一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是(shi)由電瓶，即蓄(xu)電池提供(gong)電能的。電動車蓄(xu)電池常出(chu)現(xian)硫(liu)化現(xian)象(xiang)。

1、何為硫化

蓄電(dian)池內部極(ji)板(ban)的表(biao)面(mian)上附著一層白色堅硬的結晶體，充電(dian)后(hou)依舊(jiu)不能剝離極(ji)板(ban)表(biao)面(mian)轉化為活性物(wu)質的硫酸鉛，這就是硫酸鹽化，簡稱為“硫化”。

該圖片由注冊用戶"志士豪杰"提供，版權聲明反饋

2、硫化表象

電池內阻增(zeng)大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)較未硫化前(qian)(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提前(qian)(qian)到達充電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流越大(da)越明顯。酸液密度低于正常值。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量下降，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流越大(da)容量下降越明顯。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)有產(chan)生氣泡，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫升增(zeng)快，嚴重時(shi)可(ke)導致(zhi)充不進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據(ju)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)雙硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)每(mei)次放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，正(zheng)負極板的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)均轉變(bian)為硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)各自還(huan)原(yuan)回不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。而經常(chang)(chang)過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)溫(wen)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)及時、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)充足、酸(suan)液密(mi)度(du)(du)過(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)缺(que)水、長期擱置時，極板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)堆積過(guo)量(liang)且(qie)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中溶(rong)解(jie)，呈(cheng)飽和狀態，這(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)微粒在(zai)溫(wen)度(du)(du)、酸(suan)濃(nong)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)波動下(xia)(xia)，重新結(jie)晶析出在(zai)極板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)多晶體(ti)系傾向于(yu)(yu)減(jian)小(xiao)其(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)自由(you)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果，重組析出后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶呈(cheng)增大(da)(da)、增厚(hou)趨勢。由(you)于(yu)(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)是難溶(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，重組后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶體(ti)其(qi)比表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積減(jian)小(xiao)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)和溶(rong)解(jie)速度(du)(du)降低(di)。硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)附著在(zai)極板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和微孔中阻(zu)(zu)礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)擴散反映，且(qie)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)不(bu)良阻(zu)(zu)值大(da)(da)，致使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中歐姆極化、濃(nong)差(cha)極化增大(da)(da)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受率降低(di)，在(zai)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)尚未(wei)充分轉化時已達(da)極化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)產生水分解(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)迅速升溫(wen)使(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)能(neng)繼續下(xia)(xia)去進而活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)轉化不(bu)完全，因(yin)而成為容量(liang)降低(di)和壽命縮(suo)短的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每(mei)次(ci)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)及時(shi)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)一定要(yao)及時(shi)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)盡(jin)量(liang)控(kong)制放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的硫酸鉛過(guo)于(yu)(yu)致密(mi)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采取(qu)(qu)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流長時(shi)間。對于(yu)(yu)低溫(wen)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，要(yao)采取(qu)(qu)多充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)百(bai)分(fen)之三(san)十來恢復(fu)容量(liang)。長期擱(ge)置的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),要(yao)先充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)再擱(ge)置，在擱(ge)置每(mei)兩(liang)個月適當補充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次(ci)。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已(yi)硫化電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)先將(jiang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)，倒出原電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)并注入密(mi)度(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)1.10g/cm3以(yi)下較稀(xi)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)，即向(xiang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)中加水(shui)稀(xi)釋電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)，以(yi)提高(gao)硫酸鉛的溶解(jie)度(du)(du)。采(cai)用20h率以(yi)下的電(dian)流，在(zai)(zai)液(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的范圍內(nei)較長時間充電(dian)，最后在(zai)(zai)充足電(dian)情況(kuang)下用稍(shao)高(gao)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)調整電(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)密(mi)度(du)(du)至標準溶液(ye)濃(nong)度(du)(du)，一般(ban)硫化現象可(ke)(ke)解(jie)除，容(rong)量(liang)恢復(fu)至80%以(yi)上可(ke)(ke)認為修復(fu)成(cheng)功。

