引起失眠的原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)復雜多樣,任何可(ke)引起大(da)(da)腦中(zhong)樞神(shen)經興奮性增加的因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)都(dou)可(ke)能(neng)成為(wei)(wei)失眠(mian)(mian)的原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)。我們將其歸結(jie)為(wei)(wei)十大(da)(da)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su),分別是(shi)環境因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)、行為(wei)(wei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)、疾病因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)、精(jing)神(shen)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)、以及藥物(wu)和嗜酒因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)、年齡因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)等。同時患者的失眠(mian)(mian)常(chang)常(chang)不是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin),從現實生活中(zhong)來看,精(jing)神(shen)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)引發失眠(mian)(mian)較為(wei)(wei)常(chang)見。
環(huan)(huan)境因(yin)素是引發(fa)失(shi)眠(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)常見原因(yin)之一,居住(zhu)環(huan)(huan)境噪(zao)雜、住(zhu)房(fang)擁擠、臥具不舒適、空(kong)氣污染或者突然改變睡眠(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境,噪(zao)聲、強光的(de)(de)(de)(de)刺(ci)激,氣溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)冷或者過(guo)熱,以及蚊(wen)蟲的(de)(de)(de)(de)侵擾(rao)都會(hui)影(ying)響睡眠(mian)而出現失(shi)眠(mian)。為了有(you)一個好的睡眠(mian)環境(jing),maigoo編輯建議(yi):臥室最好保(bao)持最適(shi)合睡眠(mian)的室溫:15.6℃至25℃,保(bao)持臥室黑暗無光,屏(ping)蔽(bi)噪(zao)音(yin),選擇(ze)舒(shu)適(shi)的床(chuang)品,確保(bao)床(chuang)墊舒(shu)適(shi),及時更換枕頭,保(bao)持臥室整潔。
避(bi)免太(tai)晚(wan)或(huo)太(tai)早(zao)睡(shui)(shui)(shui)覺(jue)(jue),不(bu)要(yao)錯過最(zui)佳睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眠(mian)(mian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)完善(shan)10點(dian)到11左右為最(zui)佳睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眠(mian)(mian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眠(mian)(mian)周期(qi)倒錯,生理節(jie)律性障礙,如速跨幾個時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)區的(de)旅(lv)行(時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)差反應(ying))以及(ji)由白班改夜班工作,由于體(ti)(ti)內生物鐘尚未(wei)適(shi)應(ying)新的(de)晝夜節(jie)律,因此也出現(xian)失(shi)眠(mian)(mian)。Maigoo小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)編建議:不(bu)熬夜,不(bu)睡(shui)(shui)(shui)懶覺(jue)(jue)早(zao)點(dian)起床,固定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)睡(shui)(shui)(shui)覺(jue)(jue)和起床,其他不(bu)該(gai)睡(shui)(shui)(shui)覺(jue)(jue)的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)強制自己保持清醒。睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眠(mian)(mian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)一(yi)般應(ying)維持7至8小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),但不(bu)一(yi)定(ding)強求,應(ying)視(shi)個體(ti)(ti)差異而定(ding)。入睡(shui)(shui)(shui)快(kuai)而睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眠(mian)(mian)深、一(yi)般無夢(meng)或(huo)少(shao)夢(meng)者,睡(shui)(shui)(shui)上6小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可完全恢復精(jing)力;入睡(shui)(shui)(shui)慢而淺睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眼多、常(chang)多夢(meng)惡(e)夢(meng)者,即使睡(shui)(shui)(shui)上10小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),仍(reng)難精(jing)神清爽,應(ying)通過各(ge)種治療,以獲(huo)得(de)有(you)效睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眠(mian)(mian),只是延長睡(shui)(shui)(shui)眠(mian)(mian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)對身體(ti)(ti)有(you)害。
睡(shui)前避免情緒(xu)波(bo)動(dong)(dong)和(he)做動(dong)(dong)腦(nao)筋(jin)的事(shi),保持心平(ping)氣和(he)。思考問題、從(cong)事(shi)高強度腦(nao)力勞動(dong)(dong)會造成失眠。激烈和(he)各(ge)種生(sheng)活事(shi)件均可引起(qi)失眠。為(wei)自己或親人(ren)的疾病焦(jiao)慮、害怕手術(shu)、親 人(ren)亡故、為(wei)考試、學習壓力大(da)或接受重(zhong)要工作而(er)擔心等都(dou)是(shi)暫時性失眠的常(chang)見(jian)原(yuan)因。
