一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由(you)電瓶，即蓄電池提供電能的(de)。電動車蓄電池常出現(xian)硫(liu)化現(xian)象。

1、何為硫化

蓄(xu)電池內(nei)部極板的表面上附著一層(ceng)白色堅硬(ying)的結晶體，充電后依舊不能(neng)剝離極板表面轉(zhuan)化(hua)為活性物質的硫酸鉛，這就是硫酸鹽化(hua)，簡(jian)稱(cheng)為“硫化(hua)”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增(zeng)(zeng)大，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)較未硫化(hua)前電(dian)壓(ya)提前到達充(chong)(chong)電(dian)終止電(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)流越(yue)大越(yue)明顯。酸液密度低于正常值(zhi)。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)容量(liang)下(xia)降，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流越(yue)大容量(liang)下(xia)降越(yue)明顯。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時有產生(sheng)氣泡，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)溫升增(zeng)(zeng)快，嚴重時可導(dao)致充(chong)(chong)不進電(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)雙(shuang)硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)(hua)(hua)論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)每(mei)次放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，正(zheng)負極(ji)板的(de)不(bu)同(tong)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)轉變為(wei)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)各(ge)自(zi)還原(yuan)回不(bu)同(tong)的(de)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。而經常過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低溫(wen)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、補(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)及時、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)充(chong)(chong)足、酸液密度(du)過高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)缺水、長期擱置時，極(ji)板表面(mian)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)堆(dui)積過量(liang)且在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液中溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)，呈飽和狀態，這些硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)微(wei)粒(li)在(zai)(zai)溫(wen)度(du)、酸濃(nong)度(du)的(de)波動下(xia)，重新結晶(jing)析(xi)出在(zai)(zai)極(ji)板表面(mian)。由(you)于多(duo)晶(jing)體(ti)系傾向于減小(xiao)其表面(mian)自(zi)由(you)能(neng)的(de)結果，重組析(xi)出后(hou)的(de)結晶(jing)呈增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)(da)、增(zeng)(zeng)厚趨勢(shi)。由(you)于硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)是難溶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，重組后(hou)的(de)結晶(jing)體(ti)其比表面(mian)積減小(xiao)，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液中的(de)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)度(du)和溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)速度(du)降(jiang)低。硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)附(fu)著在(zai)(zai)極(ji)板表面(mian)和微(wei)孔中阻礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)正(zheng)常擴散(san)反(fan)映，且硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導不(bu)良阻值大(da)(da)，致使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)常的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中歐姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受(shou)率降(jiang)低，在(zai)(zai)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)尚未(wei)充(chong)(chong)分轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)時已達極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產(chan)生水分解(jie)(jie)(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池迅速升(sheng)溫(wen)使(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)能(neng)繼(ji)續(xu)下(xia)去進而活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)完全(quan)，因(yin)而成為(wei)容(rong)量(liang)降(jiang)低和壽命(ming)縮(suo)短的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每(mei)次放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)及時(shi)(shi)補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且要(yao)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是(shi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)一定要(yao)及時(shi)(shi)補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)盡量(liang)控制放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的硫酸鉛過于(yu)致密，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)(shi)間。對于(yu)低溫大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，要(yao)采取多充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)百分之三(san)十(shi)來恢(hui)復容(rong)量(liang)。長期(qi)擱(ge)置的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要(yao)先充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)再擱(ge)置，在擱(ge)置每(mei)兩個月適當補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已(yi)硫(liu)化電(dian)(dian)池，可以先將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)，倒出原電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液并注入(ru)密度(du)在1.10g/cm3以下(xia)(xia)較稀(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液，即向電(dian)(dian)池中加水稀(xi)(xi)釋電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液，以提高硫(liu)酸鉛的(de)溶解(jie)(jie)度(du)。采用20h率以下(xia)(xia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流，在液溫不超(chao)過(guo)20℃～40℃的(de)范(fan)圍內較長時間充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，最后在充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)用稍高電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液調整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)池內電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液密度(du)至(zhi)標準溶液濃度(du)，一般硫(liu)化現象(xiang)可解(jie)(jie)除，容量恢復至(zhi)80%以上可認為修復成功(gong)。

