盉與(yu)爵配套(tao)可以盛酒,與(yu)盤配套(tao)亦可盛水。鴨(ya)形盉以鴨(ya)腹為(wei)(wei)器(qi)身,背部開口,上面加(jia)蓋,腹下(xia)鑄柱(zhu)狀足,鴨(ya)首當流,鴨(ya)尾作鋬,鋬上站立一(yi)(yi)小銅人,以其手足將(jiang)器(qi)身與(yu)器(qi)蓋巧妙地連為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)體。蓋沿(yan)與(yu)口下(xia)飾長尾鳳鳥紋(wen)一(yi)(yi)周。蓋內有陰刻銘文(wen)43字,筆畫均勻(yun),字跡(ji)清晰。銘文(wen)記述應國(guo)使者(zhe)“匍”到(dao)氐(di)這個地方(fang)探訪邢國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)君邢公(gong),邢公(gong)派(pai)一(yi)(yi)名叫的(de)(de)官員會見了(le)他,并(bing)贈送給(gei)他一(yi)(yi)些(xie)禮物。后來匍用邢公(gong)所(suo)賜的(de)(de)銅做了(le)這件盉,以作紀念。
名稱:鴨形盉
年代:西周
出土:1988年河南(nan)省平頂山應國墓地(di)出土
原件(jian)規格:通高25.2厘(li)米(mi) 長(chang)31.8厘(li)米(mi)
復(fu)制件(jian)規格:高(gao)31cm、長35cm
現藏:河南博物院
用途(tu):家居擺放、商務(wu)禮(li)(li)品(pin)、外事禮(li)(li)品(pin)、高檔文(wen)化禮(li)(li)品(pin)
該盉(he)構思巧妙(miao),造型優美,極富想象力。整體酷(ku)似水(shui)鴨(ya),或(huo)可(ke)名之(zhi)為(wei)鳧,為(wei)水(shui)鳥,善飛翔。器物(wu)整體設(she)(she)計精巧別(bie)致(zhi),匠心獨運(yun)。器體上的(de)(de)(de)龍、牛、鴨(ya)、人等形象逼真(zhen),惟妙(miao)惟肖。巧妙(miao)和諧地分布于器物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)適當位置上,充溢著濃(nong)厚的(de)(de)(de)生活氣息,蘊(yun)含著藝術(shu)氛圍,的(de)(de)(de)確是(shi)一件將藝術(shu)之(zhi)美與生活之(zhi)美完善結合的(de)(de)(de)絕妙(miao)佳作,令人嘆為(wei)觀止。該盉(he)之(zhi)所以設(she)(she)計為(wei)鴨(ya)形事(shi)出有因。它是(shi)根(gen)據西周(zhou)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)等級制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)所制(zhi)(zhi)造,像(xiang)匍這(zhe)(zhe)種卿(qing)大夫一級的(de)(de)(de)貴族,只能用鴨(ya)、鵝(e)之(zhi)類造型的(de)(de)(de)器物(wu)。由此(ci)可(ke)見這(zhe)(zhe)件鴨(ya)形盉(he)不僅是(shi)一件精美的(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)品,亦是(shi)研究西周(zhou)時期禮儀制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)實物(wu)資料。
唯(wei)四月既生(sheng)霸戊申(shen),匍即(ji)與氐。青公事(shi)司史(shi)兒曾匍與柬麀賁韋兩赤金一勻。匍敢對揚公休,用乍寶尊彝(yi),其永用。
“工欲(yu)善其事(shi),必先利其器”一件優(you)質(zhi)青銅器的(de)出產,靠的(de)是(shi)優(you)良的(de)制作工藝。
通過化學腐蝕自(zi)然產生(sheng)的(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)有(you)點綠(lv),那是青(qing)銅(tong)器剛(gang)生(sheng)成的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)綠(lv)。因為是新作的(de),時間不久所以(yi)顏(yan)色(se)(se)鮮(xian)亮一些,一般(ban)養護一段時間后(hou)后(hou),顏(yan)色(se)(se)就會自(zi)然變得更舊一些。還(huan)有(you)黑色(se)(se)和棗紅色(se)(se),主(zhu)要(yao)還(huan)是受青(qing)銅(tong)器出土(tu)環境影響。
青(qing)銅(tong)綠(lv)(lv)——在(zai)化(hua)學上主要(yao)是(shi)堿(jian)式碳酸銅(tong)和硫(liu)酸銅(tong)的混(hun)合物(wu),是(shi)空(kong)氣中存在(zai)的碳和硫(liu)兩種元素(su)長期與銅(tong)氧化(hua)反應形(xing)成的。這種綠(lv)(lv)色一般(ban)不(bu)直接食用是(shi)沒(mei)有(you)害(hai)的,所以青(qing)銅(tong)器不(bu)能直接盛放是(shi)酒或食物(wu)。
有些(xie)青銅(tong)器(qi)是(shi)黑(hei)色(se)的(de)(de),還有些(xie)帶紅色(se),真品青銅(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)黑(hei)色(se)是(shi)氧(yang)化形(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de),一(yi)(yi)般是(shi)傳世品,埋(mai)藏時間(jian)很長(chang),在(zai)自然界中(zhong)形(xing)(xing)成銅(tong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)化。紅色(se)的(de)(de)我(wo)們稱為(wei)”棗皮紅”,是(shi)水(shui)銹的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong),是(shi)青銅(tong)器(qi)長(chang)期在(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)浸泡形(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)。如果想要(yao)高仿銹的(de)(de),那成本就會高一(yi)(yi)些(xie),因為(wei)銹色(se)的(de)(de)生成是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)時間(jian)處理的(de)(de),短則(ze)半個月(yue),長(chang)則(ze)需(xu)要(yao)3、4個月(yue),要(yao)求越高,銹色(se)處理就越長(chang),當然效果也會越好。
