(dang)來估(gu)測(ce)，小于幾十個微微法的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就只好用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)試儀測(ce)量了(le)。

容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong) 抗(kang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是能夠通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)，但是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然(ran)有(you)阻礙(ai)(ai)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)阻礙(ai)(ai)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)叫(jiao)做容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)大(da)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)阻礙(ai)(ai)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)小；交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)頻率高(gao)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明頻率高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)阻礙(ai)(ai)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)也小。實驗(yan)證明，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)反比，和(he)頻率也成(cheng)反比。如果(guo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)XC表(biao)(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)C表(biao)(biao)示，頻率用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)f表(biao)(biao)示，那么XC=1/(2πfC)

容抗(kang)的(de)單位是歐。知道了交(jiao)流(liu)電的(de)頻率(lv)f和電容C，就可以用上式把容抗(kang)計(ji)算出來。

電(dian)(dian) 感(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)是衡量(liang)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應能力的(de)(de)物理(li)量(liang)。給一個線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)通(tong)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)周圍(wei)就(jiu)會產(chan)生磁(ci)場(chang)，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)就(jiu)有磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)通(tong)過(guo)。通(tong)入(ru)(ru)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源越大，磁(ci)場(chang)就(jiu)越強，通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)就(jiu)越大。實驗證明(ming)，通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)和通(tong)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)是成正(zheng)比的(de)(de)，它們的(de)(de)比值叫做(zuo)自感(gan)(gan)系(xi)數，也(ye)叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)。如果通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)用(yong)φ表示，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)用(yong)I表示，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)用(yong)L表示，那么L= φ/I電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)單位是亨（H），也(ye)常用(yong)毫亨（mH）或(huo)微亨（uH）做(zuo)單位。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗(kang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)也可以(yi)通過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈，但是線(xian)(xian)圈的(de)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)對交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)有阻礙作用(yong)(yong)，這(zhe)個阻礙叫(jiao)做感(gan)抗(kang)。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)量大，交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)難(nan)以(yi)通過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈，說明(ming)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)量大，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)的(de)阻礙作用(yong)(yong)大；交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)高，交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)也難(nan)以(yi)通過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈，說明(ming)頻(pin)率(lv)高，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)的(de)阻礙作用(yong)(yong)也大。實驗(yan)證(zheng)明(ming)，感(gan)抗(kang)和電(dian)(dian)感(gan)成(cheng)正比(bi)，和頻(pin)率(lv)也成(cheng)正比(bi)。如果感(gan)抗(kang)用(yong)(yong)XL表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)用(yong)(yong)L表示(shi)，頻(pin)率(lv)用(yong)(yong)f表示(shi)，那么(me)XL= 2πfL感(gan)抗(kang)的(de)單(dan)位是歐。知道了交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)f和線(xian)(xian)圈的(de)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)L，就可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)上式把感(gan)抗(kang)計算出來(lai)。

阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu) 抗(kang)具有電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、電(dian)感(gan)和(he)電(dian)容(rong)的(de)電(dian)路里(li)，對交流電(dian)所(suo)起的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)礙作用(yong)叫做阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)。阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)常用(yong)Z表示。阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)由電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、感(gan)抗(kang)和(he)容(rong)抗(kang)三者(zhe)組成，但不是(shi)三者(zhe)簡單(dan)相加。如果(guo)三者(zhe)是(shi)串聯的(de)，又知(zhi)道交流電(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率f、電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)R、電(dian)感(gan)L和(he)電(dian)容(rong)C，那么(me)串聯電(dian)路的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)的(de)單(dan)位是(shi)歐。

對于一個具體電(dian)路(lu)，阻抗(kang)不是(shi)不變的(de)，而(er)是(shi)隨著(zhu)頻率變化(hua)而(er)變化(hua)。在電(dian)阻、電(dian)感和電(dian)容(rong)串聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)路(lu)中，電(dian)路(lu)的(de)阻抗(kang)一般來說比電(dian)阻大。也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)阻抗(kang)減小(xiao)到(dao)(dao)最(zui)小(xiao)值(zhi)。在電(dian)感和電(dian)容(rong)并聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)路(lu)中，諧振的(de)時候阻抗(kang)增加到(dao)(dao)最(zui)大值(zhi)，這和串聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)路(lu)相反。

相(xiang) 位(wei)相(xiang)位(wei)是(shi)反映(ying)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)任(ren)何時刻(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)物理量(liang)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)和方向是(shi)隨(sui)時間變化的(de)(de)(de)。比如正(zheng)弦(xian)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，它的(de)(de)(de)公式是(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)瞬時值(zhi)(zhi)，I是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)值(zhi)(zhi)，f是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻率，t是(shi)時間。隨(sui)著時間的(de)(de)(de)推移(yi)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)可以從零變到(dao)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)值(zhi)(zhi)，從最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)值(zhi)(zhi)變到(dao)零，又(you)從零變到(dao)負(fu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)值(zhi)(zhi)，從負(fu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)值(zhi)(zhi)變到(dao)零，，如圖(tu)3甲所示。在三角函數中2πft相(xiang)當于角度，它反映(ying)了交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)任(ren)何時刻(ke)(ke)所處的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，是(shi)在增大(da)還是(shi)在減小(xiao)，是(shi)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)還是(shi)負(fu)的(de)(de)(de)等等。因此把2πft叫做相(xiang)位(wei)，或者(zhe)叫做相(xiang)。

