盉與爵配(pei)套可以(yi)(yi)盛酒,與盤配(pei)套亦可盛水。鴨(ya)形(xing)盉以(yi)(yi)鴨(ya)腹為(wei)器身(shen)(shen),背(bei)部開口,上面(mian)加蓋,腹下鑄柱狀足,鴨(ya)首當流,鴨(ya)尾作(zuo)鋬(shi),鋬(shi)上站立一(yi)(yi)小銅(tong)人,以(yi)(yi)其手足將器身(shen)(shen)與器蓋巧妙地連為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)。蓋沿與口下飾長尾鳳鳥紋一(yi)(yi)周。蓋內有陰刻(ke)銘文43字(zi),筆畫均勻,字(zi)跡清晰。銘文記(ji)述應國使者“匍”到氐這個地方探訪邢(xing)國的(de)國君邢(xing)公,邢(xing)公派一(yi)(yi)名叫的(de)官員會見(jian)了(le)他,并(bing)贈送給他一(yi)(yi)些禮物。后來匍用邢(xing)公所賜的(de)銅(tong)做(zuo)了(le)這件盉,以(yi)(yi)作(zuo)紀念(nian)。
名稱:鴨形盉
年代:西周
出土:1988年河南省平頂山應國墓地出土
原件規格:通高(gao)25.2厘(li)米(mi) 長31.8厘(li)米(mi)
復制件規(gui)格:高31cm、長35cm
現藏:河南博物院
用途:家(jia)居擺放、商務(wu)禮(li)品、外事(shi)禮(li)品、高檔文化禮(li)品
該盉構思巧妙(miao),造(zao)型(xing)優美(mei)(mei),極富(fu)想(xiang)象(xiang)力。整體(ti)(ti)(ti)酷似(si)水鴨,或可名之為(wei)(wei)鳧,為(wei)(wei)水鳥,善飛翔。器(qi)物(wu)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)設計(ji)精(jing)巧別致,匠心獨運(yun)。器(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上的龍(long)、牛、鴨、人等形象(xiang)逼真,惟(wei)妙(miao)惟(wei)肖。巧妙(miao)和諧地分布于器(qi)物(wu)的適(shi)當位置(zhi)上,充溢著(zhu)濃厚(hou)的生活氣息,蘊含(han)著(zhu)藝術(shu)氛圍,的確是(shi)(shi)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)將藝術(shu)之美(mei)(mei)與生活之美(mei)(mei)完(wan)善結合的絕妙(miao)佳作,令人嘆為(wei)(wei)觀止。該盉之所以設計(ji)為(wei)(wei)鴨形事出(chu)有因。它是(shi)(shi)根據西(xi)周(zhou)嚴格的等級(ji)制(zhi)度(du)所制(zhi)造(zao),像匍這種(zhong)卿大夫一(yi)級(ji)的貴族,只能用鴨、鵝之類造(zao)型(xing)的器(qi)物(wu)。由此可見這件(jian)(jian)鴨形盉不僅是(shi)(shi)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)精(jing)美(mei)(mei)的藝術(shu)品,亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)研究西(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)期禮(li)儀制(zhi)度(du)的實物(wu)資料。
唯四月既生霸戊申,匍即與(yu)氐。青(qing)公(gong)事司(si)史兒(er)曾匍與(yu)柬麀賁(bi)韋兩(liang)赤金一勻。匍敢對揚公(gong)休(xiu),用(yong)乍寶尊(zun)彝,其(qi)永用(yong)。
“工欲善(shan)其事(shi),必(bi)先利其器(qi)”一件優質青銅器(qi)的(de)(de)出產(chan),靠的(de)(de)是(shi)優良的(de)(de)制作工藝。
通過化(hua)學腐蝕自(zi)(zi)然(ran)產生的(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)有點(dian)綠,那是(shi)青(qing)銅器(qi)剛生成的(de)青(qing)銅綠。因(yin)為是(shi)新作(zuo)的(de),時間不久(jiu)所以顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)鮮亮一(yi)些,一(yi)般養護一(yi)段時間后(hou)后(hou),顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)就會自(zi)(zi)然(ran)變得更(geng)舊一(yi)些。還有黑色(se)(se)(se)和棗紅色(se)(se)(se),主(zhu)要(yao)還是(shi)受青(qing)銅器(qi)出土環境影響。
青(qing)銅綠(lv)——在(zai)化學上主要是(shi)(shi)堿(jian)式碳(tan)酸銅和硫酸銅的(de)混(hun)合(he)物(wu)(wu),是(shi)(shi)空(kong)氣中存在(zai)的(de)碳(tan)和硫兩種元素(su)長期與銅氧(yang)化反應(ying)形(xing)成的(de)。這種綠(lv)色(se)一(yi)般不(bu)直(zhi)接(jie)食(shi)用是(shi)(shi)沒有害的(de),所(suo)以青(qing)銅器不(bu)能直(zhi)接(jie)盛放是(shi)(shi)酒或食(shi)物(wu)(wu)。
有(you)些青(qing)銅(tong)器是黑(hei)(hei)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de),還有(you)些帶紅(hong)色(se),真品青(qing)銅(tong)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)是氧(yang)化(hua)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),一(yi)般是傳世品,埋(mai)藏時間很(hen)長,在自然(ran)界中形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)。紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)我們稱為”棗皮紅(hong)”,是水銹的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種,是青(qing)銅(tong)器長期在水中浸泡(pao)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。如果(guo)想要高仿銹的(de)(de)(de)(de),那成(cheng)本就(jiu)會高一(yi)些,因為銹色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生成(cheng)是需要時間處(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)(de),短則半個月,長則需要3、4個月,要求越高,銹色(se)處(chu)理就(jiu)越長,當然(ran)效果(guo)也會越好。
其(qi)他青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)復仿制地(di)點(dian)的青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)是(shi)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)底、藍色(se)(se)(se)(se)銹的,和鐘鼎青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)產品(pin)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)不(bu)一(yi)樣,這(zhe)主要(yao)是(shi)主要(yao)材質、工(gong)藝不(bu)一(yi)樣。鐘鼎青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的產品(pin)是(shi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材質,化學自然腐蝕(shi)的銹色(se)(se)(se)(se),出(chu)廠(chang)前還要(yao)做(zuo)環保滅菌處理,而且經過一(yi)段時間的養護,青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)會變的很溫(wen)潤。而其(qi)他廠(chang)家的產品(pin),大量的是(shi)用雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或鋅合(he)金材料,因(yin)為不(bu)能自然腐蝕(shi)出(chu)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)銹色(se)(se)(se)(se),只能做(zuo)成(cheng)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se),紋飾中上藍色(se)(se)(se)(se)顏(yan)料,這(zhe)種出(chu)來的銹,用手一(yi)擦就會掉色(se)(se)(se)(se),長期擺放對人(ren)體還會有(you)害(hai)。