其他青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)復仿制地點的(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)顏色(se)(se)是黑(hei)色(se)(se)底(di)、藍色(se)(se)銹(xiu)(xiu)的(de),和鐘鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)產品(pin)(pin)顏色(se)(se)不(bu)一樣,這主要(yao)是主要(yao)材質、工藝不(bu)一樣。鐘鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)產品(pin)(pin)是青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)材質,化學自(zi)然腐蝕(shi)的(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se),出(chu)廠前還(huan)要(yao)做環保滅菌處理,而(er)且(qie)經(jing)過一段時間的(de)養護,青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)顏色(se)(se)會變(bian)的(de)很溫潤(run)。而(er)其他廠家(jia)的(de)產品(pin)(pin),大量的(de)是用雜銅(tong)或鋅合(he)金材料,因為不(bu)能自(zi)然腐蝕(shi)出(chu)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se),只(zhi)能做成黑(hei)色(se)(se),紋飾中(zhong)上藍色(se)(se)顏料,這種出(chu)來的(de)銹(xiu)(xiu),用手(shou)一擦就(jiu)會掉色(se)(se),長期擺(bai)放對人體(ti)還(huan)會有(you)害。
鐘(zhong)鼎青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)是青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)(bu)是純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鉛錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合金(jin),古(gu)代叫“吉金(jin)”。純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)現稱為(wei)“紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”,也就是電線里用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),很柔(rou)軟,但硬(ying)度不(bu)(bu)夠(gou)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)里銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例有(you)(you)70%左右。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料價格之所(suo)以高(gao),也是因為(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含量較高(gao),而(er)且含的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)(xi)價格比(bi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更貴。現今銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大概7、8萬一噸,而(er)錫(xi)(xi)12萬左右一噸。仿制青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環保(bao)鐘(zhong)鼎青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin),經(jing)過室內陳(chen)設品(pin)(pin)環保(bao)檢(jian)測,有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)放(fang)(fang)射線只有(you)(you)國(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)允許值的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/160,國(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)為(wei)32微倫/小(xiao)時(shi),而(er)鐘(zhong)鼎青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)平均只有(you)(you)0.2微倫/小(xiao)時(shi)。這(zhe)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)得(de)益于制作工(gong)藝,在制作過程中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)使(shi)用(yong)強酸處理(li),減少(shao)(shao)了(le)酸鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成,從而(er)減少(shao)(shao)了(le)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)放(fang)(fang)射線對人體健(jian)康的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。