此法機理(li)，用降低酸液密度(du)(du)提(ti)高(gao)硫酸鹽的(de)溶(rong)(rong)度(du)(du)積，采取小電(dian)流(liu)長(chang)時(shi)間充電(dian)以降低歐姆(mu)極(ji)化延(yan)緩水分解(jie)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)提(ti)早(zao)出(chu)現，最終使硫化現象(xiang)在溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)和轉化為活性物質中逐漸減(jian)輕或(huo)消除(chu)。

此法特(te)點(dian)對(dui)于(yu)加(jia)水蓄(xu)電(dian)池比較適(shi)用(yong)，對(dui)于(yu)硫化嚴重(zhong)現(xian)象亦可反(fan)復處(chu)理，無須投資設備即可自行修復，缺點(dian)是過程太繁瑣對(dui)密封電(dian)池不(bu)太使用(yong)。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已(yi)硫化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，采用大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)5h率以內電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)稍(shao)過(guo)充(chong)狀態(tai)控制液溫不超過(guo)40度為宜(yi)，然后放電(dian)(dian)(dian)30%，如此反復數次(ci)可(ke)減輕和消除硫化(hua)現象。

此法機(ji)理(li)，用過充(chong)電(dian)析出氣體對極板(ban)表面輕微硫化鹽沖刷，使(shi)其脫(tuo)附溶解并(bing)轉化為活性物質。

此法特點，對于(yu)輕(qing)微(wei)硫化可明(ming)顯修復。但對老電池不適用，因為在析出氣體沖(chong)(chong)刷硫酸鹽的(de)同(tong)時也(ye)對正極(ji)板(ban)的(de)活性物(wu)產生強烈沖(chong)(chong)刷，使活性物(wu)質變軟甚至脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，倒掉原電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液，加入純(chun)水與硫酸(suan)(suan)鈉、硫酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia)、酒石(shi)酸(suan)(suan)等物質混合液，采取正(zheng)常充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)幾次，然(ran)后倒出純(chun)水加入稍高(gao)密度酸(suan)(suan)液調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內酸(suan)(suan)液至標準液濃度，容量恢復至80%以上可認為修(xiu)復成功。

此法機(ji)理，加入(ru)的這些(xie)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)配位(wei)摻雜(za)劑(ji)，可(ke)與很多(duo)金屬離子(zi)，包括硫(liu)化鹽(yan)形(xing)成(cheng)配位(wei)化合(he)物(wu)。形(xing)成(cheng)的化合(he)物(wu)在酸(suan)性介(jie)質中是不穩(wen)定的，不導(dao)電的硫(liu)化層將逐(zhu)步溶(rong)解返回到溶(rong)液中，使(shi)極板硫(liu)化脫附溶(rong)解。

此法特點，修(xiu)復效率和功效高于前(qian)兩種(zhong)修(xiu)復方法，缺點太繁瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化電(dian)池，可用一些專用的脈(mo)沖修復儀對電(dian)池充放電(dian)數次來消除(chu)硫化。

