電動車電池的分類

電動車(che)(che)電池(chi)是影響性(xing)能的關鍵部件，也是制約電動車(che)(che)發展的關鍵。為適應電動車(che)(che)的需(xu)要，電動車(che)(che)專用(yong)電池(chi)的發展也很快。那(nei)么(me)，各種電池(chi)在電動車(che)(che)中的地位如何？

電動車電池之一：鎳-金屬氫化物蓄電池

此類蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)比能(neng)量高，有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)比功率(lv)，壽命(ming)長(chang)，材料來(lai)源豐富，污染(ran)輕等優點，被認為(wei)是(shi)應(ying)提倡的(de)(de)(de)輕型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)用蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但在(zai)商業化的(de)(de)(de)輕型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)上使用ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還只占(zhan)很小的(de)(de)(de)比例，主要用于部(bu)分出口產品。這主要是(shi)由于ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格貴；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)個數(shu)多(duo)，而(er)且均勻一(yi)致性(xing)(xing)較差，這限制了蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組實際可(ke)使用的(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)。還有(you)鋰離(li)子蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)更優，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)迅速發展和(he)價(jia)(jia)格降(jiang)低對ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)上的(de)(de)(de)地位造成(cheng)強力的(de)(de)(de)威脅。因此認為(wei)：ni—mh蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)上應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)地位是(shi)暫短的(de)(de)(de)、過渡性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)，將來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)市場份額(e)是(shi)有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)。

電動車電池之二：鋰離子蓄電池和聚合物鋰離子蓄電池

鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和聚合(he)物鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)比能量更高，有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)比功率，壽命(ming)長(chang)，污(wu)染輕等優點，被認為是(shi)(shi)有希望是(shi)(shi)電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。最近不少(shao)公司(si)研(yan)制出10-20ah圓(yuan)柱形和方形電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)用(yong)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和聚合(he)物鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，并在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)上進行(xing)(xing)了(le)試驗，其價格約每vah要4元(yuan)人民幣。安全(quan)性(xing)及成熟程(cheng)度和價格是(shi)(shi)影響鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和聚合(he)物鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)上應用(yong)的(de)(de)主要制約因素(su)。可(ke)喜(xi)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)今年(nian)國(guo)內已有3-4家(jia)公司(si)的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)用(yong)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)通過了(le)安全(quan)認證。聚合(he)物鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)安全(quan)性(xing)比液(ye)態電(dian)解質鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)好。

因此(ci)認為(wei)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車用鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和聚合物鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，應(ying)通過實(shi)際(ji)考核(he)了解(jie)其真實(shi)性能和性能價格比(bi)。隨著它們(men)趨向成(cheng)熟(shu)，在安全可靠的(de)(de)基礎上，向有經濟能力而需要高(gao)性能的(de)(de)客戶提供。它們(men)將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)用于高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，將(jiang)是(shi)繼(ji)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)后所(suo)占(zhan)比(bi)例(li)(li)較大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。但受價格限制，暫時它們(men)所(suo)占(zhan)比(bi)例(li)(li)不會很大。

電動車電池之三：鋅空電池

鋅空電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)金屬—空氣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)一(yi)種，屬于半燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)范疇。它有比能量高，原材料豐(feng)富，價格(ge)不高，污(wu)染輕等優點，被認為是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動車用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)有競爭力的(de)候(hou)選者。

我國早有(you)(you)研制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)歷(li)史。1970年代曾是高潮，中(zhong)間有(you)(you)所中(zhong)斷。在1990年代中(zhong)期以色列efl公司開(kai)發出電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池后，我國一些有(you)(you)基礎的(de)單位也開(kai)始參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開(kai)發工作，研制出60ah的(de)機械可充(chong)式鋅(xin)空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，并裝在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)摩托車(che)(che)上(shang)成功地行駛了(le)200多公里，同時還(huan)進(jin)行了(le)鋅(xin)回收的(de)試驗研究工作。科技部(bu)也支持過研制動(dong)(dong)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)再生的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

電動車電池之四：其他電池（如ni-zn蓄電池、鋅鎳蓄電池和燃料電池）

雖然(ran)它們各有特點，但都(dou)幾乎沒有在(zai)商業(ye)化的輕型電動車上使用(yong)。這主要(yao)是由于價(jia)格貴、綜合(he)性能(neng)不理想、或技術不成熟、或受(shou)資源、服務配套系統制約因素影響。

電動車電池之五：閥控鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸蓄電池是已有100多年歷史的老產品，有些人認為鉛酸蓄電池是落后的產品，在電動自行車應用的前途不大。我們認為這種觀點是不正確。實際上，鉛酸蓄電池在100多年的歷史中一直不斷地在改進提高，有的是革命性的飛躍式提高，近年來我國電動自行車用閥控鉛酸蓄電池的水平有很大提高也是不斷地在改進提高的好例子。現在使用的閥控鉛酸蓄電池因其性能合適、價格便宜、材料來源豐富、技術和制造工藝較成熟、安全可靠等綜合因素，經市場檢驗，考核已成為商業化輕型電動車主要采用的電池，所占份額在95%以上。