一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由(you)電(dian)瓶，即蓄電(dian)池(chi)提供電(dian)能的。電(dian)動(dong)車蓄電(dian)池(chi)常出現硫化現象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內(nei)部(bu)極(ji)(ji)板的(de)表(biao)面上附(fu)著一層白(bai)色堅(jian)硬的(de)結晶體，充電后依舊不能剝離極(ji)(ji)板表(biao)面轉化(hua)(hua)為活性物(wu)質的(de)硫酸鉛，這就是(shi)硫酸鹽化(hua)(hua)，簡稱(cheng)為“硫化(hua)(hua)”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增大，充電較未(wei)硫化前電壓(ya)(ya)提前到達充電終止(zhi)電壓(ya)(ya)，電流越大越明顯。酸液密度低于正(zheng)常值。放電容(rong)量下降(jiang)，放電電流越大容(rong)量下降(jiang)越明顯。充電時有產生氣泡，充電溫升增快(kuai)，嚴重(zhong)時可導致充不進(jin)電。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)每次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，正(zheng)負極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)均轉(zhuan)變為(wei)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)各自還原回(hui)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。而經常(chang)過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)溫(wen)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)及時(shi)(shi)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足、酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)液(ye)密度(du)(du)過高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部缺水、長期擱(ge)置(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，極板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)堆積(ji)過量且在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)中(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)，呈飽和狀態，這些硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)微粒(li)在(zai)溫(wen)度(du)(du)、酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)濃度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)動下(xia)，重新結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)析出在(zai)極板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)。由于多晶(jing)體系傾向于減小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)其(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)自由能的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)，重組析出后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)呈增(zeng)大(da)、增(zeng)厚趨(qu)勢。由于硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)是(shi)難溶(rong)(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，重組后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)體其(qi)比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)減小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)和溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)降(jiang)低(di)。硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)附(fu)著在(zai)極板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)和微孔中(zhong)阻礙(ai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)擴散反映，且硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)不(bu)(bu)良阻值大(da)，致使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)正(zheng)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)歐姆極化(hua)、濃差極化(hua)增(zeng)大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受(shou)率降(jiang)低(di)，在(zai)活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)尚未充(chong)(chong)(chong)分轉(zhuan)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)已達極化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)產(chan)生水分解(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)迅速(su)(su)升溫(wen)使充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)能繼續下(xia)去進(jin)而活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)不(bu)(bu)完(wan)全，因而成(cheng)為(wei)容量降(jiang)低(di)和壽命(ming)縮短的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)及(ji)時(shi)補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且要(yao)(yao)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其(qi)是大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)一定要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)盡量控(kong)制放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的硫(liu)酸鉛過于(yu)致密，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)間。對(dui)于(yu)低(di)溫大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，要(yao)(yao)采(cai)取多(duo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量百分之三十來恢復容量。長期擱(ge)置的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要(yao)(yao)先充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)再(zai)擱(ge)置，在擱(ge)置每兩個(ge)月(yue)適當補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已硫(liu)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，可以先將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，倒(dao)出原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)并注(zhu)入密(mi)度在(zai)1.10g/cm3以下較稀(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)，即向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中加(jia)水稀(xi)釋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)，以提高(gao)硫(liu)酸鉛的溶(rong)解度。采用20h率(lv)以下的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，在(zai)液(ye)(ye)溫不(bu)超過20℃～40℃的范(fan)圍內較長時間(jian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后在(zai)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下用稍高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)密(mi)度至(zhi)標準溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)濃度，一(yi)般(ban)硫(liu)化現象(xiang)可解除(chu)，容量恢復(fu)至(zhi)80%以上可認為修復(fu)成功。

此法機理，用降(jiang)低(di)酸液密度提高(gao)硫酸鹽的溶度積，采取小電(dian)流長時間充電(dian)以降(jiang)低(di)歐姆極化延緩(huan)水分(fen)解電(dian)壓的提早出現，最終(zhong)使硫化現象在溶解和轉化為(wei)活性物質中逐漸減輕或消除(chu)。

此法特點(dian)對于加水蓄電池比較適(shi)用，對于硫化(hua)嚴重現象亦可反復處理(li)，無須投資設備即(ji)可自行修復，缺點(dian)是過程太繁瑣對密封電池不太使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫(liu)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，采用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流5h率以內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至稍過(guo)充(chong)狀態控(kong)制液(ye)溫不超過(guo)40度為(wei)宜，然后放電(dian)(dian)(dian)30%，如此(ci)反復(fu)數次可減輕(qing)和(he)消(xiao)除硫(liu)化(hua)現象。

此法機理，用過充電析出氣體對(dui)極板表面輕微硫化鹽(yan)沖刷(shua)，使其脫(tuo)附溶解并轉(zhuan)化為活性物質。

此(ci)法特(te)點，對于(yu)輕微硫化可明顯修復。但(dan)對老電(dian)池不適用(yong)，因為在析出氣體沖(chong)刷硫酸鹽的同(tong)時也對正極板的活性(xing)物產生強烈沖(chong)刷，使(shi)活性(xing)物質變(bian)軟甚至(zhi)脫落。

3、化學修復法

對(dui)已硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)電池，倒掉原(yuan)電解液(ye)，加(jia)入純水與硫(liu)(liu)酸鈉、硫(liu)(liu)酸鉀、酒石酸等物質(zhi)混合液(ye)，采取正(zheng)常充(chong)放電幾次，然后倒出(chu)純水加(jia)入稍高(gao)密度(du)酸液(ye)調整(zheng)電池內酸液(ye)至標準液(ye)濃度(du)，容量(liang)恢復(fu)至80%以(yi)上可認為修復(fu)成功。

