行略定秦地(di)1。函谷關(guan)(guan)有(you)兵(bing)守關(guan)(guan),不(bu)得(de)入(ru)。又聞沛公(gong)(gong)已破咸陽(yang),項羽(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)怒(nu)(nu),使(shi)當(dang)(dang)陽(yang)君等擊關(guan)(guan)。項羽(yu)(yu)遂入(ru),至于(yu)戲西。沛公(gong)(gong)軍霸上(shang),未得(de)與(yu)項羽(yu)(yu)相見。沛公(gong)(gong)左司馬曹無傷(shang)使(shi)人(ren)言于(yu)項羽(yu)(yu)曰:“沛公(gong)(gong)欲王關(guan)(guan)中2,使(shi)子嬰(ying)為(wei)相,珍寶盡有(you)之。”項羽(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)怒(nu)(nu),曰:“旦日饗士卒3,為(wei)擊破沛公(gong)(gong)軍!”當(dang)(dang)是時,項羽(yu)(yu)兵(bing)四(si)十萬(wan),在新豐鴻門(men);沛公(gong)(gong)兵(bing)十萬(wan),在霸上(shang)。范增說項羽(yu)(yu)曰4:“沛公(gong)(gong)居山(shan)東時,貪于(yu)財貨,好美(mei)姬。今入(ru)關(guan)(guan),財物(wu)無所取,婦女無所幸5,此(ci)其(qi)志不(bu)在小。吾令人(ren)望(wang)其(qi)氣6,皆為(wei)龍(long)虎,成五采,此(ci)天(tian)子氣也。急擊勿失(shi)!”
楚左尹項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)者(zhe)(zhe)7,項(xiang)羽季父也(ye)(ye)(ye),素善留侯張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)8。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)是時從沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong),項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)乃夜(ye)馳之(zhi)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)軍,私見張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang),具告(gao)以事9,欲呼張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)與俱去,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“毋(wu)從俱死也(ye)(ye)(ye)10!”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“臣(chen)為(wei)(wei)韓王(wang)(wang)送(song)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong),沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)今(jin)事有急,亡去不(bu)(bu)義(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)語。”良(liang)(liang)乃入(ru)(ru),具告(gao)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)大(da)驚(jing),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)奈何(he)?”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“誰為(wei)(wei)大(da)王(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)此計者(zhe)(zhe)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“鯫生說我(wo)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘距(ju)關,毋(wu)內諸侯,秦地可(ke)盡王(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。’故(gu)聽之(zhi)。”良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“料(liao)大(da)王(wang)(wang)士卒(zu)足以當項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)乎?”沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)默然,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“固(gu)不(bu)(bu)如也(ye)(ye)(ye)!且為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)奈何(he)?”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“請往謂(wei)項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo),言沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)背項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君安與項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)有故(gu)?”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“秦時與臣(chen)游,項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)殺(sha)人,臣(chen)活之(zhi);今(jin)事有急,故(gu)幸來(lai)告(gao)良(liang)(liang)。”沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“孰(shu)與君少長?”良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“長于(yu)臣(chen)。”沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君為(wei)(wei)我(wo)呼入(ru)(ru),吾(wu)得(de)兄(xiong)事之(zhi)。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)出,要項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)。項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)即入(ru)(ru)見沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)奉(feng)卮酒(jiu)為(wei)(wei)壽,約為(wei)(wei)婚(hun)姻,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)入(ru)(ru)關,秋毫不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)有所近(jin),籍吏民(min),封府庫,而(er)(er)待(dai)將(jiang)軍。所以遣將(jiang)守關者(zhe)(zhe),備(bei)他盜(dao)之(zhi)出入(ru)(ru)與非常也(ye)(ye)(ye)。