一.產品介紹
霞(xia)浦(pu)榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)栽培歷史悠久,1953年(nian)(nian)由蜀籍駐(zhu)軍介紹牽線,首次從當時的重慶市巴縣(xian)(xian)木桐區清溪公社新龍(long)(long)大(da)(da)(da)隊(dui)引種(zhong)種(zhong)植,上(shang)世紀六十(shi)、七十(shi)年(nian)(nian)代逐步擴(kuo)大(da)(da)(da)。1974年(nian)(nian)后推(tui)廣至沙江、長春、溪南等縣(xian)(xian)域南部鄉鎮,當時年(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植2000多(duo)畝(mu)、年(nian)(nian)產2000多(duo)噸(dun)、加工成品菜(cai)(cai)(cai)1000多(duo)噸(dun)。改(gai)革(ge)開放(fang)后,面(mian)(mian)積(ji)逐年(nian)(nian)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)(da),全縣(xian)(xian)除海島鄉外,均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)一定的種(zhong)植面(mian)(mian)積(ji)。二十(shi)世紀八十(shi)年(nian)(nian)代列(lie)入(ru)農業部《中國蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)品種(zhong)資(zi)源目錄》。1987年(nian)(nian)后,霞(xia)浦(pu)縣(xian)(xian)副食品廠專業生(sheng)產方(fang)便榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai),注冊(ce)東吾商(shang)標,1991年(nian)(nian)該產品獲省優產品后,面(mian)(mian)積(ji)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)(da)迅速(su),常年(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植面(mian)(mian)積(ji)保(bao)持在1.5-2.1萬(wan)畝(mu)之間,年(nian)(nian)產1.3-1.8萬(wan)噸(dun)。 霞(xia)浦(pu)縣(xian)(xian)氣候、生(sheng)態(tai)條件(jian)適宜榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)生(sheng)長發育,所產榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)質(zhi)優高產成為全省最大(da)(da)(da)的榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)產業基(ji)地(di),我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)適宜種(zhong)植榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)有(you)(you)(you)20萬(wan)畝(mu)田(tian)地(di)、園地(di),除常規冬(dong)種(zhong)各(ge)類蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、糧油(you)作(zuo)物在12萬(wan)畝(mu)左右,尚有(you)(you)(you)8萬(wan)畝(mu)左右空閑,榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)產區人口密(mi)集,其(qi)市場因素與資(zi)源因素有(you)(you)(you)利于榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)產業發展,霞(xia)浦(pu)縣(xian)(xian)可以(yi)為榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)龍(long)(long)頭(tou)企(qi)業提供(gong)7-9萬(wan)畝(mu)榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)原(yuan)料基(ji)地(di),10萬(wan)多(duo)噸(dun)原(yuan)料,年(nian)(nian)可加工2億袋方(fang)便榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)。 霞(xia)浦(pu)榨(zha)(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)個大(da)(da)(da),平(ping)均(jun)縱徑14.5cm、平(ping)均(jun)橫徑12.4cm,平(ping)均(jun)單莖(jing)瘤重550g,莖(jing)瘤呈(cheng)近紡綞(duo)形或蓮花形,皮色(se)淺(qian)綠光(guang)滑,肉瘤較大(da)(da)(da)而鈍圓(yuan)、間溝較深(shen),皮下肉質(zhi)色(se)白而肥(fei)厚,質(zhi)地(di)脆嫩(nen)、形狀美觀,其(qi)腌制品脆嫩(nen)、鮮爽,具有(you)(you)(you)明顯的特征香氣。
二.自(zi)然生態環境和(he)人文歷史因素
霞(xia)(xia)浦屬中亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)季風(feng)(feng)性(xing)濕潤氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu),氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)溫(wen)(wen)暖,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)16~19℃,月(yue)均(jun)最高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(7月(yue))25.5-28.5℃、最低(di)(di)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(1月(yue))6.9-9.6℃,歷史(shi)極端最高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)40℃、最低(di)(di)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-7.7℃。年(nian)日照時數1899.2小(xiao)時,降(jiang)(jiang)雨量1100-1800毫米(mi),無(wu)霜期北部(bu)(bu)(bu)243天、南部(bu)(bu)(bu)300天。霞(xia)(xia)浦氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)可概括為(wei)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)多(duo)雨水(shui),夏(xia)多(duo)臺風(feng)(feng),冬暖夏(xia)涼,霜雪少見”。春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)夏(xia)秋冬持續時間平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)89、127、81、68天,春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)夏(xia)季降(jiang)(jiang)雨量占全年(nian)總(zong)量的(de)(de)(de)83%。全年(nian)以(yi)東(dong)南風(feng)(feng)為(wei)主(zhu)導(dao)風(feng)(feng)向(xiang),沿(yan)海(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)以(yi)東(dong)北風(feng)(feng)、西南風(feng)(feng)居(ju)多(duo),具有明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)季風(feng)(feng)特(te)點。氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素垂直(zhi)差異明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian),區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)(nei)(nei)山(shan)岳地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)隨海(hai)拔高(gao)度每上(shang)(shang)(shang)升100米(mi),年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)約降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)0.56℃。