1、電池單(dan)體

電(dian)(dian)池單體(ti)是直接將化(hua)學能(neng)轉化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的基(ji)本單元(yuan)裝置，包括電(dian)(dian)極、隔膜、電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)、外殼和端子，并被設(she)計成可充電(dian)(dian)。

2、電池(chi)模組

電池(chi)模(mo)組將一個以上電池(chi)單體(ti)按照(zhao)串(chuan)聯(lian)、并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)或串(chuan)并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)方(fang)式組合，且只有一對正負(fu)極輸出(chu)端子(zi)，并(bing)(bing)作為(wei)電源使用的組合體(ti)

3、電池單元(yuan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)(dan)元由數(shu)十(shi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)(dan)體(ti)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)模組串聯(lian)在(zai)起，構(gou)成一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)(dan)元。由數(shu)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)(dan)元串聯(lian)在(zai)一起，構(gou)成動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)總成。

4、CSC采集系統

每(mei)一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單(dan)元有多個(ge)CSC采集系統，以監測其(qi)中每(mei)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單(dan)體(ti)或電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)壓、溫度信息。

CSC采集系統將相(xiang)關信息上報電池控制單(dan)元(yuan)（BMU）并根據(ju)BMU的指(zhi)令執行單(dan)體電壓(ya)均衡。

5、電池控制單元

安裝于(yu)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)總成內部(bu)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理(li)系統核(he)心(xin)部(bu)件。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)控(kong)制(zhi)單元（BMU）將單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、溫(wen)度及整車高(gao)壓絕(jue)緣(yuan)等信息(xi)上報整車控(kong)制(zhi)器（VCU）并根(gen)據∨CU的(de)(de)指令完成對動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。

6、電池高壓分(fen)配單元

安裝(zhuang)在動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池總成的正負極輸出端，由高壓正極繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器、高壓負極繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器、預(yu)充繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流傳感器和預(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等組成。

7、維修(xiu)開(kai)關

位(wei)于動力電池總成中間表(biao)面(mian)位(wei)置，打開(kai)(kai)駕駛室內副(fu)儀表(biao)手(shou)套箱開(kai)(kai)關，可(ke)操作維修開(kai)(kai)關。在高(gao)(gao)壓零部(bu)件(jian)檢查和維護前斷開(kai)(kai)維修開(kai)(kai)關可(ke)以確保切斷高(gao)(gao)壓。

1、汽車和摩托(tuo)車行業

主要是(shi)為發動(dong)(dong)機的起(qi)動(dong)(dong)點火和車(che)載電(dian)子設備的使用提供(gong)電(dian)能。

2、工業(ye)電力(li)系統(tong)

用(yong)于輸(shu)變電站、為動力機組(zu)提供合(he)閘(zha)電流，為公(gong)共設施提供備用(yong)電源以及通(tong)訊(xun)用(yong)電源。

3、電動汽(qi)車和電動自行(xing)(xing)車行(xing)(xing)業

取(qu)代汽油和柴油，作為電動汽車(che)或電動自行(xing)車(che)的(de)行(xing)駛動力電源(yuan)。

4、軍(jun)事領(ling)域

由于(yu)高(gao)科技(ji)在軍(jun)(jun)事上(shang)的廣泛應(ying)用，現代(dai)(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭已成為(wei)(wei)以數字化、信息化武器為(wei)(wei)主的高(gao)科技(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭。這種(zhong)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭模式使得高(gao)效(xiao)、高(gao)比能量密度(du)和可(ke)快速(su)充(chong)填(tian)燃(ran)料的軍(jun)(jun)用能源成為(wei)(wei)現代(dai)(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)場上(shang)的迫切需要。當(dang)今(jin)世界(jie)各國(guo)對高(gao)能動(dong)力電池的技(ji)術(shu)開發一直在緊張進(jin)行，如新型(xing)鉛(qian)酸電池、鋰(li)離子電池和燃(ran)料電池的使用。

1、動力電池電壓

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分為端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和負極(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差即為端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在沒有負載(zai)情況(kuang)下的(de)(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)叫開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在工作(zuo)時輸出的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)即為額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)極(ji)(ji)(ji)限(xian)值就是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)極(ji)(ji)(ji)限(xian)值是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。

2、動力(li)電(dian)池容量

容量(liang)是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)池在一定(ding)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)條件下(xia)所能(neng)放(fang)出的電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，用符號C表示(shi)，單位常用為A?h或mA?h，等于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流與放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的乘積。容量(liang)可以分為理論容量(liang)、標(biao)稱容量(liang)與額定(ding)容量(liang)。

3、動力電池能量和(he)能量密度(du)

電池(chi)的(de)(de)能(neng)量是指在一定放電制度下，電池(chi)所能(neng)輸(shu)出的(de)(de)電能(neng)，單位為Wh或(huo)kWh，它影響(xiang)電動汽車的(de)(de)行駛距離。

