成都茶店(dian)子客運站每天有十幾次開往(wang)汶(wen)川縣的班車,從汶(wen)川縣城至(zhi)桃坪有面包車或中巴車,票價約10元(yuan)。
桃(tao)坪羌寨,在(zai)理縣東40公里(li)處,距成都市約(yue)180公里(li)。該寨是羌族建(jian)筑群(qun)落的典(dian)型代表,寨內一片(pian)黃褐色的石(shi)屋順陡峭的山勢依坡逐坡上壘(lei),其間碉堡林(lin)立(li),被稱(cheng)為最神秘的“東方(fang)古(gu)堡”。
桃坪(ping)羌寨以古(gu)堡為中(zhong)心筑成了放(fang)射狀的(de)8個出口,出口連著甬(yong)道構(gou)成路網,本寨人進退自如,外人如入迷宮。寨房相連相通,外墻(qiang)用卵石(shi)、片石(shi)相混建構(gou),斑駁有(you)(you)(you)致,寨中(zhong)巷道縱(zong)橫,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)寨房建有(you)(you)(you)低矮的(de)圍(wei)墻(qiang),保留了遠古(gu)羌人居“穹廬(lu)”的(de)習慣。民居內房間寬闊(kuo)、梁柱(zhu)縱(zong)橫,一般有(you)(you)(you)二(er)至三層,上面作(zuo)(zuo)為住房,下(xia)面設牛(niu)羊圈舍或堆放(fang)農具(ju),屋內房頂常壘有(you)(you)(you)一“小(xiao)塔”,供(gong)奉羌人的(de)白(bai)石(shi)神(一塊卵狀白(bai)色石(shi)頭(tou))。堡內的(de)地下(xia)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)統也是(shi)獨一無二(er)的(de),從高山上引來的(de)泉水(shui)(shui),經暗(an)溝(gou)流至每(mei)家每(mei)戶,不僅(jin)可(ke)以調節室內溫(wen)度,作(zuo)(zuo)消防設施(shi),而且(qie)一旦有(you)(you)(you)戰事,還是(shi)避免(mian)敵人斷水(shui)(shui)和逃生的(de)暗(an)道。
桃(tao)(tao)坪歷史(shi)悠(you)久(jiu),據史(shi)料記截,寨子(zi)始建于公元前(qian)111年,西漢(han)時即在(zai)此設廣(guang)柔縣,桃(tao)(tao)坪作(zuo)為縣轄(xia)隘口和(he)防御重區便(bian)已存在(zai),已有2000多(duo)年的歷史(shi)。
桃坪羌寨,羌語“契子”,依山(shan)傍水,土(tu)沃水豐,人杰地靈,岷(min)江(jiang)支流雜谷(gu)腦河自村而過。該(gai)村寨集古樸濃郁的(de)(de)民(min)風(feng)民(min)俗,神奇獨特的(de)(de)羌民(min)族建(jian)筑,天
然地道(dao)的(de)羌(qiang)族刺秀(xiu)和奔放的(de)羌(qiang)族歌舞,展示著古樸迷(mi)離的(de)羌(qiang)族歷史。夜幕降臨(lin),篝火熊熊,羌(qiang)家(jia)人圍著咂(za)酒、載歌載舞,往(wang)往(wang)是“一夜羌(qiang)歌舞婆(po)娑(suo),不知紅日已瞳(tong)瞳(tong)。”
“龍來氐羌(qiang)(qiang)黃(huang)河頭(tou),征程(cheng)漫(man)漫(man)幾個(ge)秋(qiu)”迄今為止,中(zhong)國(guo)境內發現的(de)古老而又是(shi)(shi)比較成(cheng)熟的(de)文(wen)(wen)字便是(shi)(shi)3000多年前殷(yin)商時(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)代(dai)表文(wen)(wen)字——甲(jia)骨文(wen)(wen)。甲(jia)骨文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)有一個(ge)關于(yu)民族(zu)(或氏族(zu)、部落)稱(cheng)號的(de)文(wen)(wen)字,即“羌(qiang)(qiang)”,是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)人類族(zu)號較早的(de)記(ji)載。《說文(wen)(wen)·羊部》:“羌(qiang)(qiang),西戎牧(mu)羊人也,從(cong)人從(cong)羊,羊亦聲。”羌(qiang)(qiang),屬他稱(cheng),即當時(shi)(shi)中(zhong)原部落對(dui)西部(陜西、甘肅、寧夏、新疆、青海(hai)、西藏、四川)游牧(mu)民族(zu)的(de)泛稱(cheng)。所以可以肯定地說,氐羌(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)群絕(jue)不是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)單一的(de)民族(zu),他們有不同的(de)語言、服(fu)飾、習俗等,唯(wei)一的(de)共同點可能就(jiu)只是(shi)(shi)“逐水(shui)草而居(ju)”的(de)游牧(mu)生活方式(shi)。
仰韶文化末期(約公元前3000年左右),黃河中游出現了炎、黃(huang)兩(liang)大(da)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)。炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)姜(jiang)姓,姜(jiang)、羌本一字之分化(hua),是母系(xi)社會與父(fu)系(xi)社會的(de)不同表達,甲(jia)骨(gu)文中亦常互(hu)用。姜(jiang)、羌均像頭戴(dai)羊角(jiao)頭飾(shi)之人,代表以(yi)羊為圖騰的(de)起(qi)源(yuan)于中國(guo)西(xi)北的(de)原始游牧(mu)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)。《晉語(yu)·國(guo)語(yu)》:“昔少(shao)典娶(qu)有蟲(chong)喬 氏,生黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)、炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)。黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)姬水成(cheng)(cheng),炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)姜(jiang)水成(cheng)(cheng)。成(cheng)(cheng)而異德,故(gu)黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)為姬,炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)為姜(jiang)。”炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)屬古羌族(zu)(zu)(zu)部(bu)落(luo)(luo),部(bu)落(luo)(luo)眾多。在后來的(de)戰爭中,炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)大(da)部(bu)分與黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)互(hu)相(xiang)融合(he),成(cheng)(cheng)為華(hua)夏(xia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(今(jin)漢族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)先民(min)(min))。另一部(bu)分則(ze)西(xi)行或南下,與當地土著居民(min)(min)融合(he),成(cheng)(cheng)為漢藏語(yu)系(xi)漢族(zu)(zu)(zu)、羌族(zu)(zu)(zu)以(yi)外的(de)其他民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)先民(min)(min),如藏族(zu)(zu)(zu)、彝族(zu)(zu)(zu)、納西(xi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)、白(bai)族(zu)(zu)(zu)、哈尼族(zu)(zu)(zu)、僳僳族(zu)(zu)(zu)、普米族(zu)(zu)(zu)、景(jing)頗族(zu)(zu)(zu)、拉祜族(zu)(zu)(zu)、基諾族(zu)(zu)(zu)等等。
約公元前2100年(nian),善于(yu)治(zhi)水(shui)的(de)羌人大禹(yu)繼任部落聯盟(meng)總(zong)首領。禹(yu)為了(le)天下(xia)子(zi)民的(de)安生(sheng),告別(bie)家(jia)(jia)(jia)鄉的(de)大山(shan),開始了(le)漫漫治(zhi)水(shui)之路。他專心治(zhi)理水(shui)患,疏通了(le)九河,戰績顯赫,民間(jian)還有大禹(yu)王“三過家(jia)(jia)(jia)門而不入”的(de)美(mei)傳(chuan)呢!大禹(yu)王后來破除了(le)“禪讓(rang)制”,傳(chuan)位(wei)于(yu)其子(zi)啟,史(shi)稱“夏啟”。啟即位(wei)后聯合諸部落在(zai)陽城(今河南登(deng)封縣治(zhi)城鎮(zhen))建立了(le)中國歷(li)史(shi)上的(de)第一個正式(shi)的(de)國家(jia)(jia)(jia),歷(li)傳(chuan)500多年(nian)。