域內(nei)(nei)(nei)冬無(wu)嚴(yan)寒,滿足榨菜生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。 霞(xia)(xia)浦縣(xian)屬亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)海(hai)洋性(xing)季風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou),在霜凍(dong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)較浙江(jiang)產(chan)區(qu)(qu)為(wei)佳(表(biao)(biao)略),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)富含磷、鉀(jia)、鈣(gai)與涪陵相似,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)多(duo)為(wei)最適榨菜生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)砂壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。表(biao)(biao)略境(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)依山(shan)面海(hai),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由西北向(xiang)東(dong)南呈(cheng)三級階梯狀下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang),東(dong)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)沖半(ban)島拱衛內(nei)(nei)(nei)海(hai),組成(cheng)了中低(di)(di)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、丘陵、濱海(hai)等不(bu)同(tong)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)。區(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風(feng)(feng)沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、鹽土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、水(shui)稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)廣(guang)泛分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)沿(yan)海(hai)丘陵和(he)(he)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)海(hai)拔950米(mi)以(yi)下(xia)低(di)(di)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai);紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)零(ling)星分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)長春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)鎮大(da)京等地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),母質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)(se)頁巖,風(feng)(feng)化(hua)強烈,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚度65厘米(mi),質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中壤(rang)(rang),呈(cheng)粒狀結構;潮(chao)(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在溪(xi)流(liu)(liu)兩(liang)岸,母質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)溪(xi)流(liu)(liu)沖積(ji)(ji)物(wu)或老河(he)道沉積(ji)(ji)物(wu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)深厚,沖積(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)理明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian),各層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se)澤均(jun)一;風(feng)(feng)沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)長春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)等地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)濱海(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai);濱海(hai)鹽土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)沿(yan)海(hai)灘(tan)涂,經人(ren)工墾(ken)殖脫鹽后成(cheng)為(wei)旱作(zuo)咸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang),由海(hai)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、海(hai)粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)發(fa)育而成(cheng),質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)粘(zhan)重(zhong)(zhong);咸沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)由海(hai)積(ji)(ji)泥沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)發(fa)育而成(cheng),分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在塘田隆(long)起(qi)部(bu)(bu)(bu),表(biao)(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)輕壤(rang)(rang),底層(ceng)(ceng)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)重(zhong)(zhong)壤(rang)(rang),已完全脫鹽;水(shui)稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)是縣(xian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)耕作(zuo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang),廣(guang)泛分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有水(shui)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)坡、山(shan)壟、丘間谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)河(he)谷、海(hai)積(ji)(ji)小(xiao)平(ping)(ping)原。 全縣(xian)林地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)(ji)156.38萬畝,其中有林地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)128.4萬畝(生(sheng)(sheng)態林49萬畝、商品林35萬畝、兼用(yong)林43萬畝),森林覆蓋率56.8%。