此法(fa)機(ji)理(li)，從固體物理(li)上來(lai)講，任何絕緣(yuan)層在(zai)足(zu)夠(gou)(gou)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下都可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)穿(chuan)。一(yi)旦絕緣(yuan)層被(bei)擊(ji)穿(chuan)，就(jiu)會由(you)絕緣(yuan)狀態轉(zhuan)變為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。如果(guo)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)差阻值大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鹽層施加(jia)瞬(shun)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)穿(chuan)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛結晶。如果(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)足(zu)夠(gou)(gou)短，并且進行限流，在(zai)打穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形(xing)(xing)下，控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當(dang)，就(jiu)不(bu)會引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣(qi)量(liang)取(qu)決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小，如果(guo)脈沖寬度足(zu)夠(gou)(gou)短，占空比夠(gou)(gou)大(da)，就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)保(bao)證擊(ji)穿(chuan)粗(cu)大(da)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛結晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)不(bu)及(ji)形(xing)(xing)成析(xi)氣(qi)，如果(guo)含(han)有負(fu)脈沖去極化(hua)，就(jiu)更能(neng)保(bao)證在(zai)擊(ji)穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鹽層時(shi)(shi)極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體析(xi)出，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣就(jiu)實現了脈沖消除硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)。從原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)物理(li)學來(lai)說(shuo)，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)具(ju)有5個(ge)(ge)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)狀態，處于(yu)亞穩(wen)定(ding)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)狀態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)趨(qu)向(xiang)于(yu)遷落到穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價健能(neng)級(ji)(ji)存在(zai)。在(zai)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價鍵能(neng)級(ji)(ji)狀態，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)包含(han)8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)式存在(zai)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)模(mo)式是一(yi)種穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合，難以(yi)躍變和被(bei)打碎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)現象(xiang)就(jiu)是這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)。要(yao)(yao)打碎這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)，就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)給環(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)，促使(shi)(shi)外(wai)層原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)激活到下一(yi)個(ge)(ge)高能(neng)帶，使(shi)(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之間解除束(shu)縛。每一(yi)個(ge)(ge)特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)都有唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧振頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)，諧振頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)以(yi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)過高會使(shi)(shi)躍遷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)處于(yu)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)狀態，過低能(neng)量(liang)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)使(shi)(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣脈沖修復(fu)儀(yi)在(zai)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)多(duo)(duo)次變換(huan)中(zhong)只要(yao)(yao)有一(yi)次與(yu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產生(sheng)諧振，就(jiu)能(neng)使(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為溶解于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由(you)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應，在(zai)特定(ding)條件下轉(zhuan)換(huan)回(hui)活性(xing)物質。此法(fa)特點，效果(guo)好操作方便。但(dan)需要(yao)(yao)有專用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，個(ge)(ge)人(ren)用(yong)戶都不(bu)具(ju)備，需要(yao)(yao)購買(mai)。市(shi)場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈沖修復(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器參(can)差不(bu)齊，很多(duo)(duo)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器甚(shen)至是專用(yong)修復(fu)儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈寬比、占空比、負(fu)脈沖設(she)計得并不(bu)合理(li)不(bu)能(neng)起到去硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。

大(da)容量(liang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（以(yi)下簡(jian)稱“電(dian)(dian)池(chi)”）是(shi)基站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)保障。在國內出現“電(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，后(hou)備電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)顯得格外重要(yao)。在長三(san)角和珠三(san)角地區，每周內停三(san)供(gong)四(si)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間很多，甚至出現聽四(si)供(gong)三(san)更加(jia)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)。多數處于野外的(de)(de)(de)基站(zhan)，其(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)難(nan)以(yi)保證都是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)一、二類(lei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)，這樣，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)問題(ti)尤(you)其(qi)嚴重。 雖然目前的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學技術飛(fei)速發展，近(jin)年鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)發展也比較快，基本上(shang)以(yi)大(da)型(xing)(xing)閥(fa)控密封式鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)代(dai)替(ti)了防算酸(suan)隔爆型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。就是(shi)大(da)型(xing)(xing)閥(fa)控密封式鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)近(jin)些(xie)年也在發展。但是(shi)大(da)容量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)池(chi)還(huan)是(shi)以(yi)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為唯一的(de)(de)(de)選擇。如何延長鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正常使用(yong)壽命，一直是(shi)業內人士探討的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)問題(ti)。

相同(tong)的(de)電(dian)池，在不(bu)同(tong)的(de)設(she)備(bei)條件、不(bu)同(tong)的(de)使(shi)用條件和(he)不(bu)同(tong)維(wei)(wei)護條件下(xia)使(shi)用壽命相差(cha)很大。這就需(xu)要在設(she)備(bei)條件、使(shi)用條件和(he)維(wei)(wei)護條件上(shang)尋找其差(cha)異。而(er)電(dian)池失效的(de)的(de)幾個主(zhu)要現(xian)象是：

a、正(zheng)極板軟化；

b、正極(ji)板板柵腐蝕；

c、負極板(ban)硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電(dian)池出現熱(re)失控（包括電(dian)池鼓脹）