公元前221年,秦(qin)王嬴政(史(shi)稱“秦(qin)始(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)”)攻(gong)滅齊、楚、燕、韓、趙、魏六(liu)國(guo)統一(yi)了(le)(le)(le)中國(guo),建立了(le)(le)(le)中國(guo)歷(li)史(shi)上第一(yi)個中央(yang)集(ji)權的(de)封建國(guo)家,開始(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le)歷(li)時2000多年的(de)封建社會。秦(qin)始(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)本生于羌(qiang)人老故居(ju)甘(gan)肅天水(shui),天水(shui)羌(qiang)種是(shi)也(在今(jin)羌(qiang)族聚居(ju)地(di)茂縣松坪溝仍(reng)有其祖始(shi)(shi)于秦(qin)始(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)的(de)說法)。秦(qin)的(de)族屬,經蒙文通教授考(kao)定為“秦(qin)之為戎(rong),固不自疑”。他建國(guo)后東遷(qian)陜西咸陽,并且頒布法令不準對西邊的(de)羌(qiang)戎(rong)部落用兵。
漢(han)代,四(si)川(chuan)羌(qiang)族(zu)建有(you)牦牛、青(qing)(qing)衣羌(qiang)國(guo),地轄今西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)、甘孜、雅(ya)安、樂山一(yi)(yi)帶(dai),國(guo)都在(zai)寶興(xing)縣靈(ling)關鎮(zhen)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)時西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)地區的漢(han)陽(天水(shui))、金城(蘭州)、安北(bei)地、隴西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)五郡羌(qiang)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)口達259990戶(hu),1001802人(ren)(ren)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)時羌(qiang)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)山東(dong)、河北(bei)、河南(nan)、內蒙、山西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、甘肅、寧夏、新疆、青(qing)(qing)海、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)藏、四(si)川(chuan)、云南(nan)、貴州等省(sheng)居住,人(ren)(ren)口多達1200多萬(wan),占全國(guo)人(ren)(ren)口1/4(當時全國(guo)人(ren)(ren)口為5995萬(wan))。到了東(dong)晉十六國(guo)時期(qi),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)氐(di)羌(qiang)人(ren)(ren)建立了成(cheng)(成(cheng)漢(han))、前(qian)秦、夏、后(hou)涼、后(hou)趙等國(guo)家(jia),但都只是(shi)曇花一(yi)(yi)現,生命力不強,影響不大(da)。
公元(yuan)881年(nian)(唐代(dai)末(mo)期),黨(dang)項羌人拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)思恭在夏州(今內蒙與(yu)陜西(xi)交(jiao)界(jie)處的白城子)建立夏州政權,轄(xia)夏、綏、銀、宥四州。夏國(guo)是以陜、甘、寧、青一(yi)帶(dai)的黨(dang)項羌族為(wei)主體,包括西(xi)北(bei)其他(ta)民族在內組(zu)建的國(guo)家。黨(dang)項羌有(you)細(xi)封氏(shi)、費(fei)聽(ting)氏(shi)、往利(li)氏(shi)、頗超氏(shi)、野利(li)氏(shi)、米擒氏(shi)、拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)氏(shi)八族,以拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)氏(shi)最(zui)強,起群(qun)首領(ling)導(dao)作用(yong)。后因受吐蕃不斷的侵(qin)犯和騷擾,向唐朝政府申請(qing)內遷于陜西(xi)、寧夏一(yi)帶(dai)。
公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1031年(nian),第十一(yi)世太(tai)祖李得(de)明(ming)逝世,其子李元(yuan)(yuan)昊(hao)繼位,號夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)景宗(zong)。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1032年(nian),元(yuan)(yuan)昊(hao)改姓(xing)嵬名氏,自稱“兀卒”(青(qing)天子),立(li)國(guo)號為(wei)(wei)“大(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)”(因在宋之西(xi)(xi),宋稱“西(xi)(xi)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)”),紀年(nian)為(wei)(wei)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)景宗(zong)顯道(dao)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)。西(xi)(xi)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)疆(jiang)域包括今甘肅大(da)部(bu)、寧夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)全部(bu)、陜西(xi)(xi)北部(bu)和(he)青(qing)海、內蒙的部(bu)分(fen)地(di)區(qu),總共統轄32州(zhou),國(guo)都在興(xing)慶(qing)府(fu)(今銀川市)。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1226年(nian),蒙古人(ren)鐵木真率兵親自伐夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。次年(nian),蒙古軍(jun)猛烈攻占,盡破(po)大(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)國(guo)城邑,人(ren)民傷(shang)亡慘(can)重。為(wei)(wei)避免人(ren)民更大(da)的傷(shang)亡和(he)損(sun)失,第二(er)十一(yi)世末帝夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)見(jian)(jian)屈降(jiang)。蒙古諸將尊鐵木真遺命,將夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)見(jian)(jian)殺(sha)之,并毀大(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)王陵(ling)。至(zhi)此(ci),大(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)國(guo)立(li)國(guo)346年(nian),于公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1227年(nian)滅亡,其后裔在今阿(a)壩州(zhou)理縣桃(tao)坪鄉、甘孜州(zhou)丹巴等地(di)仍有分(fen)布。
四(si)川(chuan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)巴(ba)蜀國,夏(xia)代屬梁(liang)州(zhou)。巴(ba)蜀出自(zi)氐羌(qiang)(qiang),蠶(can)(can)叢(cong)(故居蠶(can)(can)陵,在(zai)(zai)今四(si)川(chuan)省阿(a)壩藏族羌(qiang)(qiang)族自(zi)治(zhi)州(zhou)茂(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)疊(die)溪(xi)鎮,遺跡毀于1933年8月25日(ri)(ri)15時(shi)發生的疊(die)溪(xi)大地(di)震)稱王(wang)。李白在(zai)(zai)《蜀道難》里吟詠:“蠶(can)(can)叢(cong)及魚鳧(fu),開國何茫(mang)然。”就在(zai)(zai)同(tong)一地(di)域(yu),古(gu)(gu)(gu)羌(qiang)(qiang)人(ren)還(huan)建有冉駹(發音與“Rrmea(日(ri)(ri)麥(mai),羌(qiang)(qiang)族和黑水(shui)人(ren)自(zi)稱,意為(wei)“本地(di)人(ren)”)”幾(ji)無差別)國,乃(nai)今日(ri)(ri)30萬羌(qiang)(qiang)人(ren)之故居地(di),統轄區域(yu)包括今四(si)川(chuan)阿(a)壩之茂(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、汶川(chuan)、理縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、黑水(shui)、松潘、九寨溝、馬爾康、金川(chuan)、小金、壤塘(tang)、阿(a)壩、紅原、若爾蓋等縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)。