【稻種催芽(ya)】水稻種子(zi)浸種催芽(ya)技術要點 水稻種子(zi)催芽(ya)注意事項
水稻(dao)種子浸種催(cui)芽技術(shu)要點
水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天,以利提高種子的發芽(ya)勢(shi)和發芽(ya)率。但(dan)不(bu)宜在水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥地(di)、石板上曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時首先要(yao)進(jin)行種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子消毒處理,再進(jin)行浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)倡流水(shui)(shui)(shui)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa),如確實需(xu)靜水(shui)(shui)(shui)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),則每天最少要(yao)淋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或換水(shui)(shui)(shui)二次以上。一般早稻(dao)需(xu)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)48小時以上,中、晚(wan)稻(dao)需(xu)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)36小時以上。
浸種(zhong)后催芽(ya),主要(yao)掌(zhang)握高溫(wen)(35℃—38℃)破胸露(lu)白,適溫(wen) (25℃—30℃)長芽(ya),低溫(wen)(正常氣溫(wen))晾芽(ya)練芽(ya)。以淋溫(wen)水和(he)覆蓋密閉的辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)調節谷(gu)種(zhong)溫(wen)度和(he)水分,以翻(fan)堆的辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)促使(shi)谷(gu)堆內外、上下,溫(wen)度、濕度均勻(yun),使(shi)芽(ya)、根(gen)長勢一(yi)致。催芽(ya)標準(zhun)為芽(ya)長半粒谷(gu)、根(gen)長一(yi)粒谷(gu)。
1、曬種
常規稻種浸種前一周選晴天將種子曬(shai)6~8小時,然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的(de)呼吸作用和酶的(de)活(huo)性,有利于提(ti)高種(zhong)子發(fa)芽率和發(fa)芽勢;曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong)也可殺死部分附著在稻殼上的(de)病菌。但雜交稻種(zhong)浸(jin)種(zhong)前(qian)不要(yao)曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong),曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong)后接(jie)著浸(jin)種(zhong),發(fa)芽率一般要(yao)降(jiang)低5%至10%,對于那些(xie)生活(huo)力(li)弱(ruo)的(de)種(zhong)子,曬(shai)(shai)種(zhong)的(de)負面影響更大。
2、選種
要求用(yong)清水選(xuan)種(zhong),把浮在表層的(de)秕谷(gu)撈出(chu),選(xuan)用(yong)飽滿(man)的(de)稻種(zhong),以培(pei)育出(chu)整(zheng)齊健壯(zhuang)秧(yang)苗。
3、提倡活水浸種
浸種時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)易過(guo)長,最好采(cai)用“日浸(jin)夜(ye)露”的方法,即白(bai)天(tian)浸(jin)種、夜(ye)晚撈出攤開,浸(jin)種時(shi)最好將種子(zi)放入流動清水中先浸(jin)6小時(shi)(無流動清水的要每隔4-6小時(shi)左(zuo)右換水一次),要淘汰舊(jiu)(老)的直接浸(jin)種48小時(shi)方法。
采(cai)用(yong)間(jian)歇(xie)浸(jin)種方(fang)法(fa):常(chang)規早稻(dao)浸(jin)種最佳時(shi)間(jian)33—35小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi),超過(guo)48小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)勢和發芽(ya)率。(具體浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)視氣溫水(shui)溫而定,以種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)足水(shui)份為(wei)準----谷殼透明,米(mi)粒腹白可見,剝去(qu)穎殼米(mi)粒易折斷而無響聲,用(yong)手能碾(nian)碎時(shi)(shi)(shi),表明種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)已吸(xi)(xi)(xi) 足水(shui)分(fen))。雜交(jiao)早(zao)稻(dao)宜采用(yong)多起多落,間(jian)(jian)歇浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa),忌(ji)長時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)連續浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)稻(dao)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)程就是種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)過(guo)程,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)后,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)酶(mei)的(de)(de)活(huo)性開(kai)始(shi)上升,在(zai)酶(mei)活(huo)性作用(yong)下胚(pei)乳(ru)淀粉(fen)逐步溶解成(cheng)糖,釋(shi)放出供(gong)胚(pei)根(gen)、胚(pei)芽(ya)和胚(pei)軸(zhou)所需要的(de)(de)養(yang)分(fen)。當稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)達(da)到谷重24%時(shi)(shi)(shi),胚(pei)就開(kai)始(shi)萌動,稱這(zhe)為(wei)破胸或露白。當種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量達(da)到谷重40%時(shi)(shi)(shi),種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)才(cai)能正(zheng)常發芽(ya),這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)飽(bao)和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量。達(da)到這(zhe)一吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian),一方面受浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)溫影響,在(zai)一定溫度范圍內(nei),溫度越(yue)高,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)越(yue)快,達(da)到飽(bao)和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)越(yue)短。另一方面受水(shui)稻(dao)品種(zhong)(zhong)和組合(he)類型影響。由于(yu)(yu)雜交(jiao)水(shui)稻(dao)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)后酶(mei)的(de)(de)活(huo)性較強,故雜交(jiao)水(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)要比常規稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)要短。
4、提倡藥劑浸種
建(jian)議采用(yong)藥劑浸(jin)種,包衣種子除外。清水浸(jin)種6小時后,使附在種子上的(de)病(bing)菌孢子萌(meng)動,再(zai)進(jin)行藥劑殺(sha)菌。目前常用(yong)的(de)藥劑有25%咪鮮胺2000-3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)(即2ml兌(dui)水(shui)(shui)5公(gong)斤(jin),浸(jin)(jin)種4-5公(gong)斤(jin))浸(jin)(jin)種6小時。或用(yong)500倍(bei)強氯精(jing)(2克強氯精(jing)兌(dui)1公(gong)斤(jin)水(shui)(shui))浸(jin)(jin)種6-8小時后,消毒(du)藥液(ye)(ye)應高出(chu)種子表面一寸(cun)(消毒(du)期間不(bu)換(huan)水(shui)(shui)),然(ran)后把稻種用(yong)清水(shui)(shui)反(fan)復(fu)沖(chong)洗,把殘(can)留藥液(ye)(ye)沖(chong)洗干凈。
5、催芽
目前(qian)還有不(bu)(bu)少(shao)農民喜歡(huan)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)種子裝在編織袋(dai)(dai)(dai)中催(cui)芽,甚至因為溫度上(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)來,將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)種子放在太(tai)陽(yang)下暴曬,往(wang)往(wang)造成燒芽。最好最簡易(yi)的(de)方法是(shi)用(yong)雙層(ceng)、無(wu)病、濕潤麻袋(dai)(dai)(dai)催(cui)芽,在地(di)面墊一(yi)層(ceng)無(wu)病稻(dao)草,將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)條麻袋(dai)(dai)(dai)鋪好,把種子均勻地(di)鋪在上(shang)(shang)面,再(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)另一(yi)條麻袋(dai)(dai)(dai)蓋在上(shang)(shang)面,中途只(zhi)少(shao)許注意是(shi)否(fou)添(tian)加(jia)水分即可(ke)。也(ye)可(ke)裝入麻袋(dai)(dai)(dai)或(huo)比較(jiao)通氣(qi)的(de)編織袋(dai)(dai)(dai),四周可(ke)用(yong)稻(dao)草封好保溫。谷種升(sheng)溫后,控制溫度在35~38℃,溫度過高要翻堆,過低則要采取措施提高種堆溫度。經20小時左(zuo)右,谷種即可露白破胸。5月中(zhong)下(xia)旬氣溫正(zheng)常,則采用日浸夜露方(fang)法,無需加保溫材料,均可正(zheng)常發芽。
6、煉芽
在(zai)播種(zhong)前(qian)要(yao)把催(cui)好(hao)芽的谷種(zhong)攤開在(zai)常溫下煉芽3~6小時后(hou)播種(zhong)。使谷種(zhong)適應空氣溫(wen)度(du),提高成苗率。
7、適時播種
谷種露白后調溫(wen)到(dao)25~30℃,適溫催芽促根,待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田,機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。
水稻種子催芽注意事項
1、 催芽時每天(tian)要(yao)翻動1-2次,使種子上下內外溫度均勻(yun)一致,達到發芽(ya)整齊。
2、 催芽時一定要注意溫度變(bian)化,防治高(gao)溫燒種(zhong),超(chao)過40℃種子失(shi)去發芽(ya)能力。
3、 當種子85%破胸,使溫(wen)度(du)降(jiang)至(zhi)25℃,芽、根長控(kong)制(zhi)在2毫(hao)米(mi)以(yi)內,攤開(kai)晾種。
4、 破胸后(hou),適(shi)當補水,注意(yi)通氣增氧,即可催(cui)出茁壯的好芽。
5、 根據(ju)各自(zi)的生產(chan)計劃,適時(shi)分批催芽、播種,把秧齡(ling)控制(zhi)在3.5葉齡,防(fang)止前期(qi)插(cha)小苗,后(hou)期(qi)插(cha)大(da)苗。