能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度是指單(dan)位質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)或單(dan)位體(ti)(ti)積(ji)的電(dian)(dian)池所能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)輸出的能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)，相應(ying)的也被(bei)稱為質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)比能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)或體(ti)(ti)積(ji)比能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)。在電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車應(ying)用(yong)方面，電(dian)(dian)池的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)比能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)影響電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的整車質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)續駛里程，而體(ti)(ti)積(ji)比能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)影響到電(dian)(dian)池的布置(zhi)空間。

4、動力電池功率與功率密度(du)

功率是指在一(yi)定的放(fang)電制(zhi)度(du)下，單位(wei)時間內(nei)電池(chi)輸出(chu)的能量，單位(wei)為W或(huo)kW。

功(gong)(gong)率密度又稱比功(gong)(gong)率，是單位(wei)質(zhi)量或單位(wei)體積電(dian)池(chi)輸出的功(gong)(gong)率，比功(gong)(gong)率是評價(jia)電(dian)池(chi)及(ji)電(dian)池(chi)包是否滿(man)足電(dian)動汽車加速和爬坡能(neng)力的重要(yao)指(zhi)標。

1、超長壽(shou)命(ming)

長壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的循(xun)(xun)環壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)在300次左(zuo)右，最(zui)高也就500次，而目前生產的磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，最(zui)好(hao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循(xun)(xun)環壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)可達(da)到(dao)2000次以上，標準充電(dian)(dian)(dian)（5小時率）使用，可達(da)到(dao)2000次。同質(zhi)量的鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是“新半(ban)(ban)年(nian)、舊半(ban)(ban)年(nian)、維(wei)護(hu)維(wei)護(hu)又半(ban)(ban)年(nian)”，最(zui)多也就1~1.5年(nian)時間，而磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在同樣條件下使用，將(jiang)(jiang)達(da)到(dao)7－8年(nian)。綜合考慮，性(xing)能(neng)價格比(bi)將(jiang)(jiang)為鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的4倍(bei)以上。

2、使用(yong)安全

磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)完全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)解決了鈷(gu)酸鋰(li)(li)和錳(meng)酸鋰(li)(li)的(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患問題，鈷(gu)酸鋰(li)(li)和錳(meng)酸鋰(li)(li)在(zai)強烈(lie)的(de)碰撞下會產生爆炸對消(xiao)費者的(de)生命安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)構成(cheng)威脅，而(er)磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)以經(jing)過嚴(yan)格的(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)測(ce)試(shi)即使在(zai)最惡(e)劣(lie)的(de)交通事故中也不(bu)會產生爆炸。

3、可(ke)大(da)電流2C快速(su)充(chong)放電

在專用充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)下，1.5C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)40分鐘內(nei)即可(ke)使(shi)電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)滿，起動(dong)電(dian)流可(ke)達(da)2C,而(er)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池現在無(wu)此(ci)性能。

4、耐高(gao)溫

磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰電熱(re)峰(feng)值可達(da)350℃~500℃而錳酸(suan)鋰和鈷(gu)酸(suan)鋰只在(zai)200℃左右。

5、大容量

動(dong)力(li)(li)電池相比傳(chuan)統的(de)汽車(che)電池容量(liang)要大許(xu)多(duo)，一般的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)電池都至少(shao)能帶動(dong)汽車(che)跑(pao)150km以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，好的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)電池則可(ke)以(yi)(yi)達到300km以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。

6、無記憶(yi)效應

傳統的(de)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)具有記憶效應，因此(ci)容易導致電(dian)池(chi)容量降(jiang)低。動力電(dian)池(chi)則無需擔心(xin)，可以隨用隨充(chong)。

7、體積小、重量輕

動力電(dian)池由于采(cai)取了新(xin)技術(shu)，相比(bi)傳統又沉又大的電(dian)池來(lai)說，體(ti)積更(geng)小，重(zhong)量更(geng)輕(qing)。

1、性質不同

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是指為交通運輸工具(ju)提供動力的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一(yi)(yi)般是相對(dui)于(yu)為便攜式電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備(bei)提供能(neng)量(liang)的(de)小型電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而(er)言；而(er)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是一(yi)(yi)種以鋰(li)(li)金屬(shu)或鋰(li)(li)合金為負(fu)極(ji)材料(liao)，使用(yong)非水電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)溶液的(de)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，與可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)跟鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)聚合物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣。

2、電(dian)池(chi)容量不(bu)同

在都(dou)是新電(dian)池的情況下(xia)，用放電(dian)儀(yi)測試(shi)電(dian)池容(rong)(rong)量，一般動(dong)力電(dian)池的容(rong)(rong)量在1000-1500mAh左右(you)；而普通電(dian)池的容(rong)(rong)量在2000mAh以上，有的能(neng)到3400mAh。

3、放電功率(lv)不同

一顆4200mAh的(de)(de)(de)動力電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)短短幾分鐘內將電(dian)量放(fang)(fang)光，但是普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)完全(quan)做不到(dao)，因此(ci)普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)能力完全(quan)無法與動力電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相(xiang)比。動力電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)最大的(de)(de)(de)差別，在(zai)于(yu)(yu)其放(fang)(fang)電(dian)功率大，比能量高(gao)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)動力型(xing)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)主要(yao)用途為車用能源(yuan)供給，所以(yi)(yi)相(xiang)較于(yu)(yu)普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)要(yao)有更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)功率。