三國時(shi)(公元221年),疆域(yu)尚包括有今都(dou)江堰(yan)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)稱都(dou)安縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、齊(qi)基縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、灌縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian))、彭縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)稱白馬縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、興樂縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian))、北川(chuan)(羌(qiang)(qiang)族自(zi)治(zhi))縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)稱石泉(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian))、青川(chuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)稱廣武縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian))、平(ping)武縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)稱剛(gang)底縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian))、甘(gan)肅文縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)稱陰平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian))。漢代羌(qiang)(qiang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)今茂(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鳳(feng)儀鎮。
此外(wai),古(gu)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之種(zhong)還有姜(jiang)氏戎(rong)、先零羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、燒當(dang)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、鐘羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(鐘存羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang))、勒姐(jie)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、卑(bei)喃羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、當(dang)煎(jian)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、罕羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、且凍羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、虔人(ren)(ren)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、牢姐(jie)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、封養羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、鄉姐(jie)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、燒何羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、鞏唐(tang)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、全無種(zhong)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、黑水(shui)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、卑(bei)禾羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、塞(sai)外(wai)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、保塞(sai)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、河曲羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、發羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、婼羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、西夜、蒲犁諸羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、阿鉤羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、牦牛羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、參狼羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、青(qing)衣羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、白(bai)(bai)馬羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、白(bai)(bai)蘭羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、可蘭羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、宕昌羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、鄧至羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、汶山羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、黨項(xiang)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、白(bai)(bai)狗羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、哥(ge)鄰羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、南水(shui)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、逋祖羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、弱水(shui)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、悉董羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、咄(duo)霸(ba)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、保霸(ba)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、白(bai)(bai)草羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、黑虎羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、羅打(da)鼓羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、楊羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、草坡(po)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、青(qing)片羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、四鄰羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、臨涂羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、涉題羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、左封羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、紫祖羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、林臺羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、向人(ren)(ren)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、葛延(yan)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、維(威)州羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、蠶(can)陵羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(昔衛羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang))、茂州羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、望族羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、那鄂羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、千碉羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)等百(bai)余種(zhong)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支,此不贅述.