如果t等于零的時候，i并不等于零，公式(shi)應該改成i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如圖3乙所(suo)示。那么2πft+ψ叫(jiao)做(zuo)相位，ψ叫(jiao)做(zuo)初相位，或者叫(jiao)做(zuo)初相。

相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位差兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)頻率(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同的交(jiao)流(liu)電相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位的差叫做(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位差，或者叫做(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差。這兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)頻率(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同的交(jiao)流(liu)電，可以是兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)電流(liu)，可以是兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)電壓，可以是兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)電動(dong)勢，也可以是這三種量(liang)中的任何兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)。

例(li)如研究(jiu)加在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和通過這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)差(cha)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，那么交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)差(cha)等于零。也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等于零的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)等于零，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變到(dao)最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)變到(dao)最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)。這(zhe)種情(qing)況叫(jiao)做同(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)，或(huo)者叫(jiao)做同(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)含有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)差(cha)一般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不等于零的(de)(de)，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說一般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不同(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)，或(huo)者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超前(qian)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，或(huo)者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)超前(qian)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

加在(zai)晶體管放(fang)大器基極(ji)上的(de)交流電壓(ya)和從(cong)集電極(ji)輸出(chu)的(de)交流電壓(ya)，這兩(liang)者的(de)相位(wei)差(cha)正好(hao)等于(yu)180°。這種情況叫做反(fan)相位(wei)，或者叫做反(fan)相

注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)的分類及特(te)點(dian)　注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)按照注(zhu)射裝置和(he)鎖模裝置的排(pai)列方式(shi)(shi)，可分為立式(shi)(shi)、臥式(shi)(shi)和(he)立臥復合式(shi)(shi)。其各自的特(te)點(dian)如下。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注(zhu)射裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和鎖模裝(zhuang)置(zhi)処于同一(yi)垂直中心線上，且模具是沿上下方向(xiang)開(kai)閉。其(qi)占地面積只有(you)臥式機(ji)的約(yue)一(yi)半，因此，換(huan)算成占地面積生產性約(yue)有(you)二倍(bei)左右。

2、容(rong)易實(shi)現嵌件(jian)成型。因為模(mo)具表(biao)面朝上(shang)，嵌件(jian)放入定(ding)位容(rong)易。采用下(xia)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)固定(ding)、上(shang)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)可(ke)動的機種，拉帶輸送裝(zhuang)置與機械(xie)手相組合的話，可(ke)容(rong)易地(di)實(shi)現全(quan)自動嵌件(jian)成型。

3、模具(ju)的(de)(de)重量由水平(ping)模板(ban)支(zhi)承作(zuo)上下開(kai)閉動(dong)作(zuo)，不會發(fa)生類(lei)似臥式(shi)機的(de)(de)由于(yu)模具(ju)重力引起的(de)(de)前倒(dao)，使得模板(ban)無法開(kai)閉的(de)(de)現象。有利于(yu)持(chi)久性保持(chi)機械和(he)模具(ju)的(de)(de)精度(du)。

4、通過簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)機械手可(ke)取出(chu)各個塑件型腔，有利于(yu)精密成型。

5、一般(ban)鎖模裝置周(zhou)圍為(wei)開(kai)(kai)開(kai)(kai)放式，容易配置各類自(zi)(zi)動(dong)化裝置，適應于復雜、精巧產(chan)品的(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)成型(xing)。

6、拉帶輸輸送(song)裝(zhuang)置容易實(shi)(shi)現串過模具中間安裝(zhuang)，便于實(shi)(shi)現成(cheng)型自動(dong)生(sheng)產(chan)。

7、容(rong)易保證模具內樹脂流(liu)動性及模具溫(wen)度分布的一(yi)致性。

8、配備(bei)有(you)旋(xuan)轉臺面、移動臺面及(ji)傾斜臺面等形(xing)式，容易實現(xian)嵌件成(cheng)型(xing)、模內(nei)組合成(cheng)型(xing)。

9、小批量試生產(chan)時，模具構造簡單成本低，且便(bian)于卸裝。

10、經(jing)受(shou)了(le)多次地震的(de)考驗(yan)，立式機由于(yu)重心低(di)，相(xiang)對臥(wo)式機抗震性更(geng)好。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是大型(xing)機(ji)由于機(ji)身低，對于安(an)置的(de)廠房無(wu)高度限制(zhi)。

2、產(chan)品可自(zi)(zi)動落下(xia)的(de)場合，不(bu)需使用(yong)機械手也可實現自(zi)(zi)動成型。

3、由于機身(shen)低，供料方(fang)便，檢(jian)修容易。

4、模具需(xu)通(tong)過吊車安(an)裝。

5、多臺并(bing)列排列下，成型(xing)品容(rong)易由輸送帶(dai)收集(ji)包(bao)裝。