藥(yao)物是(shi)引(yin)起(qi)失眠(mian)(mian)的(de)另一禍首,有(you)些失眠(mian)(mian)純粹是(shi)由藥(yao)物引(yin)起(qi)的(de),即藥(yao)源性失眠(mian)(mian)。能(neng)引(yin)起(qi)失眠(mian)(mian)的(de)藥(yao)物常見的(de)有(you)平喘藥(yao)、安(an)定藥(yao)、利尿藥(yao)、強(qiang)心藥(yao)、降(jiang)壓藥(yao)、對胃(wei)有(you)刺激的(de)藥(yao),以及(ji)中樞興(xing)奮藥(yao)等。另外(wai),長(chang)期服用(yong)(yong)(yong)安(an)眠(mian)(mian)藥(yao),一旦戒(jie)斷會有(you)戒(jie)斷癥(zheng)狀。偶(ou)爾飲酒可(ke)能(neng)有(you)幫(bang)助睡(shui)眠(mian)(mian)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),但若長(chang)期飲酒,就(jiu)像(xiang)(xiang)吃安(an)眠(mian)(mian)藥(yao)一樣(yang)上癮,久(jiu)而久(jiu)之將影(ying)響正常睡(shui)眠(mian)(mian)。專家建議用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)一定要(yao)注意其副(fu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),治(zhi)療失眠(mian)(mian)可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)中藥(yao)調理,像(xiang)(xiang)安(an)神補(bu)腦(nao)液、安(an)舒湯等。喝(he)了(le)提神的綠茶(cha)濃茶(cha)、咖啡(fei)帶有刺(ci)激性的食(shi)物可能(neng)晚上會(hui)失眠,可以晚飯前后(hou)開始不(bu)喝(he)茶(cha)一段時間試下。另外(wai)最常引起(qi)失眠的藥(yao)物有咖啡(fei)因、茶(cha)堿和各種興奮劑(ji),以及酒(jiu)精和食(shi)欲抑制劑(ji)。
失(shi)(shi)眠(mian)與(yu)年(nian)(nian)齡密(mi)切相(xiang)關(guan),年(nian)(nian)齡越大越容易失(shi)(shi)眠(mian),年(nian)(nian)齡大了以后(hou)如果再睡(shui)太多(duo)(duo)覺,晚上自然容易失(shi)(shi)眠(mian)。老年(nian)(nian)人(ren)入睡(shui)時(shi)間往(wang)往(wang)較長,加上夜尿多(duo)(duo),睡(shui)眠(mian)淺,易醒等原因(yin),因(yin)此老年(nian)(nian)人(ren)失(shi)(shi)眠(mian)的發生率比年(nian)(nian)輕人(ren)要高得多(duo)(duo)。
經常(chang)半夜醒來(lai)睡(shui)不著,如果不是白天睡(shui)眠過多(duo),就是身體(ti)疾病給我們發(fa)出的危險(xian)信號,可以去醫(yi)院體(ti)檢下,及(ji)時發(fa)現疾病早治療。另外各種疼痛(tong)性(xing)、使人痛(tong)苦的疾病如心(xin)肺疾病、關(guan)節炎、晚(wan)期癌癥、夜尿癥、胃(wei)腸疾病、腎功能衰竭、甲狀(zhuang)腺功能亢(kang)進、帕(pa)金森(sen)病等常(chang)常(chang)引(yin)起失眠。
每天保(bao)持(chi)適量(liang)的運(yun)(yun)動(dong),藉以靈活身體各部器官。惟(wei)劇(ju)烈(lie)(lie)運(yun)(yun)動(dong),睡(shui)眠前應盡是避免,有(you)人想藉睡(shui)前劇(ju)烈(lie)(lie)運(yun)(yun)動(dong),使身體疲倦而后易睡(shui),是錯誤的。養成睡(shui)床(chuang)(chuang)只供睡(shui)眠用的習(xi)慣;不在(zai)床(chuang)(chuang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)看書,不在(zai)床(chuang)(chuang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)打電話,不在(zai)床(chuang)(chuang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)看電視(shi)。因為在(zai)床(chuang)(chuang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)進行其他活動(dong)時,常(chang)常(chang)破壞了(le)自己定時睡(shui)眠的習(xi)慣。
假性失眠(mian)(mian)(mian)又稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)睡(shui)眠(mian)(mian)(mian)狀態誤認(ren),即將已(yi)(yi)睡(shui)誤認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)未睡(shui),有的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)白天午休或多次打盹已(yi)(yi)經休息,導致(zhi)晚上睡(shui)眠(mian)(mian)(mian)時(shi)間短而(er)苦惱,自己(ji)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)自己(ji)沒(mei)有休息好,久(jiu)而(er)久(jiu)之心理負擔過(guo)大,誤以為(wei)(wei)(wei)自己(ji)是(shi)失眠(mian)(mian)(mian)。也有的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)將疲乏認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)失眠(mian)(mian)(mian)。睡(shui)眠(mian)(mian)(mian)或覺醒是(shi)正常的(de)(de)(de)生理過(guo)程,它(ta)不是(shi)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)完全自主控制的(de)(de)(de)活動,而(er)是(shi)一個(ge)被(bei)動過(guo)程。它(ta)不像(xiang)人(ren)體某些(xie)活動可按人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)意志,說來就來,要止(zhi)則止(zhi)。
抑郁癥、精神分裂癥、老年癡呆、焦慮癥、強迫癥、邊緣性人格障礙等常伴有失眠癥狀。如特發性失眠、睡眠時相延遲或提前綜合征、睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征。生活和工作中的(de)各種不愉快事件導致(zhi)焦慮、憂愁、過度興奮、憤怒,持續(xu)的(de)精神(shen)創傷(shang)導致(zhi)的(de)悲傷(shang)、恐懼等,均可引起失眠或者加重失眠。多(duo)數失(shi)眠(mian)者(zhe)因為工作壓(ya)力(li)大,過于(yu)疲憊和思慮過多(duo)而阻礙良(liang)好(hao)的睡(shui)眠(mian),患者(zhe)因過分關注自身失(shi)眠(mian)問題而不能(neng)保證正常的睡(shui)眠(mian),有時即使睡(shui)著了也是多(duo)夢易醒,出現(xian)惡(e)性循環。
堅持養成睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)“十(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)”習慣:睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)飲濃茶/咖啡;睡(shui)(shui)(shui)時不(bu)(bu)(bu)穿多/厚衣(yi)服睡(shui)(shui)(shui);睡(shui)(shui)(shui)時不(bu)(bu)(bu)蓋厚重(zhong)被子;睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)面對燈光睡(shui)(shui)(shui);睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)吃東西;睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)看興奮的(de)(de)影視或圖書;睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)腦過度;睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)劇烈運(yun)動;睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)蒙頭;睡(shui)(shui)(shui)前(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)靠(kao)近手機(ji)/電腦。