桃(tao)坪(ping)羌(qiang)(qiang)寨似乎濃縮(suo)了羌(qiang)(qiang)族千年歷(li)史,在桃(tao)坪(ping)羌(qiang)(qiang)寨內(nei),多少(shao)年來羌(qiang)(qiang)民(min)們(men)都(dou)保留著(zhu)(zhu)傳(chuan)統的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)習慣,從(cong)田(tian)間采摘蘋果(guo)的(de)孩童到門前穿著(zhu)(zhu)整齊民(min)族服飾的(de)老者,從(cong)正在織(zhi)羌(qiang)(qiang)繡的(de)婦女到喝著(zhu)(zhu)青稞酒的(de)彪漢,都(dou)呈現出(chu)一種田(tian)園(yuan)牧歌(ge)式的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)境界。
羌(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)隆重的(de)民(min)族(zu)節日為“祭山會”(又稱轉山會)和“羌(qiang)(qiang)年會”(又稱羌(qiang)(qiang)歷年),分(fen)別于(yu)春秋季舉行。實際上是一種春禱秋酬的(de)農事活動,卻(que)始終充滿濃郁的(de)宗教色彩,更折射(she)出遠古神秘文化的(de)光輝。
寨(zhai)內的巨大碉(diao)樓,雄渾挺拔,屹立于(yu)比(bi)肩走袂的村寨(zhai)中(zhong),高高低低,從數(shu)米到數(shu)十米,建(jian)筑形式有(you)四、六、八(ba)角(jiao),以土、石(shi)、麻筋、木為(wei)料,有(you)的僅(jin)用土木。寨(zhai)子(zi)是一(yi)處石(shi)碉(diao)與民居合二(er)為(wei)一(yi)的建(jian)筑群(qun),片石(shi)與黃(huang)泥(ni)砌成的堅固經歷(li)了無(wu)數(shu)的地(di)震后仍完(wan)好無(wu)損。墻體和墻體之間的巷(xiang)道深幽而(er)神秘(mi),因(yin)一(yi)些巷(xiang)道上搭建(jian)了房屋,于(yu)是有(you)了無(wu)數(shu)暗道,走入(ru)其中(zhong)就(jiu)像步入(ru)了歷(li)史的迷宮。
施工時不繪圖,不測算,不吊線,信手砌成,結構勻稱,棱角突兀,雄偉堅固,精巧別致,是世界建筑史上一大奇觀,令人嘆為觀止,吸引了絡繹不絕的海內外游客前來觀光、考察桃(tao)坪(ping)羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)一反(fan)傳統古城設東、西、南(nan)、北(bei)四(si)門的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)形式,筑(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)以(yi)高碉(diao)為(wei)中心的(de)(de)(de)放射狀8個(ge)(ge)出(chu)入(ru)(ru)口。而(er)8個(ge)(ge)出(chu)入(ru)(ru)口又以(yi)13個(ge)(ge)甬(yong)道(dao)織(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四(si)通八達的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)網(wang)。寨(zhai)(zhai)內人(ren)進(jin)出(chu)自(zi)如(ru),而(er)外(wai)來人(ren)卻如(ru)入(ru)(ru)八陣迷(mi)宮,非本寨(zhai)(zhai)人(ren)指引(yin),不可通行(xing)。寨(zhai)(zhai)內的(de)(de)(de)地(di)底(di)下(xia)(xia),挖(wa)掘(jue)了(le)(le)眾多的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)水(shui)暗渠,上蓋(gai)石(shi)板和土,一定(ding)距離間,留有(you)活動石(shi)板,揭(jie)開即可取水(shui)。這(zhe)(zhe)些水(shui)渠方(fang)便、保(bao)密,在寨(zhai)(zhai)內編(bian)織(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)流經(jing)每棟(dong)碉(diao)樓的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)網(wang),為(wei)戰時提供了(le)(le)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)生存空間。桃(tao)坪(ping)神奇的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)網(wang)、水(shui)網(wang)、房頂,組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)內地(di)上、地(di)下(xia)(xia)、空中三種立體交叉的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)網(wang)絡和防御系統,這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)是桃(tao)坪(ping)羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)奇特之處。
將(jiang)高大的(de)石碉與民居合二為一的(de)建(jian)筑群。這(zhe)個(ge)寨子里古(gu)老的(de)建(jian)筑是(shi)兩千年(nian)前(qian)用(yong)黃泥、片石作材(cai)料建(jian)成(cheng)的(de),集數(shu)學(xue)(xue)、幾(ji)何、力學(xue)(xue)為一體,顯(xian)示了羌族這(zhe)個(ge)古(gu)老的(de)民族在歷史上曾(ceng)經(jing)的(de)輝煌。
碉樓(lou)是(shi)整個寨子的(de)標志性建筑,僅(jin)存兩座(zuo),一座(zuo)是(shi)陳仕明家(jia)的(de)住(zhu)宅,另一座(zuo)雄(xiong)踞在寨子對(dui)面的(de)河(he)岸上。碉樓(lou)分為9層,高(gao)30米左右,各層四(si)方開(kai)有(you)射擊窗口(kou),頂(ding)樓(lou)的(de)鐘孔是(shi)作為傳遞消息用的(de)。
羌族(zu)建(jian)筑,就近取材,利(li)用附近山(shan)上的土、石(shi)等(deng)資源,先在選擇好的地面上掘成方形的深(shen)一米(mi)(mi)至(zhi)兩米(mi)(mi)左右的溝(gou),在溝(gou)內選用大塊的石(shi)片砌成基腳。寬約三尺(chi),再用調好的黃泥作漿,膠(jiao)合(he)片石(shi)。石(shi)墻(qiang)自下而上逐(zhu)漸(jian)見薄(bo),逐(zhu)層收(shou)小(xiao),石(shi)墻(qiang)重心略(lve)偏向(xiang)(xiang)室(shi)內,形成向(xiang)(xiang)心力,相互擠(ji)壓而得以牢固、安定。屋頂(ding)結構層次由下至(zhi)上分別是主梁、掾子、劈材層、竹(zhu)桿、黃刺。棕(zong)耙,頗具民族(zu)特色。
