一、純電動汽車是什么意思
純電動汽車是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)由電(dian)機驅動(dong),且驅動(dong)電(dian)能(neng)來源(yuan)于車(che)(che)(che)載可充電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)儲存系(xi)統(REESS)的汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)。純電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)以車(che)(che)(che)載電(dian)源(yuan)為(wei)動(dong)力,用(yong)電(dian)機驅動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)輪行駛,符合道(dao)路交(jiao)通、安全法規(gui)各項要(yao)求的車(che)(che)(che)輛。由于對(dui)環境影響(xiang)相對(dui)傳統汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)較小,其前景被廣泛(fan)看好,但(dan)當前技術尚不(bu)成(cheng)熟。
純電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(Battery Electric Vehicle,簡(jian)稱BEV),它是(shi)完全由(you)可(ke)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(如鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi))提供動力源的汽(qi)(qi)車。雖然它已有186年的悠久歷史,但一直僅限于(yu)某(mou)些特定范圍(wei)內應用(yong),市場較小。主要原因(yin)是(shi)由(you)于(yu)各種(zhong)類別的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)普遍存在(zai)價格高、壽命短(duan)、外形尺(chi)寸和重量大、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間長等不足。
二、純電動汽車的基本結構和原理
純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車由車載電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系統,電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輔助設施(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機,控(kong)制器,底(di)(di)盤(pan),車身七部分(fen)組成,按(an)照(zhao)傳統汽車的(de)結構劃分(fen),也(ye)可以將(jiang)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機,底(di)(di)盤(pan),車身和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣四部分(fen)。
1、電動機
電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)裝置,電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)心臟,它(ta)是(shi)依據電(dian)(dian)磁感應原理實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換一種電(dian)(dian)磁裝置,它(ta)的(de)主要作用是(shi)產生旋轉(zhuan)遠動(dong)(dong),作為用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備或各種機(ji)械(xie)的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)源。
2、發電機
發電(dian)機的主(zhu)要作用是(shi)將機械能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng),在電(dian)動汽車上起能(neng)(neng)量回收的作用。
3、冷卻系統
冷(leng)(leng)卻系(xi)統通常(chang)由散熱器(qi),水泵,風扇(shan),節溫(wen)器(qi),冷(leng)(leng)卻液溫(wen)度表等組(zu)成,電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)電動(dong)(dong)機采(cai)用(yong)兩種方式(shi)散熱,空氣冷(leng)(leng)卻和水冷(leng)(leng)卻,通常(chang)的電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)多采(cai)用(yong)水冷(leng)(leng)。
4、傳動系統
因為(wei)電(dian)動汽車具有(you)良好(hao)的牽引特性,所以不需要離合器和變速箱,車速控制由(you)控制器通過調速系統改變電(dian)動機的轉速就可以實現。
5、行駛系統
也就是(shi)底盤,和(he)燃(ran)油車相似,主要包括車架(jia),車橋,車輪(lun),和(he)懸架(jia)等,電(dian)動汽車行駛系統的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用是(shi)接(jie)收(shou)電(dian)動機經傳動系統傳來的(de)轉矩,并通過驅動輪(lun)和(he)路(lu)面間的(de)附著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)用,產生(sheng)路(lu)面對汽車的(de)牽引(yin)力(li),以確保正(zheng)常行駛。
6、蓄電池
蓄電池池的作用就是給電動機提供用電,為了滿足電動汽車對高電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)需求(qiu),通常由多(duo)個12V或24V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)串,并聯形成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組作為(wei)動(dong)力(li)源,動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)源組的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓是155V~400V,以(yi)周(zhou)期性的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)來補(bu)充電(dian)(dian)能,動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組是純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵裝備(bei),它儲存的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能及其自身(shen)的(de)(de)重量和體積對純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)性能起決定性的(de)(de)作用。