此法機理，用降低(di)酸液密度提(ti)高(gao)硫酸鹽(yan)的(de)(de)溶度積，采(cai)取小(xiao)電流長時間充電以降低(di)歐姆(mu)極化延緩水分解(jie)電壓(ya)的(de)(de)提(ti)早出(chu)現，最終使(shi)硫化現象在溶解(jie)和轉化為(wei)活性物質中逐漸減輕或消除(chu)。

此法特(te)點對(dui)于加水蓄(xu)電(dian)池比較適用，對(dui)于硫(liu)化嚴重現象亦可反復處理，無須投(tou)資設備(bei)即可自行修復，缺點是過(guo)程太繁瑣對(dui)密封電(dian)池不太使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫(liu)(liu)化電池，采用大電流5h率以內電流，對電池充電至稍(shao)過(guo)充狀態控制(zhi)液溫不超過(guo)40度為宜，然后放電30%，如此反復數次可減輕(qing)和消除(chu)硫(liu)(liu)化現象。

此法(fa)機理，用(yong)過充電析出(chu)氣體(ti)對極(ji)板表面輕(qing)微硫化(hua)(hua)鹽沖刷，使(shi)其(qi)脫(tuo)附溶解并轉化(hua)(hua)為活(huo)性物質。

此法特點，對(dui)于輕微硫(liu)化可明顯修復。但對(dui)老電池(chi)不適(shi)用(yong)，因為在析出氣(qi)體沖(chong)刷硫(liu)酸鹽的(de)同時也對(dui)正極板的(de)活性(xing)物產生強烈(lie)沖(chong)刷，使(shi)活性(xing)物質變軟甚(shen)至脫(tuo)落(luo)。

3、化學修復法

對已硫化電(dian)池，倒掉原電(dian)解液(ye)，加入純水與硫酸(suan)鈉、硫酸(suan)鉀、酒石酸(suan)等物質混合液(ye)，采取(qu)正常充放電(dian)幾次，然后倒出純水加入稍(shao)高(gao)密度酸(suan)液(ye)調(diao)整(zheng)電(dian)池內酸(suan)液(ye)至標準液(ye)濃(nong)度，容量恢復(fu)至80%以上可認為(wei)修復(fu)成功。

此法機理(li)，加入的(de)這些硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)配位(wei)摻(chan)雜劑，可與很多金屬離(li)子(zi)，包括(kuo)硫(liu)化(hua)鹽(yan)形成(cheng)配位(wei)化(hua)合(he)物。形成(cheng)的(de)化(hua)合(he)物在酸性介質中是不(bu)穩定的(de)，不(bu)導電的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)層(ceng)將逐步溶(rong)解返回到溶(rong)液中，使極板硫(liu)化(hua)脫附溶(rong)解。

此法(fa)特點，修復效率和(he)功效高于前兩種修復方法(fa)，缺(que)點太繁瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對于(yu)硫(liu)化電(dian)池(chi)，可用一些專用的脈沖修復儀對電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)數(shu)次(ci)來消除硫(liu)化。