桃坪羌寨因(yin)典(dian)型的(de)羌族建筑、交錯復雜的(de)道路結(jie)構被稱(cheng)為“東方(fang)神秘(mi)古堡(bao)”,是世界保存(cun)完(wan)整的(de)羌族建筑文化藝術“活化石(shi)”。
在(zai)佳山寨(zhai)(zhai)發現(xian)有(you)“石(shi)棺葬(zang)(zang)”,隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品多(duo)為(wei)陶器,也有(you)銅、鐵、木制(zhi)陪葬(zang)(zang)品,向世(shi)人(ren)展示(shi)出羌(qiang)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)古老(lao)(lao)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi),獨特的(de)(de)風俗習(xi)慣和(he)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)文(wen)化,為(wei)人(ren)們提供了豐富的(de)(de)民(min)(min)俗考察(cha)、研究依據(ju)。羌(qiang)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)跳沙朗(意為(wei)唱(chang)起(qi)(qi)來、搖起(qi)(qi)來)、喝(he)咂酒(jiu)、吹羌(qiang)笛、著刺(ci)繡(xiu)。桃坪羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)依山而(er)(er)建(jian),雜谷腦(nao)河水(shui)從(cong)(cong)寨(zhai)(zhai)前奔(ben)流而(er)(er)過。寨(zhai)(zhai)內(nei)聳立兩座九層石(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)壘砌的(de)(de)土舍雕,與(yu)對岸(an)山峰烽(feng)火臺遙遙相望(wang)。羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)民(min)(min)房依山建(jian)于斜(xie)坡之上(shang),均以石(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)壘砌而(er)(er)成,古羌(qiang)先民(min)(min)引山泉修暗溝從(cong)(cong)寨(zhai)(zhai)內(nei)房屋(wu)底下(xia)流過,飲用、消(xiao)防取(qu)水(shui)十(shi)(shi)分方便,人(ren)行寨(zhai)(zhai)內(nei)但(dan)聞水(shui)聲叮咚于地底。桃坪羌(qiang)案(an)被(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)外專家(jia)稱為(wei)“建(jian)筑(zhu)文(wen)化藝術(shu)活(huo)化石(shi)”。 其(qi)居所多(duo)“依山而(er)(er)居,累石(shi)為(wei)室(shi)”。桃坪羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)就是(shi)最(zui)典(dian)型的(de)(de)羌(qiang)族(zu)(zu)建(jian)筑(zhu)。片石(shi)、泥土和(he)木頭,在(zai)勤勞(lao)的(de)(de)羌(qiang)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)手中(zhong)(zhong),奇跡般地建(jian)筑(zhu)起(qi)(qi)高十(shi)(shi)余丈(zhang)的(de)(de)羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai),他們世(shi)代生存(cun)在(zai)這(zhe)塊(kuai)(kuai)土地上(shang),生息繁衍,披星戴月,播種理(li)想,收獲希望(wang)。走(zou)入桃坪羌(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai),就走(zou)進(jin)了這(zhe)個民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)之中(zhong)(zhong),去(qu)領略濃郁(yu)的(de)(de)羌(qiang)族(zu)(zu)風情,感(gan)受(shou)羌(qiang)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)古老(lao)(lao)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi),體味(wei)羌(qiang)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)神秘的(de)(de)文(wen)化,品嘗獨有(you)的(de)(de)風味(wei)食(shi)物,不(bu)能(neng)不(bu)為(wei)這(zhe)個民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)自強不(bu)息的(de)(de)精神所感(gan)動,也不(bu)能(neng)不(bu)為(wei)這(zhe)個民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)走(zou)向輝(hui)煌的(de)(de)理(li)念所折服。
羌笛是中國古老的單簧氣鳴樂器,已有2000多年歷史,流行在四川北部阿壩藏族自治州羌族居住之地。羌笛兩(liang)管(guan)(guan)數孔(以前五孔,現在多為(wei)(wei)六(liu)孔,)用(yong)(yong)當地高山上生長(chang)的油竹制成,竹節長(chang)、管(guan)(guan)身(shen)較細,雙(shuang)管(guan)(guan)并(bing)排用(yong)(yong)線(xian)纏繞(rao)連(lian)結在一起。終身(shen)全(quan)長(chang)13 ~19 厘(li)米,管(guan)(guan)口直徑2 厘(li)米左右,笛(di)管(guan)(guan)上端裝有4 厘(li)米長(chang)的竹制吹嘴(zui)。吹嘴(zui)正面(mian)用(yong)(yong)刀(dao)削(xue)平,并(bing)在上端約3 厘(li)米處,用(yong)(yong)刀(dao)切開(kai)一薄(bo)片作為(wei)(wei)簧片。它主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)于獨(du)奏(zou),有十余(yu)首古老的曲(qu)牌,樂曲(qu)內容相當廣泛,主(zhu)要是傳達羌族人(ren)的思(si)念向往(wang)之(zhi)情。 羌笛(di)為(wei)(wei)豎(shu)著吹奏(zou),兩(liang)管(guan)(guan)發出同樣的音(yin)高,音(yin)色清脆高亢,并(bing)帶有悲涼之(zhi)感,"羌笛(di)何須怨楊柳(liu),春風不度玉門關"是其(qi)表(biao)現力的最(zui)佳寫照(zhao),故最(zui)適于獨(du)奏(zou),也(ye)可為(wei)(wei)歌舞伴奏(zou)。
羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)與笛(di)(di)(di)有(you)很大的(de)(de)區別(bie),是(shi)兩(liang)個不同(tong)的(de)(de)概(gai)念。東漢馬融《長笛(di)(di)(di)賦(fu)》"近世雙笛(di)(di)(di)從羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)起,羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)人伐(fa)竹未及已(yi),龍吟水中(zhong)(zhong)不見(jian)已(yi),截竹吹之聲相似……故本四孔(kong)加(jia)以一(yi)(yi)(yi)"由(you)此可(ke)以知道:羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)在(zai)漢代就已(yi)經(jing)流傳(chuan)于甘肅、四川等地了,并且可(ke)以推之當時的(de)(de)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)是(shi)雙管四孔(kong)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)。羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)在(zai)唐時,是(shi)邊塞(sai)上常見(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)樂(le)(le)器,經(jing)常出(chu)現在(zai)唐代邊塞(sai)詩中(zhong)(zhong)值得一(yi)(yi)(yi)提的(de)(de)是(shi),羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)并沒(mei)有(you)出(chu)現在(zai)唐代的(de)(de)"十部樂(le)(le)"中(zhong)(zhong),可(ke)見(jian),羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)在(zai)唐時只是(shi)邊塞(sai)中(zhong)(zhong)所見(jian)的(de)(de)樂(le)(le)器,并未正(zheng)式進入唐代宮(gong)廷或軍(jun)隊,只是(shi)少數民族或是(shi)軍(jun)隊中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)兵士所用的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)自(zi)娛自(zi)樂(le)(le)的(de)(de)樂(le)(le)器。
唐、宋、元、明各代文人的詩歌中常見到關于羌笛的記載。現在在四川茂汶羌族自治縣及黑水縣一帶的羌族地區,仍舊(jiu)可以看到這(zhe)種(zhong)具(ju)有(you)唐(tang)宋遺(yi)風(feng)的樂器(qi),它們(men)是用(yong)(yong)兩支同樣(yang)長短的油竹制作(zuo),管(guan)體(ti)被(bei)削成方柱形,綁扎在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起,每只(zhi)管(guan)的上端,置有(you)一(yi)(yi)個帶(dai)竹簧片的吹管(guan),豎吹,規格(ge)有(you)17厘米及19厘米兩種(zhong),音色高亢而略有(you)悲涼感,是人們(men)在(zai)(zai)喜慶(qing)豐收(shou),過年(nian)過節勞動之余常用(yong)(yong)的主要樂器(qi)。亦(yi)是小伙子向姑娘表達愛(ai)情的一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)方式。
赤布蘇、沙壩地區的(de)(de)(de)羌(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)是秦漢戰亂年間由南遷的(de)(de)(de)羌(qiang)(qiang)族人從(cong)西(xi)部地區帶來的(de)(de)(de)。據史料(liao)記載,西(xi)漢前,羌(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)面上有(you)(you)四(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong),公元1世紀時由音(yin)樂家京(jing)房加一高音(yin)按孔(kong)(kong)(kong),成(cheng)為五孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。東漢馬融在《長笛(di)(di)(di)賦》中曾有(you)(you)"近世雙(shuang)笛(di)(di)(di)從(cong)羌(qiang)(qiang)起(qi)"的(de)(de)(de)記述。發展到近代,羌(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)已成(cheng)六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。由此推(tui)斷,羌(qiang)(qiang)笛(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)存在至少已有(you)(you)兩千多年的(de)(de)(de)歷史了。
現代羌笛,用當地產的油竹(竹節長、管身細)制作,選兩支筒徑、長度一致的竹管,削去竹外皮成方柱形(有的將兩管相鄰(lin)外皮削(xue)平(ping)),在首、中(zhong)、尾(wei)三處用細線(xian)捆扎。管身(shen)無節(jie),全(quan)長13—19厘米,上(shang)開五或六個按孔(kong)(孔(kong)距相同)。管上(shang)端裝竹制簧(huang)哨(正面(mian)削(xue)平(ping)、刻簧(huang),簧(huang)舌朝上(shang))
演(yan)奏時,口含雙簧,用食、中、無名指按(an)孔。音(yin)域c1—c2。音(yin)色(se)清脆(cui)明亮,略有悲(bei)(bei)涼之感(gan)。 羌笛(di)的聲音(yin)常(chang)給(gei)人以(yi)虛(xu)幻迷離(li)、動人心魄的感(gan)覺,羌族人民常(chang)用它來抒發自己(ji)喜怒哀樂、悲(bei)(bei)歡(huan)離(li)合(he)的種種情感(gan)。常(chang)演(yan)奏的曲(qu)目有《折柳詞》、《思想曲(qu)》、《莎(sha)郎曲(qu)》等(deng)。
