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基本介紹

湖南衡山萱(xuan)洲(zhou)國家(jia)濕地(di)公(gong)園（以下(xia)稱濕地(di)公(gong)園），是指經國家(jia)林業局批準，以保護萱(xuan)洲(zhou)濕地(di)生態系統(tong)、合(he)理利(li)用濕地(di)資源為(wei)目的，可供開展濕地(di)保護、恢復(fu)、宣傳、教育、科研、監測、生態旅(lv)游(you)等活(huo)動的特定區域。

濕地(di)(di)公(gong)園范圍包括湘(xiang)江大源渡航(hang)電(dian)樞紐(niu)工(gong)程主庫(ku)區(qu)和洪泛淹沒區(qu)，入(ru)庫(ku)河流(liu)龍蔭港(gang)、黃泥(ni)港(gang)、大源江及其周(zhou)邊的洪泛平原(yuan)區(qu)、部分水稻田(tian)和山地(di)(di)。最北端(duan)至(zhi)湘(xiang)江河道(dao)洣水入(ru)江口(kou)，最南端(duan)至(zhi)湘(xiang)江大源渡航(hang)電(dian)樞紐(niu)工(gong)程庫(ku)區(qu)衡山縣與衡陽(yang)市珠暉區(qu)交界處，地(di)(di)理坐標介于東經112°41′36″～112°51′49″，北緯26°58′33″～27°11′20″之(zhi)間，總面積2849.8公(gong)頃(qing)。

濕地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)屬于水域生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)。其生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)群(qun)落由水生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)兩種(zhong)種(zhong)類(lei)組成，其物(wu)質循(xun)環、能(neng)量流(liu)動(dong)和(he)物(wu)種(zhong)遷移(yi)與演變活躍，具有較高的生(sheng)(sheng)態多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)、物(wu)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)產力。經過(guo)監測，衡山萱(xuan)洲(zhou)國家濕地(di)公園生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)非(fei)常(chang)豐富。

（1）鳥類資源

目前，衡(heng)山萱(xuan)洲國(guo)(guo)家濕地(di)公(gong)園發現(xian)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥類85種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 濕地(di)鳥類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數占(zhan)全國(guo)(guo)鳥類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de) 6.39%,占(zhan)湖南省的(de)19.45%。2016年(nian)10月27日(ri)首次(ci)在湘江流(liu)域監測發現(xian)國(guo)(guo)家I級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥類中(zhong)華(hua)秋沙鴨(ya)(ya)；據調(diao)查，公(gong)園內有白(bai)(bai)琵鷺(lu)、青腳鷸等國(guo)(guo)家II級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)日(ri)候(hou)鳥保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)澳(ao)候(hou)鳥保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，湖南省地(di)方重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。人們經常可以(yi)見到(dao)的(de)鳥類有、小白(bai)(bai)鷺(lu)、大白(bai)(bai)鷺(lu)、蒼鷺(lu)、牛背鷺(lu)、夜鷺(lu)、池鷺(lu)、小鷿鷈(ti)、黑水雞(ji)、普通翠(cui)鳥、斑(ban)魚狗、紅腳苦惡(e)鳥、八哥(ge)、絲光掠(lve)鳥、斑(ban)嘴鴨(ya)(ya)、綠頭鴨(ya)(ya)等等。

（2）魚類資源

衡(heng)山萱洲國(guo)家濕地公(gong)園現已(yi)監(jian)測到(dao)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)有42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬于4目12科，魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)占全國(guo)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的1.28%,占湖(hu)南省魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的23.07%。其中，有8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為中國(guo)所特有，3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為湖(hu)南省地方重(zhong)點保護物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。除了青、草、鰱、鳙四大家魚(yu)(yu)(yu)以外，常見的魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)有鯉魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、鯽魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、赤眼鱒、馬口魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、黃(huang)鱔、泥(ni)鰍等等。

（3）植物資源

萱洲濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地公園及周(zhou)邊地區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類較多,濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)豐富。區(qu)內有種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 828 種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中裸子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong),被(bei)(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)819 種(zhong)(zhong)。屬(shu)于濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有258 種(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中,裸子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1 種(zhong)(zhong),被(bei)(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)257 種(zhong)(zhong)。除去栽培(pei)種(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地公園內共有土(tu)著種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)750 種(zhong)(zhong); 其(qi)中濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有241 種(zhong)(zhong)。濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地公園內的(de)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)別為我國濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)17.01%;為湖南省(sheng)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)52.76%。比較常(chang)見的(de)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有楓楊、烏(wu)桕、野(ye)大豆（國家二級保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)）、荷花、菖蒲、蘆(lu)竹(zhu)、水(shui)芹、水(shui)蔥、野(ye)菱、狐(hu)尾藻(zao)(zao)、黑藻(zao)(zao)、苦草(cao)等等。

除了豐富(fu)的(de)鳥類(lei)、魚類(lei)、植物(wu)(wu)(wu)資源以外，衡山萱(xuan)洲國(guo)家濕地公園的(de)底細動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、浮游(you)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)、兩棲動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、爬行動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、哺乳動物(wu)(wu)(wu)也很(hen)多，充分體現了衡山萱(xuan)洲國(guo)家濕地公園良好的(de)濕地生態(tai)環(huan)境，建設和保護萱(xuan)洲濕地，意義(yi)重大(da)。