同時(shi),在產(chan)品(pin)(pin)出廠前,還要(yao)(yao)(yao)針對青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)銹色產(chan)生時(shi)伴生的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)病菌進行滅菌消毒,主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是白色粉末狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)氯化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生會(hui)使(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)在短短的(de)(de)(de)(de)1年內就能腐蝕透,是青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)上(shang)致命的(de)(de)(de)(de)病毒。
據銘文(wen)記載,鴨形盉鑄造(zao)于西(xi)周穆王時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。應(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)當(dang)(dang)時國(guo)(guo)(guo)小力微(wei),南邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)不斷鬧事(shi)滋擾,為了(le)保全自(zi)己,應(ying)侯決定派團(tuan)出使(shi)北邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)以尋求支(zhi)持(chi)。可是(shi),當(dang)(dang)時應(ying)、邢兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)一直(zhi)都是(shi)井(jing)水(shui)不犯(fan)河水(shui),關(guan)系緊(jin)張,第(di)一次出使(shi)絕非易事(shi),所以由誰來(lai)帶(dai)團(tuan)出使(shi)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo),便成了(le)擺在應(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)侯面前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一大(da)難題。應(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有位匍(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍,當(dang)(dang)差多年卻一直(zhi)未能升遷,就快(kuai)退休了(le),他突(tu)然萌生了(le)一個念頭(tou),想要效仿圣賢周游列國(guo)(guo)(guo),出國(guo)(guo)(guo)去看看。見應(ying)侯準備派人出使(shi)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo),匍(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍毛遂自(zi)薦,說自(zi)己是(shi)西(xi)周當(dang)(dang)朝相國(guo)(guo)(guo)匍(pu)(pu)侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)遠房族(zu)親。就這樣,匍(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍就在次年四月(yue)戊(wu)申這天率使(shi)團(tuan)來(lai)到了(le)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氐(di)。
匍(pu)(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍(jun)與(yu)邢國特使會見(jian)結束后(hou)(hou)(hou),雙(shuang)方(fang)互贈了禮物。鑒于匍(pu)(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍(jun)與(yu)當朝相國的關(guan)系特殊,邢國侯還另外賞賜給匍(pu)(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍(jun)一(yi)(yi)些鹿皮服飾(shi)和30斤純銅等作為私人(ren)禮物。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來,匍(pu)(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍(jun)在回(hui)國途中遇(yu)到(dao)了山(shan)洪暴發,情(qing)況萬分危(wei)急。但就(jiu)在此刻,忽(hu)然有幾只巨大的飛(fei)梟飛(fei)來并(bing)把他們馱起向南飛(fei)去,匍(pu)(pu)(pu)將(jiang)軍(jun)蘇醒后(hou)(hou)(hou)發現自己就(jiu)在應都附近的一(yi)(yi)座小(xiao)山(shan)上(shang)。
為了表達自己對飛梟(xiao)救命之恩的(de)(de)感(gan)激,于是(shi)他決定把(ba)邢侯所賜的(de)(de)純銅制成一(yi)個(ge)飛梟(xiao)形象的(de)(de)器物(wu),并把(ba)他出(chu)使邢國和(he)接受禮品的(de)(de)事情銘(ming)刻器上,作為紀(ji)念。這件器物(wu)就(jiu)是(shi)鴨形盉。