種子成(cheng)熟的特(te)點 如何辨(bian)別種子是(shi)否成(cheng)熟
種子成熟先是生理成熟,后是形態成熟。
生(sheng)理成(cheng)(cheng)熟是指(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)子營養(yang)(yang)物質貯藏(zang)到一定程度,種(zhong)(zhong)胚(pei)形成(cheng)(cheng),種(zhong)(zhong)實具(ju)有(you)發芽能(neng)力。生(sheng)理成(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子含(han)水量高,營養(yang)(yang)物質處于(yu)易(yi)溶狀態,尚不能(neng)完全保護種(zhong)(zhong)仁,不易(yi)防止(zhi)水分散失(shi)。此時采集,種(zhong)(zhong)仁急劇收縮(suo)不利于(yu)貯藏(zang),會很快喪失(shi)發芽能(neng)力,抗逆性低,易(yi)受微(wei)生(sheng)物為害(hai)。但對深休眠(mian)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子,如山茱(zhu)萸、山楂、椴樹、水曲柳等,可用處于(yu)生(sheng)理成(cheng)(cheng)熟期(qi)(qi)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子,采后即播,以縮(suo)短休眠(mian)期(qi)(qi),提高發芽率。
形(xing)態(tai)成(cheng)熟是(shi)指種實外部形(xing)態(tai)完全(quan)呈(cheng)現出成(cheng)熟特征,完成(cheng)子(zi)胚發育過(guo)程,結束了營養(yang)物(wu)質(zhi)的積累,含水量(liang)降低,營養(yang)物(wu)質(zhi)轉化為(wei)難溶的脂肪(fang)、蛋白質(zhi)和(he)淀粉,種子(zi)重量(liang)不再增(zeng)加或增(zeng)加很少,呼吸作用微弱,種皮致密(mi)、堅實,抗逆性(xing)強,已(yi)進入休眠,耐貯藏。一般園林(lin)采種多是(shi)在形(xing)態(tai)成(cheng)熟后采集(ji)。
一(yi)般(ban)樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)多(duo)是生理成熟在先(xian),一(yi)段時間之后才(cai)達(da)(da)到形態(tai)成熟。但(dan)也有的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)生理與形態(tai)成熟時間幾(ji)乎一(yi)致,或相隔時間很短(duan),如柳樹、榆(yu)樹、泡桐等(deng),當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)達(da)(da)到生理成熟后就自行脫落(luo),應(ying)注(zhu)意及時采收。也有生理后熟的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),如銀杏。當(dang)假(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮呈黃(huang)色變軟,由(you)樹上脫落(luo),此時胚還(huan)未發(fa)育完全,不能(neng)立即播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。需(xu)經適當(dang)條件下的(de)貯藏,采取一(yi)定措施才(cai)能(neng)正常發(fa)芽。
同一地區不(bu)同的樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong),由于(yu)生物學特性不(bu)同,其種(zhong)實成熟(shu)時期也不(bu)同。大(da)多數樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)的種(zhong)子(zi)成熟(shu)在秋季(ji),也有在春(chun)、夏(xia)季(ji)成熟(shu),如(ru)柚子(zi)、鐵刀(dao)木、松柏等早春(chun)成熟(shu),楊樹(shu)(shu)、柳樹(shu)(shu)、榆樹(shu)(shu)等在春(chun)末夏(xia)初(chu)成熟(shu),桑樹(shu)(shu)、柏樹(shu)(shu)等在夏(xia)季(ji)成熟(shu);而苦楝(lian)、馬尾(wei)松等入冬成熟(shu)。
同一樹種(zhong)在(zai)不(bu)同生長地區、不(bu)同地理(li)位置(zhi),種(zhong)實的成(cheng)熟(shu)期也不(bu)同。一般生長在(zai)南方的樹種(zhong)比(bi)生長在(zai)北方的種(zhong)實成(cheng)熟(shu)早。
同(tong)(tong)(tong)一樹種(zhong)雖生長在同(tong)(tong)(tong)一地(di)區,但(dan)由于(yu)立地(di)條件、天(tian)氣(qi)變化等差異,種(zhong)子成(cheng)熟(shu)期也不同(tong)(tong)(tong)。生于(yu)沙質土(tu)壤(rang)比(bi)(bi)粘質土(tu)壤(rang)樹種(zhong)種(zhong)子的成(cheng)熟(shu)要早,陽坡(po)比(bi)(bi)陰(yin)坡(po)的成(cheng)熟(shu)要早,林(lin)緣比(bi)(bi)林(lin)內的成(cheng)熟(shu)要早,高溫干旱地(di)區年(nian)份(fen)比(bi)(bi)冷涼多雨地(di)區成(cheng)熟(shu)要早。
種子成(cheng)熟特征(zheng)可分為3類(lei):漿果(guo)類(lei)成(cheng)熟期果(guo)皮(pi)變軟(ruan),顏色由綠變紅、黃(huang)、紫(zi)色等,并具有香(xiang)味,多能自(zi)行脫落(luo),應注意(yi)及時采(cai)摘。
干果(guo)類(lei)(lei)(莢果(guo)、蒴(shuo)果(guo)、翅(chi)果(guo)等)成(cheng)熟時(shi)果(guo)皮(pi)變(bian)為褐色,干燥開裂,也有在樹枝上宿存的,如刺(ci)槐、紫藤、烏桕、衛(wei)矛類(lei)(lei)等。
球果類果鱗干(gan)裂、硬化、變色,種(zhong)鱗開裂散出種(zhong)子(zi),如油松、白皮松、馬尾松、華山松。