此法機(ji)理(li)(li)，從固體物理(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)來(lai)講，任何絕(jue)緣層(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)足(zu)夠(gou)(gou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下都(dou)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)擊穿(chuan)。一(yi)旦絕(jue)緣層(ceng)(ceng)被擊穿(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)由(you)絕(jue)緣狀態(tai)轉變為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)。如果(guo)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)差阻(zu)值(zhi)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)施加瞬間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)擊穿(chuan)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶。如果(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓足(zu)夠(gou)(gou)短，并且進行限(xian)流，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形下，控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當，就(jiu)(jiu)不會(hui)(hui)引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池析氣(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池析氣(qi)量(liang)取決于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)(yi)及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小，如果(guo)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)寬(kuan)度足(zu)夠(gou)(gou)短，占空比(bi)(bi)(bi)夠(gou)(gou)大(da)，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保證擊穿(chuan)粗大(da)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛結晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下，同時發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)不及(ji)形成析氣(qi)，如果(guo)含有負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)去極化(hua)，就(jiu)(jiu)更(geng)能保證在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)擊穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)時極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體析出，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣就(jiu)(jiu)實現(xian)了(le)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)消除硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)。從原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)物理(li)(li)學來(lai)說，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)具有5個不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能級(ji)狀態(tai)，處(chu)于亞(ya)穩(wen)定(ding)能級(ji)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)趨向(xiang)于遷(qian)落到穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價健(jian)能級(ji)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價鍵能級(ji)狀態(tai)，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)(yi)包含8個原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)形式存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)8個原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)模式是(shi)一(yi)種穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難以(yi)(yi)躍(yue)變和被打碎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)現(xian)象就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能級(ji)。要(yao)打碎這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構，就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)給環(huan)形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)提(ti)供一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)，促使(shi)外層(ceng)(ceng)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)加帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)被激活(huo)到下一(yi)個高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)能帶(dai)，使(shi)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)解(jie)除束(shu)縛(fu)。每一(yi)個特(te)(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能級(ji)都(dou)有唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)振頻(pin)率，諧(xie)(xie)(xie)振頻(pin)率以(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)過高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)會(hui)(hui)使(shi)躍(yue)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)處(chu)于不穩(wen)定(ding)狀態(tai)，過低能量(liang)不足(zu)以(yi)(yi)使(shi)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)脫離(li)(li)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛(fu)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)修復(fu)儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頻(pin)率多次(ci)變換中(zhong)只(zhi)要(yao)有一(yi)次(ci)與(yu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)產生諧(xie)(xie)(xie)振，就(jiu)(jiu)能使(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)轉化(hua)為溶(rong)解(jie)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由(you)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)，重新參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特(te)(te)定(ding)條件下轉換回(hui)活(huo)性物質(zhi)。此法特(te)(te)點，效(xiao)果(guo)好操作(zuo)方便(bian)。但需要(yao)有專用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，個人用(yong)戶都(dou)不具備，需要(yao)購買。市場上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)修復(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)參(can)差不齊，很(hen)多脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)甚至是(shi)專用(yong)修復(fu)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)寬(kuan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)、占空比(bi)(bi)(bi)、負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)設計(ji)得并不合理(li)(li)不能起(qi)到去硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。

大(da)(da)容(rong)量鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以(yi)下簡稱“電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)(shi)基(ji)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)保障(zhang)。在(zai)(zai)國內(nei)出現(xian)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)時候，后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)可靠(kao)性顯得格外(wai)重要。在(zai)(zai)長(chang)三(san)角和(he)珠三(san)角地區，每周(zhou)內(nei)停三(san)供(gong)(gong)四的(de)(de)時間很多，甚(shen)至出現(xian)聽四供(gong)(gong)三(san)更加嚴重的(de)(de)局面。多數處于野外(wai)的(de)(de)基(ji)站，其(qi)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)難以(yi)保證(zheng)都是(shi)(shi)采用(yong)一、二(er)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)，這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)可靠(kao)性問(wen)題尤其(qi)嚴重。 雖然目前的(de)(de)科學技術飛速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，近年(nian)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)也(ye)比(bi)較快，基(ji)本上(shang)以(yi)大(da)(da)型(xing)閥(fa)控密封(feng)式鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)代替了(le)防(fang)算酸隔爆(bao)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)型(xing)閥(fa)控密封(feng)式鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)近些年(nian)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。但是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)容(rong)量的(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)唯一的(de)(de)選擇。如何延長(chang)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正常使用(yong)壽命，一直是(shi)(shi)業內(nei)人士探討的(de)(de)主要問(wen)題。

相同(tong)(tong)(tong)的電池，在不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的設備條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的使用條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)維護(hu)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下使用壽命相差(cha)很大(da)。這就(jiu)需要在設備條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、使用條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)和維護(hu)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)上尋找(zhao)其差(cha)異。而電池失效的的幾個主要現象是：

a、正極(ji)板軟化；

b、正極(ji)板板柵腐蝕；

c、負(fu)極(ji)板硫化(hua)；

d、失水；

e、少數電池(chi)出(chu)現熱失控（包括(kuo)電池(chi)鼓脹）