總(zong)統(tong)(tong)是共和制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)家最高行(xing)政國(guo)家元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)首(shou)(shou)的(de)名稱,一般由直接選舉或間接選舉產生。在美國(guo)、印度(du)尼西(xi)亞和菲(fei)律賓等(deng)(deng)實行(xing)總(zong)統(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)國(guo)家,總(zong)統(tong)(tong)既是國(guo)家元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)首(shou)(shou),又是政府首(shou)(shou)腦,在德國(guo)、意大利等(deng)(deng)議會制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)家,作(zuo)為(wei)國(guo)家元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)首(shou)(shou)的(de)總(zong)統(tong)(tong)只(zhi)是象征(zheng)性職位,真正行(xing)使(shi)行(xing)政職權的(de)是總(zong)理或首(shou)(shou)相,除此之(zhi)外還(huan)有半總(zong)統(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、委員制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)不同的(de)國(guo)家體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
值得關(guan)注(zhu)的(de)是(shi),世界各國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統的(de)任(ren)(ren)期(qi)不(bu)一,例如美國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統經選(xuan)舉產生(sheng)后,任(ren)(ren)期(qi)4年,可連(lian)(lian)選(xuan)連(lian)(lian)任(ren)(ren),但(dan)連(lian)(lian)選(xuan)連(lian)(lian)任(ren)(ren)原則上不(bu)得超過2屆,韓國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統任(ren)(ren)期(qi)為5年,不(bu)得連(lian)(lian)任(ren)(ren),意大(da)利總(zong)(zong)(zong)統的(de)任(ren)(ren)期(qi)則長達(da)7年,以防止任(ren)(ren)何總(zong)(zong)(zong)統由(you)同一屆議(yi)會兩次選(xuan)出,同時(shi)也減少了總(zong)(zong)(zong)統對官僚機(ji)構(gou)的(de)依賴。
首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為“首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)席宰相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”的(de)縮寫,是(shi)君主(zhu)立憲制國(guo)家內閣首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腦的(de)中文(wen)通(tong)稱。在(zai)君主(zhu)立憲制下(xia),首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)多(duo)為國(guo)會多(duo)數黨(dang)的(de)黨(dang)魁或多(duo)數派的(de)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)領,享有(you)非(fei)常廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)權力(li)。資料顯示(shi),首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)產(chan)生各國(guo)規定不一(yi),例(li)如(ru)英(ying)國(guo)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)只能(neng)由(you)下(xia)院多(duo)數黨(dang)領袖擔(dan)任(ren)并(bing)由(you)英(ying)王任(ren)命,日本首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)則是(shi)由(you)國(guo)會提名經議員(yuan)選舉產(chan)生,并(bing)經天皇任(ren)命。除(chu)此之外,首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)除(chu)了(le)是(shi)政府首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腦,也可以有(you)其(qi)他職(zhi)能(neng),例(li)如(ru)在(zai)二戰時期,英(ying)國(guo)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丘吉爾便兼任(ren)國(guo)防大臣。
總理(li),也稱(cheng)為閣揆(kui),主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)指一個國家(jia)的政府(fu)首腦,負(fu)責統(tong)領中央政府(fu)的行政工作,可通用于君主(zhu)制或共(gong)和制國體。總理(li)的產生各國規(gui)定不一,例如德國總理(li)由總統(tong)提(ti)名并經聯邦議(yi)院全體大會選舉產生,法國總理(li)由議(yi)會多數(shu)派(pai)提(ti)名并由總統(tong)任命等。
除此之外,各(ge)國總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)權力(li)也不(bu)同(tong),在實行(xing)議會內閣(ge)制的(de)(de)(de)德國,聯(lian)邦總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)處于國家(jia)政治(zhi)生活的(de)(de)(de)中心地位(wei)(wei),權力(li)十分廣(guang)泛,其(qi)中包括制定總(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)政策指導方針等。而總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)地位(wei)(wei)與之截然不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)是俄羅(luo)斯總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li),因為(wei)俄羅(luo)斯實行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)是半(ban)總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)制,總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)擁有(you)的(de)(de)(de)權力(li)非常大,而總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)職位(wei)(wei)只是權力(li)的(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)者,總(zong)(zong)(zong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)權取消總(zong)(zong)(zong)理(li)一職。