鐘(zhong)鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)是青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)是純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它(ta)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鉛(qian)錫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金(jin),古(gu)代叫“吉金(jin)”。純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)現稱為“紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”,也就是電線(xian)里(li)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),很柔軟,但硬度不(bu)夠。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)里(li)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例有(you)70%左右(you)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料價格(ge)之所以高,也是因為銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含量較高,而(er)且含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫價格(ge)比銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更貴。現今銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大(da)概7、8萬(wan)(wan)一噸(dun),而(er)錫12萬(wan)(wan)左右(you)一噸(dun)。仿制青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保鐘(zhong)鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin),經過室內陳設品(pin)(pin)(pin)環(huan)保檢測,有(you)害(hai)放射(she)線(xian)只有(you)國際(ji)標準(zhun)允許值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/160,國際(ji)標準(zhun)為32微倫(lun)/小(xiao)時,而(er)鐘(zhong)鼎(ding)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)平(ping)均只有(you)0.2微倫(lun)/小(xiao)時。這主要得(de)益(yi)于制作工藝(yi),在(zai)(zai)制作過程中不(bu)使用(yong)強酸處理,減少(shao)了(le)酸鉛(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成,從而(er)減少(shao)了(le)有(you)害(hai)放射(she)線(xian)對(dui)人(ren)體(ti)健康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。同(tong)時,在(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)出(chu)廠前,還要針對(dui)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)銹色產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)時伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)害(hai)病菌進行滅菌消毒(du),主要是白色粉末(mo)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氯化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)會使青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)短(duan)短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1年內就能腐(fu)蝕透(tou),是青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)致命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病毒(du)。
據(ju)銘文記載,鴨形(xing)盉鑄造(zao)于西周穆王時期的(de)(de)應(ying)國(guo)(guo)。應(ying)國(guo)(guo)當(dang)時國(guo)(guo)小力微,南邊(bian)的(de)(de)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)不斷鬧事(shi)滋擾,為(wei)了保全自己,應(ying)侯(hou)決定派(pai)團出(chu)使(shi)北邊(bian)的(de)(de)邢國(guo)(guo)以尋(xun)求(qiu)支(zhi)持。可是,當(dang)時應(ying)、邢兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)一直都是井水(shui)不犯(fan)河水(shui),關系(xi)緊張,第一次(ci)出(chu)使(shi)絕非易事(shi),所以由誰來帶團出(chu)使(shi)邢國(guo)(guo),便成了擺在應(ying)國(guo)(guo)侯(hou)面前的(de)(de)一大難題。應(ying)國(guo)(guo)有(you)位匍將軍,當(dang)差多(duo)年卻一直未能升遷,就(jiu)快退(tui)休(xiu)了,他突然萌生了一個念(nian)頭,想要效仿圣賢周游(you)列國(guo)(guo),出(chu)國(guo)(guo)去(qu)看看。見應(ying)侯(hou)準備派(pai)人(ren)出(chu)使(shi)邢國(guo)(guo),匍將軍毛(mao)遂(sui)自薦,說(shuo)自己是西周當(dang)朝相國(guo)(guo)匍侯(hou)的(de)(de)遠房族親。就(jiu)這(zhe)樣,匍將軍就(jiu)在次(ci)年四月戊申這(zhe)天(tian)率使(shi)團來到(dao)了邢國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)氐。
匍將(jiang)軍與邢(xing)國(guo)特使會(hui)見結(jie)束后,雙方互贈了(le)禮(li)物。鑒于匍將(jiang)軍與當朝相國(guo)的關系特殊,邢(xing)國(guo)侯還(huan)另外賞賜給(gei)匍將(jiang)軍一些鹿(lu)皮(pi)服飾和30斤純銅等作為私人禮(li)物。后來(lai),匍將(jiang)軍在(zai)回國(guo)途中遇(yu)到了(le)山洪暴發(fa),情況萬分(fen)危急。但(dan)就在(zai)此(ci)刻,忽然有幾只巨大的飛梟飛來(lai)并把他們馱起(qi)向(xiang)南飛去,匍將(jiang)軍蘇醒后發(fa)現自己就在(zai)應都附近的一座小山上。
為了表達自己對飛梟救(jiu)命之(zhi)恩的(de)感激(ji),于是他(ta)決定(ding)把(ba)邢侯所(suo)賜的(de)純銅制成一個(ge)飛梟形象(xiang)的(de)器物(wu),并把(ba)他(ta)出使(shi)邢國(guo)和接受禮(li)品的(de)事(shi)情銘刻(ke)器上,作為紀念。這件器物(wu)就是鴨形盉。