4、應用不同

為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)提供驅動(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池被稱(cheng)為(wei)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，包括傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池以(yi)(yi)及新興的(de)(de)鋰(li)離子(zi)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，分為(wei)功率型(xing)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(混合動(dong)(dong)力汽(qi)車(che))以(yi)(yi)及能量型(xing)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che))；手機、筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦等消費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品使用的(de)(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一般統稱(cheng)為(wei)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，以(yi)(yi)區別于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)用的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

固態(tai)鋰電池(chi)(聚合物固態(tai)電池(chi))研發(fa)應用(yong)現狀

法國Bollore：全固(gu)態二次電池(LMP)，負極材料采(cai)用(yong)金(jin)屬鋰，電解質采(cai)用(yong)聚(ju)合物(PEO 等)薄膜，目前已經批(pi)量(liang)應(ying)用(yong)在法國的 EV，共(gong)享服務汽車(che)“Autolib”和小(xiao)型電動(dong)巴士“Bluelus，總(zong)體應(ying)用(yong)超過3000 輛。

美國Seeo：全固體二次電(dian)池采用大創公司的(de)干聚合物薄膜，提供的(de)樣(yang)品電(dian)池組能量密(mi)度(du)為 130-150Wh/kg，2017 年能量密(mi)度(du)能達到300Wh/kg，尚未(wei)推廣應用。

CATL：目前(qian)已經(jing)設(she)計(ji)制造出了容量為 325 mAh的聚合物電芯，表(biao)現出較(jiao)好的高(gao)溫循環性能，尚未(wei)推廣應(ying)用。

中(zhong)科院(yuan)青島能源(yuan)所：開發的大(da)容量(liang)(liang)固態聚合物鋰電池“青能 I 號”完成深海科考，其能量(liang)(liang)密度超過 250 Wh/kg，500次(ci)循(xun)環(huan)容量(liang)(liang)保持 80%以上，在多次(ci)針刺(ci)和擠(ji)壓等苛(ke)刻測試條件下保持非常好的安(an)全性能。“青能 II號”也已經(jing)研發成功，能量(liang)(liang)密度高(gao)達 300 Wh/kg，尚未推廣(guang)應用。

此外(wai)，固態鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，硫(liu)化物(wu)(wu)固態電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(鋰(li)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi))由于(yu)(yu)具(ju)有較高的(de)(de)能量(liang)密度和低廉(lian)的(de)(de)成本，有著(zhu)巨大(da)的(de)(de)開發(fa)潛力，豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、三(san)星、CATL、豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)(tian)(tian)等國內外(wai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)均紛(fen)紛(fen)加速(su)布局(ju)，這其(qi)中以豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)(tian)(tian)技術最為(wei)領先。豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)(tian)(tian)在(zai)2010年就推出(chu)硫(liu)化物(wu)(wu)固態電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，2014年其(qi)實驗原(yuan)型(xing)能量(liang)密度達到(dao)400Wh/kg，截止到(dao)2017年初，豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)(tian)(tian)固態電(dian)(dian)池(chi)專利數量(liang)達到(dao)30件，遠(yuan)高于(yu)(yu)其(qi)它(ta)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)。據豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)(tian)(tian)高管透露，豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)(tian)(tian)或(huo)將在(zai)2020年實現硫(liu)化物(wu)(wu)固態電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)產業(ye)(ye)化。國內企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)CATL在(zai)硫(liu)化物(wu)(wu)固態電(dian)(dian)池(chi)方面相對領先，正加速(su)開發(fa)純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動汽車用的(de)(de)硫(liu)化物(wu)(wu)全固態鋰(li)金屬電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

固態鋰(li)電池(硫化物固態電池)研發現狀

豐田：2010年開始(shi)推出固態電池，2014年其實驗原(yuan)型(xing)能量密度(du)達到400Wh/kg。

三星(xing)日(ri)本研究所：利用硫化物類固體電解(jie)質(zhi)試制出2000mAh、175Wh/kg的壓層型全固態(tai)二次電池(chi)。

Sakti3(美國)：2015年獲得英國家電巨頭戴森1500萬美元的投資，其開(kai)發的固態(tai)電池(chi)以陶瓷(ci)等為電解質，金(jin)屬鋰或鋰類合金(jin)為負(fu)極，能量密度達到1000Wh/L，目(mu)前(qian)仍(reng)處(chu)于研發階(jie)段。

清陶能(neng)源(yuan)：公司核心在(zai)于高固含量的(de)全陶瓷隔(ge)膜和無機固體(ti)電(dian)解質的(de)開發和生產。目前團隊(dui)已經和北汽開展合作(zuo)進行中試，未來可能(neng)作(zuo)為北汽電(dian)動車的(de)重要組件。

CATL：主要研(yan)發方向是硫(liu)化物(wu)電解(jie)(jie)質，采(cai)用正(zheng)極包(bao)覆方法，解(jie)(jie)決了(le)(le)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)反應(ying)問題，熱(re)壓方式降低了(le)(le)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)電阻。