國(guo)家(jia)非常重視非物(wu)質文化遺(yi)產(chan)的保(bao)護。2006年5月(yue)20日,羌(qiang)笛演奏及(ji)制作技藝經(jing)國(guo)務院(yuan)批準列入第一批國(guo)家(jia)級非物(wu)質文化遺(yi)產(chan)名錄(lu)。
是桃坪羌寨的主要特色之一如果有幸到羌家作客,熱情好客的主人會給你端來香味樸鼻的羌家臘豬肉(rou)、香鍺腿和柳溝肉(rou),還有山龍須、蕨菜(cai)、刺隆包等山野菜(cai)。羌家姑娘會為你敬(jing)上(shang)醇香的青稞(ke)酒。在一陣陣甜甜的羌家祝(zhu)酒歌的感染(ran)下,也(ye)許你會醉意朦朧,也(ye)許你會飄然(ran)若仙,使你終(zhong)身(shen)難忘(wang)。
是(shi)中華民族五千年燦(can)爛文化中的瑰寶。也是(shi)桃坪姑(gu)娘(niang)的拿手(shou)絕活。由于羌族姑(gu)娘(niang)從小就喜歡學習刺繡,從而學成(cheng)了精(jing)于手(shou)工(gong)的傳統技(ji)藝。到了出嫁(jia)的時候,姑(gu)娘(niang)們(men)一定要(yao)盡其所(suo)能繡出幾件好的嫁(jia)衣,好的云云鞋(xie)(xie)和好的鞋(xie)(xie)墊,否則(ze)會(hui)被男方(fang)輕視。所(suo)以,羌繡能歷經一千多(duo)年歷史而傳承(cheng)至今,而且精(jing)美(mei)絕倫,成(cheng)為許多(duo)專(zhuan)家學者的研究對(dui)象(xiang)和收藏(zang)品。
羌族歌舞是(shi)桃坪(ping)(ping)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要特色。到(dao)桃坪(ping)(ping)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)不看羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu),你(ni)會覺得非常遺憾。羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)民能歌(ge)善舞(wu)(wu)已有(you)兩千多年歷史。在漫長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史長(chang)河中,他們(men)以歌(ge)聲伴隨自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動,用舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)表現(xian)(xian)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活,逐漸(jian)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)熱情(qing)奔(ben)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)風(feng)格。羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu)中,有(you)表現(xian)(xian)勞動生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);有(you)表現(xian)(xian)愛情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);還(huan)(huan)有(you)表現(xian)(xian)祭(ji)祀活動或(huo)驅除鬼神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)多樣,有(you)獨(du)唱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、有(you)對(dui)唱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、還(huan)(huan)有(you)集體對(dui)歌(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),比如改盤歌(ge)、花兒(er)納吉(ji)等等。羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)沙朗(lang)舞(wu)(wu)(即類(lei)似藏族(zu)(zu)(zu)鍋(guo)莊(zhuang),而比其(qi)更靈動美觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao))是(shi)最為(wei)活躍、奔(ben)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),男(nan)女老幼均可參與。幾(ji)十(shi)個人(ren)、上百個人(ren)高歌(ge)勁舞(wu)(wu),氣(qi)氛非常熱烈。皮(pi)鼓舞(wu)(wu)原來是(shi)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)巫師(shi)祭(ji)神才跳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),后來也逐漸(jian)演化(hua)為(wei)風(feng)格粗獷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao),成(cheng)為(wei)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)族(zu)(zu)(zu)舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一支(zhi)絢麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奇芭(ba)。每(mei)逢過(guo)年過(guo)節或(huo)者村里(li)有(you)人(ren)舉(ju)行婚禮(li),全村人(ren)都要聚在一起(qi),燃起(qi)熊(xiong)(xiong)熊(xiong)(xiong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篝(gou)火(huo)(huo),喝著醇香(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咂(za)酒(jiu),唱山歌(ge),跳鍋(guo)莊(zhuang),有(you)時鬧到(dao)通宵達旦。在桃坪(ping)(ping)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)寨(zhai)(zhai)旅(lv)游,你(ni)可盡興地觀(guan)賞(shang)羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)家歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu),也可以參加(jia)篝(gou)火(huo)(huo)晚會,在吃完烤羊肉,喝了(le)青(qing)稞酒(jiu)以后,在熊(xiong)(xiong)熊(xiong)(xiong)篝(gou)火(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝映下,跟著羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)家姑娘小伙翩翩起(qi)舞(wu)(wu),從中領略古羌(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)深(shen)內(nei)涵。