日夜(ye)望(wang)將(jiang)軍至,豈(qi)敢(gan)反乎!愿伯(bo)(bo)(bo)具言臣(chen)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)倍德(de)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)許諾,謂(wei)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“旦日不(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)蚤自(zi)來(lai)謝項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)!”沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“諾。”于(yu)是項(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)復夜(ye)去,至軍中,具以沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)言報項(xiang)王(wang)(wang),因言曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)先(xian)破關中,公(gong)(gong)豈(qi)敢(gan)入(ru)(ru)乎?今(jin)人有大(da)功而(er)(er)擊之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)義(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)如因善遇之(zhi)。”項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)許諾。
沛(pei)公旦日從百余騎(qi)來見(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)王,至(zhi)鴻門,謝曰:“臣與將(jiang)軍戮力而(er)攻秦(qin),將(jiang)軍戰河北,臣戰河南,然(ran)不(bu)(bu)自(zi)意(yi)能先入關破秦(qin),得復見(jian)將(jiang)軍于此。今(jin)者有小(xiao)人之(zhi)言,令將(jiang)軍與臣有郤。”項(xiang)(xiang)王曰:“此沛(pei)公左(zuo)司馬曹無(wu)傷言之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)然(ran),籍(ji)何以(yi)至(zhi)此?”項(xiang)(xiang)王即日因(yin)留沛(pei)公與飲(yin)(yin)。項(xiang)(xiang)王、項(xiang)(xiang)伯東向(xiang)坐(zuo);亞父南向(xiang)坐(zuo)—亞父者,范(fan)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)也;沛(pei)公北向(xiang)坐(zuo),張(zhang)良西(xi)向(xiang)侍。范(fan)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)數目項(xiang)(xiang)王,舉所(suo)佩(pei)玉玦以(yi)示之(zhi)者三,項(xiang)(xiang)王默(mo)然(ran)不(bu)(bu)應。范(fan)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)起(qi),出,召(zhao)項(xiang)(xiang)莊(zhuang)(zhuang),謂(wei)曰:“君王為(wei)人不(bu)(bu)忍。若(ruo)入前為(wei)壽(shou),壽(shou)畢,請以(yi)劍(jian)舞,因(yin)擊沛(pei)公于坐(zuo),殺之(zhi)。不(bu)(bu)者,若(ruo)屬皆且為(wei)所(suo)虜!”莊(zhuang)(zhuang)則(ze)入為(wei)壽(shou)。壽(shou)畢,曰:“君王與沛(pei)公飲(yin)(yin),軍中無(wu)以(yi)為(wei)樂,請以(yi)劍(jian)舞。”項(xiang)(xiang)王曰:“諾。”項(xiang)(xiang)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)拔劍(jian)起(qi)舞,項(xiang)(xiang)伯亦拔劍(jian)起(qi)舞,常以(yi)身翼蔽沛(pei)公,莊(zhuang)(zhuang)不(bu)(bu)得擊。
于(yu)是(shi)張(zhang)良至(zhi)軍門見樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)。樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue):“今(jin)(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事何(he)如(ru)?”良曰(yue)(yue):“甚急!今(jin)(jin)者(zhe)項(xiang)莊(zhuang)拔劍舞,其(qi)意(yi)常在(zai)沛(pei)公也。”噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue):“此(ci)(ci)迫矣!臣請入(ru)(ru)(ru),與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同命!”噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)即(ji)帶(dai)劍擁盾(dun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)軍門。交戟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衛(wei)士欲(yu)止(zhi)不(bu)內(nei),樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)側其(qi)盾(dun)以撞,衛(wei)士仆地(di),噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)遂入(ru)(ru)(ru),披帷西向立(li),瞋目視項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang),頭發上(shang)指,目眥盡裂。項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)按劍而跽曰(yue)(yue):“客何(he)為者(zhe)?”張(zhang)良曰(yue)(yue):“沛(pei)公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)參乘樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)者(zhe)也。”項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“壯(zhuang)士!賜(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卮(zhi)酒!”則與(yu)(yu)斗卮(zhi)酒。噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)拜謝(xie),起(qi),立(li)而飲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“賜(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彘肩(jian)!”則與(yu)(yu)一生彘肩(jian)。樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)覆其(qi)盾(dun)于(yu)地(di),加彘肩(jian)上(shang),拔劍切而啖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“壯(zhuang)士!