【稻種(zhong)催芽(ya)】水稻種(zhong)子浸種(zhong)催芽(ya)技術要點 水稻種(zhong)子催芽(ya)注(zhu)意事項

水稻種子浸種催芽(ya)技(ji)術要點

水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天，以利提高種子的(de)發(fa)芽勢和發(fa)芽率。但不宜(yi)在水泥地、石板上(shang)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)首(shou)先(xian)要進(jin)行種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)消毒(du)處(chu)理(li)，再(zai)進(jin)行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。水稻種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提倡流水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)，如確實(shi)需靜水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，則每(mei)天(tian)最(zui)少要淋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或換水二(er)次以(yi)上(shang)。一般(ban)早稻需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)48小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)上(shang)，中、晚稻需浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)36小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)上(shang)。

浸(jin)種后催(cui)芽(ya)，主要(yao)掌握高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(35℃—38℃)破胸露白(bai)，適溫(wen)(wen)(wen) (25℃—30℃)長(chang)(chang)芽(ya)，低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(正常氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen))晾芽(ya)練芽(ya)。以(yi)淋(lin)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)水和覆蓋密閉的辦法(fa)調節谷種溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)和水分，以(yi)翻堆(dui)的辦法(fa)促使谷堆(dui)內外、上下，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)、濕(shi)度(du)均勻，使芽(ya)、根(gen)長(chang)(chang)勢一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)。催(cui)芽(ya)標準為芽(ya)長(chang)(chang)半粒谷、根(gen)長(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)粒谷。

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1、曬種

常規稻種浸種前(qian)一周選(xuan)晴(qing)天(tian)將種子(zi)曬6～8小時，然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的(de)(de)呼吸作用(yong)和(he)酶的(de)(de)活性，有(you)利于提(ti)高種(zhong)子發(fa)芽率和(he)發(fa)芽勢；曬種(zhong)也可殺死部分附(fu)著(zhu)在稻殼上的(de)(de)病(bing)菌。但(dan)雜交(jiao)稻種(zhong)浸種(zhong)前不要曬種(zhong),曬種(zhong)后接著(zhu)浸種(zhong)，發(fa)芽率一(yi)般要降低5%至10%，對(dui)于那(nei)些(xie)生活力弱的(de)(de)種(zhong)子，曬種(zhong)的(de)(de)負面(mian)影響更大(da)。

2、選種

要求用清(qing)水選(xuan)種(zhong)，把浮在表層的秕谷撈出，選(xuan)用飽滿(man)的稻(dao)種(zhong)，以培(pei)育(yu)出整齊健(jian)壯秧苗。

3、提倡活水浸種

浸種(zhong)時間不(bu)易過長，最好采用“日浸夜露”的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，即白天浸種(zhong)、夜晚撈出攤開，浸種(zhong)時最好將種(zhong)子放入流動(dong)清水中(zhong)先浸6小(xiao)(xiao)時（無流動(dong)清水的(de)(de)要每隔(ge)4－6小(xiao)(xiao)時左右(you)換水一次），要淘汰舊(老)的(de)(de)直接浸種(zhong)48小(xiao)(xiao)時方(fang)法(fa)。

采用(yong)間歇浸種方(fang)法：常規早稻浸種最佳時間33—35小時(shi)(shi)(shi)，超過48小時(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)利于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽勢和發芽率(lv)。（具體浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)視氣溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)而定，以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)足水(shui)(shui)(shui)份(fen)為準----谷殼(ke)透明(ming)，米粒腹(fu)白(bai)可見，剝去(qu)穎殼(ke)米粒易折斷而無響聲，用手(shou)能碾碎時(shi)(shi)(shi)，表明(ming)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)已吸(xi)(xi)(xi) 足水(shui)(shui)(shui)分）。雜交(jiao)早稻(dao)宜采用多起多落，間(jian)(jian)歇浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法，忌長時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)連續浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過程就(jiu)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)過程，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)酶的活(huo)(huo)性開始上升，在酶活(huo)(huo)性作用下胚(pei)(pei)乳淀(dian)粉逐步溶(rong)解成糖，釋放出供胚(pei)(pei)根、胚(pei)(pei)芽和胚(pei)(pei)軸所(suo)需要(yao)的養(yang)分。當稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)達(da)(da)到谷重24%時(shi)(shi)(shi)，胚(pei)(pei)就(jiu)開始萌動，稱這為破胸(xiong)或(huo)露白(bai)。當種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)達(da)(da)到谷重40%時(shi)(shi)(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)才能正常(chang)發芽，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)的吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)飽和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。達(da)(da)到這一(yi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，一(yi)方(fang)面受(shou)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)影響，在一(yi)定溫(wen)度(du)范(fan)圍內，溫(wen)度(du)越(yue)高，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)越(yue)快，達(da)(da)到飽和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)越(yue)短。另一(yi)方(fang)面受(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和組合類型(xing)影響。由于(yu)雜交(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后酶的活(huo)(huo)性較強(qiang)，故(gu)雜交(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)要(yao)比常(chang)規稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)要(yao)短。