非物質文化遺(yi)產——羌族多(duo)聲部
歲月如歌。多少年來,在美麗、幽靜的阿壩群山之間,一直回響著一種高低起伏、鏗鏘婉轉的聲音。在這未經雕(diao)琢、沒有(you)修飾的(de)歌聲中(zhong),人們聽到了歲月嘩嘩流(liu)淌的(de)聲音(yin),頓覺時光荏苒,不由喚醒了遠古的(de)記(ji)憶。
“得拐(高(gao))爾(er)拐(低)才是(shi)美(mei),一個人(ren)肯定唱不(bu)起”。在(zai)黑水、松潘、茂縣交界地區,人(ren)們(men)是(shi)這樣理解音樂的(de)。
5歲的孩子(zi)在學唱歌時知(zhi)道,聲音(yin)出來時一定(ding)要同時具備高(gao)和低。年(nian)(nian)復一年(nian)(nian),高(gao)低起伏(fu)的聲音(yin)便(bian)在這(zhe)(zhe)里的崇山這(zhe)(zhe)便(bian)是今(jin)天聽到的羌(qiang)族(zu)多聲部。
它(ta)(ta)銘記(ji)了關于這個民(min)族(zu)在時間的漫漫長河中(zhong)走過的每一個腳印(yin)。它(ta)(ta)喚醒了人們更多(duo)對于從前的溫柔記(ji)憶。
《史(shi)記·六國年表》:“禹生于(yu)西羌(qiang)。”眾多史(shi)料記載,從炎(yan)黃到夏禹,到華夏族(zu)的形(xing)成,都與古(gu)羌(qiang)族(zu)密不(bu)可分。現在,羌(qiang)族(zu)主要聚(ju)居在茂縣(xian)、理(li)縣(xian)、汶川、松(song)潘等地。
在長期的(de)(de)生產、生活(huo)中,在勤(qin)勞、樂觀(guan)精神的(de)(de)熏(xun)陶下,羌族人民(min)用歌(ge)唱和舞蹈表(biao)達著自己對生活(huo)的(de)(de)熱愛。
每逢傳統佳節,每當祭(ji)祀活動,人們(men)聚(ju)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)飲咂酒(jiu)、唱(chang)山歌、跳鍋(guo)莊。每當這時候(hou),身著(zhu)長(chang)衫、羊皮褂子,帶頭帕、束腰(yao)帶、著(zhu)革履的羌(qiang)族男(nan)子和穿著(zhu)精(jing)美刺繡服飾(shi)、佩帶雕花首飾(shi)的婦(fu)女聚(ju)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi),代表各自村寨,在(zai)山間(jian)放開嗓子賽歌以決勝負。更有青(qing)年男(nan)女三五成群(qun)成雙對歌,互(hu)傾愛慕之(zhi)情。
演(yan)唱時只要有2-10人(ren)以上,即不受場地及(ji)時間(jian)的限制(zhi),無(wu)論男女(nv),均可演(yan)唱,演(yan)唱時分領唱、輪唱、重唱。
日復一日,“多聲(sheng)(sheng)部”演唱在村寨里(li)日益(yi)盛行起來,這便(bian)形成了無比(bi)欣喜的(de)羌族多聲(sheng)(sheng)部文化。
“多聲部”唱法以二聲部為主,有四聲部、多聲部、男女混合唱法。曲調由低到高(由一個小二度音程向大二度音程呈階梯形上行),直至演唱者的嗓音無法再高時,突然來一個四、五、八度音(不固定)的大弧度降落。演唱者嗓(sang)音(yin)一般在(zai)小(xiao)字組C或D到小(xiao)字Ⅰ組的(de)(de)A或B音(yin)之間,有時達到小(xiao)字Ⅱ組的(de)(de)D或E音(yin)(假嗓(sang)音(yin))。音(yin)樂古樸典(dian)雅,激情奔(ben)放(fang),抑揚頓挫,體現(xian)了(le)羌民族奮(fen)發向上、勇于進取的(de)(de)精神。
“他們呈現的(de)(de)技巧性和(he)(he)歌唱的(de)(de)境界感(gan)染了我們”。在(zai)(zai)2007年(nian)央(yang)(yang)視青歌賽上,羌(qiang)族多聲部“畢(bi)曼(man)組(zu)(zu)合(he)”用質樸(pu)動人的(de)(de)音(yin)樂和(he)(he)來自(zi)最(zui)民間的(de)(de)穿(chuan)透力打動了中(zhong)國觀眾和(he)(he)專業評委的(de)(de)心,一舉奪得(de)了大賽原生(sheng)態組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)銅獎。古老(lao)的(de)(de)羌(qiang)族多聲部在(zai)(zai)21世紀今天,在(zai)(zai)依舊山(shan)清水秀的(de)(de)村寨(zhai)中(zhong),在(zai)(zai)燈火輝煌的(de)(de)舞臺(tai)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang),煥發出新(xin)的(de)(de)青春和(he)(he)生(sheng)命力。
成都茶店(dian)子汽車站乘(cheng)車,到(dao)達(da)地點的順序為理(li)縣—桃坪—米亞(ya)羅,每天(tian)7:20、8:10、9:00、13:00、14:50共4班車到(dao)米亞(ya)羅,票(piao)價41.5元(yuan),需5個半小(xiao)時到(dao)達(da)
寨子里很多人(ren)(ren)(ren)家都可以住宿,其(qi)中周禮智家是這個寨子較早接待客(ke)(ke)(ke)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的客(ke)(ke)(ke)人(ren)(ren)(ren),他家的外部是古樓,里面有(you)(you)比較現代的裝修(xiu),有(you)(you)幾間客(ke)(ke)(ke)房,還(huan)算干凈,地(di)震后重建的蜀羌客(ke)(ke)(ke)棧,也是客(ke)(ke)(ke)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的首(shou)選(xuan)擇(ze),經濟實惠衛生,另外可以選(xuan)擇(ze)住在理縣(xian)縣(xian)城。
米亞(ya)羅:地(di)(di)處四川理縣,是紅葉風景區(qu),海拔2700米。“米亞(ya)羅”是藏語,意即(ji)“好耍的壩(ba)子”,地(di)(di)處岷江支流(liu)雜谷腦(nao)河谷地(di)(di)帶。這(zhe)里氣候涼爽,景色絕佳,尤其到(dao)了(le)深秋季(ji)節,紅葉從(cong)高(gao)到(dao)底,層次分明地(di)(di)從(cong)山下紅下來。