能復飲乎?”樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue):“臣死且不(bu)避,卮(zhi)酒安足(zu)辭!夫秦(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)(you)虎狼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,殺人(ren)如(ru)不(bu)能舉(ju),刑人(ren)如(ru)恐(kong)不(bu)勝,天下(xia)皆(jie)叛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。懷王(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)(yu)諸將(jiang)約曰(yue)(yue):‘先破(po)秦(qin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)咸(xian)陽者(zhe)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’今(jin)(jin)沛(pei)公先破(po)秦(qin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)咸(xian)陽,毫毛不(bu)敢有(you)(you)所(suo)近(jin),封閉宮室,還軍霸上(shang),以待(dai)大王(wang)(wang)(wang)來。故遣將(jiang)守關者(zhe),備(bei)他盜出入(ru)(ru)(ru)與(yu)(yu)非常也。勞苦而功(gong)(gong)高(gao)如(ru)此(ci)(ci),未有(you)(you)封侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賞,而聽(ting)細(xi)說,欲(yu)誅有(you)(you)功(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)。此(ci)(ci)亡秦(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)續(xu)耳(er),竊(qie)為大王(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)取也!”項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)未有(you)(you)以應,曰(yue)(yue):“坐!”樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)從良坐。坐須(xu)臾,沛(pei)公起(qi)如(ru)廁,因(yin)招樊(fan)(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)出。
沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)已出(chu),項(xiang)王使都尉陳平召(zhao)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)曰(yue):“今者出(chu),未辭(ci)(ci)也(ye),為之奈(nai)何(he)(he)?”樊噲曰(yue):“大行不顧細謹,大禮(li)不辭(ci)(ci)小讓。如今人方(fang)為刀俎(zu),我為魚肉,何(he)(he)辭(ci)(ci)為?”于是遂去(qu)。乃(nai)令張(zhang)(zhang)良留謝。良問曰(yue):“大王來何(he)(he)操?”曰(yue):“我持(chi)白璧一雙,欲獻項(xiang)王,玉(yu)斗一雙,欲與(yu)(yu)亞父。會其怒(nu),不敢獻。公(gong)為我獻之。”張(zhang)(zhang)良曰(yue):“謹諾。”當是時,項(xiang)王軍(jun)在鴻門下,沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)軍(jun)在霸上(shang),相去(qu)四十(shi)里(li)。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)則置車騎,脫身獨騎,與(yu)(yu)樊噲、夏侯嬰、靳強、紀(ji)信等四人持(chi)劍盾步(bu)走(zou),從酈山下,道芷(zhi)陽間(jian)行。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)謂張(zhang)(zhang)良曰(yue):“從此(ci)道至吾軍(jun),不過二十(shi)里(li)耳(er)。度我至軍(jun)中,公(gong)乃(nai)入。”
沛(pei)公(gong)已(yi)去,間至軍中(zhong)。張(zhang)良入謝,曰:“沛(pei)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)勝桮(bei)杓,不(bu)(bu)能辭。謹(jin)使臣良奉(feng)白璧(bi)一(yi)雙(shuang)(shuang),再(zai)拜(bai)獻大王(wang)(wang)(wang)足(zu)(zu)下(xia);玉斗(dou)一(yi)雙(shuang)(shuang),再(zai)拜(bai)奉(feng)大將(jiang)軍足(zu)(zu)下(xia)。”項王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰:“沛(pei)公(gong)安在?”良曰:“聞大王(wang)(wang)(wang)有意督過之(zhi)(zhi),脫身獨(du)去,已(yi)至軍矣。”項王(wang)(wang)(wang)則(ze)受璧(bi),置(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)坐上。亞父受玉斗(dou),置(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)地,拔劍撞而破之(zhi)(zhi),曰:“唉!豎子不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)與謀(mou)!奪項王(wang)(wang)(wang)天下(xia)者(zhe),必(bi)沛(pei)公(gong)也!吾(wu)屬今(jin)為之(zhi)(zhi)虜矣!”
沛公至軍,立誅殺曹無(wu)傷。
司馬遷在(zai)元封三(san)年(前(qian)108年)接替其父擔任(ren)太史令(ling),從(cong)太初元年(前(qian)104年)開始創作《太史公書(shu)》(后(hou)來稱為《史記》)。后(hou)因向漢武帝(di)為李陵戰敗投降匈奴(nu)之(zhi)事辯護而被捕入獄并處以(yi)腐刑,在(zai)形體和(he)精神上遭受巨大的(de)創傷。出獄后(hou)任(ren)中書(shu)令(ling),忍辱發(fa)奮(fen)繼(ji)續完成所(suo)著史籍。大約在(zai)征和(he)二年(前(qian)91年),終于(yu)完成了全書(shu)的(de)撰寫和(he)修改工作。全書(shu)共(gong)一(yi)百三(san)十篇(pian),其中第(di)七篇(pian)即為《項羽本(ben)紀(ji)》。
項羽(yu)作為漢(han)朝開創者劉邦(bang)(bang)的(de)勁敵,曾與劉邦(bang)(bang)爭奪天下,漢(han)朝歷代君主對項羽(yu)的(de)態度多(duo)是貶大于褒。而司馬(ma)遷卻不(bu)同。揚雄《法言(yan)》云:“太史遷,曰實(shi)錄。”“子長多(duo)愛,愛奇也(ye)。”正因為司馬(ma)遷的(de)“實(shi)錄”精(jing)神(shen)和“愛奇”思想,不(bu)以成(cheng)敗論英雄,才(cai)刻畫出具有鮮明個性(xing)的(de)項羽(yu)形(xing)象。而鴻(hong)門宴是項羽(yu)一生成(cheng)敗的(de)一個重(zhong)要節點,因此(ci)司馬(ma)遷濃墨重(zhong)彩地再(zai)現了這一事(shi)件。