此(ci)法機理，加入的(de)這些硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)配(pei)位摻雜劑，可與很多(duo)金屬離子，包括硫(liu)化(hua)鹽(yan)形成配(pei)位化(hua)合(he)物。形成的(de)化(hua)合(he)物在酸(suan)(suan)性介質中(zhong)(zhong)是不穩定的(de)，不導電的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)層將逐步(bu)溶解(jie)返回(hui)到溶液中(zhong)(zhong)，使極板硫(liu)化(hua)脫附溶解(jie)。

此法特(te)點，修復效(xiao)(xiao)率和功效(xiao)(xiao)高于前兩(liang)種修復方法，缺(que)點太繁瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對(dui)于硫(liu)(liu)化電池，可用(yong)一些專(zhuan)用(yong)的脈(mo)沖(chong)修復儀對(dui)電池充放(fang)電數次(ci)來(lai)消(xiao)除硫(liu)(liu)化。

此法機理(li)，從固(gu)體(ti)物理(li)上來(lai)講，任(ren)何(he)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)足(zu)夠(gou)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)都可(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)。一(yi)旦絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)被(bei)(bei)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)，就(jiu)會由(you)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態轉變(bian)為導電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)對電(dian)(dian)導差(cha)阻(zu)值(zhi)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鹽(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)加瞬間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)壓，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛結(jie)晶(jing)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)這(zhe)個(ge)高電(dian)(dian)壓足(zu)夠(gou)短，并且進行限流，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打穿(chuan)(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形下(xia)，控制充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流適當，就(jiu)不(bu)會引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)池(chi)析氣。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)析氣量(liang)(liang)(liang)取(qu)決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)及充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)寬度足(zu)夠(gou)短，占空比夠(gou)大(da)(da)，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保證擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)粗大(da)(da)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)，同(tong)時發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)微充電(dian)(dian)來(lai)不(bu)及形成析氣，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)含有(you)負脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)去極化(hua)(hua)(hua)，就(jiu)更(geng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保證在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)酸鹽(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)時極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)析出，這(zhe)樣就(jiu)實現(xian)了脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)消(xiao)除硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。從原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)物理(li)學(xue)來(lai)說，硫(liu)(liu)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)具有(you)5個(ge)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態，處(chu)于(yu)亞穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態的(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)趨向于(yu)遷(qian)落到穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共價(jia)健能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共價(jia)鍵能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態，硫(liu)(liu)以(yi)包含8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，這(zhe)8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式是(shi)一(yi)種穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難以(yi)躍(yue)變(bian)和被(bei)(bei)打碎，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)種穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)。要(yao)打碎這(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構，就(jiu)要(yao)給(gei)環(huan)(huan)形分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，促使(shi)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)(bei)激活(huo)到下(xia)一(yi)個(ge)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)帶，使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)解(jie)除束(shu)縛。每一(yi)個(ge)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)都有(you)唯(wei)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧振頻率，諧振頻率以(yi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)過高會使(shi)躍(yue)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)于(yu)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態，過低能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離(li)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛，這(zhe)樣脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)修(xiu)復儀(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頻率多(duo)次變(bian)換中只要(yao)有(you)一(yi)次與硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產生諧振，就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)為溶解(jie)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)自由(you)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新參(can)與電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)條(tiao)件下(xia)轉換回活(huo)性物質。此法特點，效果(guo)(guo)(guo)好操作方便。但需(xu)要(yao)有(you)專(zhuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，個(ge)人用(yong)戶都不(bu)具備，需(xu)要(yao)購買。市場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)修(xiu)復充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)參(can)差(cha)不(bu)齊，很(hen)多(duo)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)甚至是(shi)專(zhuan)用(yong)修(xiu)復儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)寬比、占空比、負脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)設計得并不(bu)合理(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)起到去硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。

大(da)容量鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)（以下簡稱(cheng)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)基站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)保(bao)障。在國(guo)內(nei)出現“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)時候(hou)，后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)顯得格(ge)外(wai)重要。在長三角(jiao)(jiao)和珠三角(jiao)(jiao)地區，每周內(nei)停三供四的(de)(de)時間很(hen)多，甚至出現聽(ting)四供三更加嚴重的(de)(de)局面。多數處(chu)于野外(wai)的(de)(de)基站(zhan)，其供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)難以保(bao)證都(dou)是(shi)采(cai)用一、二類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)，這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)問題尤其嚴重。 雖然目(mu)前的(de)(de)科學技術(shu)飛速(su)發(fa)展，近(jin)年鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發(fa)展也比較快，基本上(shang)以大(da)型(xing)閥控密(mi)封(feng)式(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)代替了防算酸(suan)隔爆型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)大(da)型(xing)閥控密(mi)封(feng)式(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)近(jin)些(xie)年也在發(fa)展。但是(shi)大(da)容量的(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)還是(shi)以鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為唯一的(de)(de)選擇。如何延長鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正常使用壽命，一直是(shi)業內(nei)人士探討的(de)(de)主要問題。

相同(tong)的電池(chi)，在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)的設備條件、不(bu)同(tong)的使用條件和不(bu)同(tong)維(wei)護條件下(xia)使用壽命(ming)相差很大。這就需要在(zai)設備條件、使用條件和維(wei)護條件上(shang)尋找其差異。而電池(chi)失效的的幾(ji)個主(zhu)要現象(xiang)是：

a、正極板軟化；

b、正極板板柵腐蝕；

c、負極(ji)板(ban)硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電池(chi)出現熱失控（包括(kuo)電池(chi)鼓脹）