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基本介紹

湖南衡山萱(xuan)洲國(guo)家濕(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園（以下稱濕(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園），是指經(jing)國(guo)家林業局批準，以保(bao)護(hu)萱(xuan)洲濕(shi)地(di)(di)生態系統、合理(li)利用濕(shi)地(di)(di)資源為目(mu)的，可供開展濕(shi)地(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)、恢復、宣傳、教育、科研、監(jian)測、生態旅(lv)游等活動(dong)的特定區域(yu)。

濕地公園(yuan)范圍(wei)包括湘(xiang)江(jiang)大源(yuan)渡航(hang)電樞(shu)紐(niu)(niu)工程(cheng)主庫區(qu)和(he)洪泛淹(yan)沒區(qu)，入(ru)庫河流龍蔭港(gang)、黃泥港(gang)、大源(yuan)江(jiang)及(ji)其周邊(bian)的洪泛平原區(qu)、部分(fen)水(shui)稻田和(he)山(shan)地。最北端至湘(xiang)江(jiang)河道洣水(shui)入(ru)江(jiang)口，最南端至湘(xiang)江(jiang)大源(yuan)渡航(hang)電樞(shu)紐(niu)(niu)工程(cheng)庫區(qu)衡(heng)山(shan)縣與衡(heng)陽市(shi)珠暉區(qu)交(jiao)界處，地理坐標介于東經112°41′36″～112°51′49″，北緯26°58′33″～27°11′20″之間(jian)，總面積2849.8公頃(qing)。

濕地生(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)屬(shu)于水域生(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)。其生(sheng)物群落由水生(sheng)和陸(lu)生(sheng)兩種(zhong)種(zhong)類組成，其物質循環、能量流動和物種(zhong)遷移與演(yan)變活躍(yue)，具有較(jiao)高的生(sheng)態(tai)多(duo)樣(yang)性、物種(zhong)多(duo)樣(yang)性和生(sheng)物生(sheng)產力。經過監(jian)測，衡山萱洲國(guo)家濕地公園生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)性非常豐富。

（1）鳥類資源

目前，衡山萱洲國家濕地(di)公(gong)園發現各種(zhong)鳥(niao)類85種(zhong)。 濕地(di)鳥(niao)類種(zhong)數占全國鳥(niao)類種(zhong)數的(de) 6.39%,占湖(hu)(hu)南省的(de)19.45%。2016年10月27日首次在(zai)湘江流(liu)域監測發現國家I級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)類中華秋沙鴨；據調查，公(gong)園內有白(bai)琵鷺、青(qing)腳(jiao)鷸等國家II級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)物種(zhong)有8種(zhong)，中日候(hou)鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)物種(zhong)26種(zhong)，中澳候(hou)鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)物種(zhong)8種(zhong)，湖(hu)(hu)南省地(di)方重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)物種(zhong)46種(zhong)。人們(men)經常(chang)可以見(jian)到(dao)的(de)鳥(niao)類有、小(xiao)白(bai)鷺、大白(bai)鷺、蒼鷺、牛背鷺、夜鷺、池鷺、小(xiao)鷿鷈、黑水(shui)雞、普通(tong)翠(cui)鳥(niao)、斑(ban)魚狗、紅腳(jiao)苦(ku)惡鳥(niao)、八哥、絲光掠鳥(niao)、斑(ban)嘴鴨、綠頭鴨等等。

（2）魚類資源

衡山萱洲國(guo)家(jia)濕地公園現已監測到魚類有(you)42種(zhong),隸屬于(yu)4目12科，魚類種(zhong)類占全(quan)國(guo)魚類種(zhong)類的(de)1.28%,占湖南省(sheng)魚類種(zhong)類的(de)23.07%。其中，有(you)8種(zhong)為(wei)(wei)中國(guo)所特有(you)，3種(zhong)為(wei)(wei)湖南省(sheng)地方重點保護(hu)物種(zhong)。除了(le)青、草(cao)、鰱、鳙(yong)四大(da)家(jia)魚以外，常見的(de)魚類有(you)鯉(li)魚、鯽魚、赤眼鱒、馬口(kou)魚、黃鱔、泥鰍(qiu)等等。

（3）植物資源

萱洲濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)及周邊地(di)(di)區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)較(jiao)多,濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)豐富。區內有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu) 828 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中裸(luo)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)819 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。屬于(yu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有258 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中,裸(luo)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)257 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。除去(qu)栽(zai)培(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內共有土著種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)750 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong); 其中濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有241 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內的濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)別為我(wo)國濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的17.01%;為湖南省濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的52.76%。比較(jiao)常見的濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有楓楊、烏桕(jiu)、野大豆（國家二級保護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）、荷花、菖蒲、蘆(lu)竹、水(shui)芹、水(shui)蔥(cong)、野菱、狐尾藻、黑藻、苦草等等。

除了(le)豐富的鳥類、魚類、植(zhi)物(wu)資源以外，衡(heng)山(shan)萱(xuan)洲(zhou)(zhou)國(guo)家(jia)濕地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園的底細(xi)動(dong)物(wu)、浮游生物(wu)、兩棲動(dong)物(wu)、爬行動(dong)物(wu)、哺乳(ru)動(dong)物(wu)也很多，充分體現了(le)衡(heng)山(shan)萱(xuan)洲(zhou)(zhou)國(guo)家(jia)濕地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園良好(hao)的濕地(di)(di)(di)生態環境，建(jian)設和保護萱(xuan)洲(zhou)(zhou)濕地(di)(di)(di)，意義(yi)重(zhong)大。