4、提倡藥劑浸種

建議采(cai)用藥(yao)劑(ji)浸種(zhong)，包(bao)衣種(zhong)子除外(wai)。清水浸種(zhong)6小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后，使附在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子上的病菌(jun)孢子萌動(dong),再進(jin)行藥(yao)劑殺菌(jun)。目前(qian)常用的藥(yao)劑有25%咪鮮(xian)胺2000-3000倍液(ye)（即2ml兌水(shui)5公斤，浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)4-5公斤）浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)6小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)。或用500倍強(qiang)(qiang)氯(lv)精（2克強(qiang)(qiang)氯(lv)精兌1公斤水(shui)）浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)6-8小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后，消(xiao)毒(du)藥(yao)液(ye)應高出種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表面一寸（消(xiao)毒(du)期間(jian)不換水(shui)），然(ran)后把(ba)稻種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用清(qing)水(shui)反(fan)復沖洗，把(ba)殘留藥(yao)液(ye)沖洗干凈。

5、催芽

目前還(huan)有不少農(nong)民喜(xi)歡將種(zhong)子裝在(zai)(zai)編織(zhi)袋中催芽(ya)，甚至因(yin)為溫(wen)度上(shang)不來，將種(zhong)子放在(zai)(zai)太陽下(xia)暴曬，往往造成燒芽(ya)。最(zui)好(hao)最(zui)簡易的(de)方法(fa)是用雙層、無(wu)病(bing)、濕潤麻(ma)(ma)袋催芽(ya)，在(zai)(zai)地面墊一(yi)層無(wu)病(bing)稻草，將一(yi)條(tiao)麻(ma)(ma)袋鋪(pu)好(hao)，把種(zhong)子均勻地鋪(pu)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)面，再將另一(yi)條(tiao)麻(ma)(ma)袋蓋(gai)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)面，中途只少許(xu)注意是否添加(jia)水分即可。也可裝入(ru)麻(ma)(ma)袋或比較通氣的(de)編織(zhi)袋，四周可用稻草封(feng)好(hao)保(bao)溫(wen)。谷種(zhong)升溫(wen)后，控制溫(wen)度在(zai)(zai)35～38℃，溫(wen)度(du)過高(gao)要翻堆，過低(di)則要采取(qu)措施提高(gao)種(zhong)(zhong)堆溫(wen)度(du)。經(jing)20小時左右，谷種(zhong)(zhong)即(ji)可露白破胸。5月中下旬氣溫(wen)正常，則采用日浸夜(ye)露方法，無需加保(bao)溫(wen)材料，均可正常發芽。

6、煉芽

在(zai)播種前(qian)要(yao)把催好芽的谷種攤(tan)開在(zai)常溫下煉芽3～6小時(shi)后播種。使谷種適應(ying)空氣(qi)溫(wen)度，提(ti)高成苗率。

7、適時播種

谷種露白(bai)后調溫到25～30℃，適溫催芽促根，待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田，機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。

水稻種子催芽注意事項

1、 催芽時每天要翻動1-2次，使種(zhong)子(zi)上下內(nei)外溫度均(jun)勻(yun)一(yi)致，達到(dao)發芽整齊。

2、 催芽時一(yi)定(ding)要注意溫(wen)度變化，防治高溫(wen)燒種，超過40℃種子(zi)失去發(fa)芽(ya)能力。

3、 當種子85%破胸，使溫度降至25℃，芽、根長控(kong)制在(zai)2毫米(mi)以內(nei)，攤開晾種(zhong)。

4、 破胸后，適(shi)當補水，注意通氣(qi)增(zeng)氧，即可催出茁壯的好(hao)芽。

5、 根(gen)據各自的生(sheng)產計劃，適時分批催芽、播種，把秧齡(ling)控制在(zai)3.5葉齡(ling)，防止前期插(cha)小苗(miao)，后(hou)期插(cha)大苗(miao)。