境(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)溪(xi)流(liu)(liu)密布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),境(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)水(shui)系呈(cheng)樹枝狀分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),干流(liu)(liu)長1公(gong)里(li)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)流(liu)(liu)24條,大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)源(yuan)短流(liu)(liu)急,單(dan)獨(du)入海(hai)。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)河(he)流(liu)(liu)有杯溪(xi)、羅漢溪(xi)、七(qi)都溪(xi)、長溪(xi)三河(he),總(zong)流(liu)(liu)域面積(ji)(ji)635.2平(ping)(ping)方公(gong)里(li),干流(liu)(liu)長134.5公(gong)里(li)。水(shui)域環境(jing)現狀良好,周邊沒有工礦(kuang)企業(ye),無(wu)工業(ye)污染,空氣(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量良好,可以(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)綠色(se)(se)(se)食品基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)發(fa)展。
三.地域范圍
霞浦(pu)縣(xian)位于福建省東(dong)北沿海(hai)臺灣海(hai)峽(xia)西(xi)北岸,北緯26°25′-27°07′,東(dong)經119°46′-120°28′之間(jian),東(dong)瀕東(dong)海(hai),西(xi)接(jie)福安,北鄰福鼎、柘榮縣(xian),西(xi)南與寧德、羅源兩江隔海(hai)相望。全縣(xian)陸地(di)面積1489.6平方(fang)公里,均列為地(di)域覆蓋(gai)范圍。保護(hu)面積分布在松城街(jie)道、松港街(jie)道、長春(chun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、牙城鎮(zhen)(zhen)、溪南鎮(zhen)(zhen)、沙江鎮(zhen)(zhen)、下滸鎮(zhen)(zhen)、三沙鎮(zhen)(zhen)、鹽田(tian)畬(yu)族鄉、水門畬(yu)族鄉、崇儒(ru)畬(yu)族鄉、柏洋鄉、北壁鄉20萬畝適宜耕地(di)。現有榨(zha)菜面積3.05萬畝,年產8萬多噸鮮菜。
四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)
1、外在感官特征:霞浦榨菜與川、浙菜相比(bi)最(zui)顯(xian)著的特點是個大,平均(jun)(jun)縱徑14.5cm、橫(heng)徑12.4cm,平均(jun)(jun)單莖(jing)(jing)瘤重(zhong)550g,莖(jing)(jing)瘤近紡綞(duo)形(xing)或蓮花形(xing),皮(pi)色淺綠(lv),肉瘤較大而鈍圓、間溝較深,莖(jing)(jing)瘤質地脆嫩、個大、形(xing)狀美(mei)觀,其加(jia)工(gong)品鮮、爽、嫩、脆、香氣足(zu)。
2、內在品質指標:蛋(dan)白質≥0.15%,粗纖維≥0.70%。
3、安全(quan)要求:嚴格執行(xing)NY 5299-2005無公害(hai)食(shi)品芥菜(cai)類蔬菜(cai)標準(zhun)。
五.特定生(sheng)產方式
霞(xia)浦縣(xian)榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)產區普遍采取水稻(dao)-水稻(dao)-榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)、番(fan)薯-榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)、水稻(dao)-菜(cai)(cai)-榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)等種(zhong)植模式。提高了土(tu)地(di)利用率與(yu)復種(zhong)指數,推(tui)動了水旱輪作(zuo)耕作(zuo)模式推(tui)廣,增加土(tu)壤(rang)的有(you)機質(zhi)等營養含量,極大改善了土(tu)壤(rang)理化性狀。 霞(xia)浦榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)農產品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)生(sheng)產方式應(ying)嚴格執(zhi)行NY 5299-2005無公害食品(pin)芥菜(cai)(cai)類蔬菜(cai)(cai)標(biao)準,具體按霞(xia)浦縣(xian)農業(ye)標(biao)準規范《莖瘤芥(榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai))栽(zai)培(pei)技術規范》(NXP/TNY002.5-2000,2000年6月(yue)霞(xia)浦縣(xian)質(zhi)監(jian)局發布)進行操作(zuo)。
1、栽培品(pin)(pin)種與(yu)季(ji)節(jie) 霞浦榨菜主栽品(pin)(pin)種有霞圓榨1號等,播(bo)種季(ji)節(jie)10月下旬到11月上旬,定植11月下旬至12月上旬,收獲期翌年(nian)1月底(di)-3月份,全(quan)生育期140天。
2、播種與育苗
(1)播(bo)種:用80℃燙水(shui)(shui)傾(qing)入盛種子的容(rong)器(qi)內,去除(chu)上浮的嫩種、癟粒及其它夾雜(za)物(wu),再用50℃-55℃溫水(shui)(shui)浸泡10分鐘,濾出、晾干(gan)、準備播(bo)種。
(2)育苗(miao):選富含有機質(zhi)、保水保肥好的土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)或(huo)輕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)。苗(miao)床深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)曬(shai)土(tu)(tu),熟化(hua)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。作畦寬1.1m-1.2m、溝寬30cm-35cm、溝深(shen)(shen)25cm-30cm,每667㎡施腐熟廄肥2000kg,過磷酸鈣20kg。將畦面(mian)(mian)整平耙細,施足(zu)底(di)水,將準備(bei)好的種(zhong)子均勻撒于畦面(mian)(mian),床面(mian)(mian)上蓋土(tu)(tu),每667㎡用種(zhong)0.4-0.5kg,可供10畝(mu)大田(tian)幼苗(miao)定植(zhi)需要。
(3)苗(miao)期管理:出現(xian)第一片真葉時,第一次間苗(miao),保持(chi)苗(miao)距3cm,出現(xian)三片真葉時,第二次間苗(miao),保持(chi)苗(miao)距7cm,間苗(miao)主要去(qu)除弱、劣、病、雜及高腳苗(miao)。?
3、田間管理
(1)選(xuan)地(di)整畦:榨菜宜選(xuan)擇排(pai)灌(guan)良好、土(tu)層深厚、質(zhi)地(di)疏松、富含有機質(zhi)的中(zhong)壤或砂壤土(tu)。宜深耕至25cm左(zuo)右,每畝用(yong)石(shi)灰20公斤撒施土(tu)壤爾(er)后(hou)翻曬土(tu)壤,作畦寬110cm-130cm、高25cm左(zuo)右,利于排(pai)水。
(2)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi):選擇陰(yin)天(tian)或晴天(tian)下午(wu)進(jin)行,定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)時苗(miao)床(chuang)澆水,帶(dai)土定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi),減少根系損傷,提高成(cheng)活(huo)率,株行距(ju)40cm,每畝定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)4000株左右。
(3)肥(fei)水(shui)管(guan)理:在定植前每667㎡用1500kg腐熟(shu)廄肥(fei)撒入大田,犁翻耙勻,做為基肥(fei),在定植后(hou)40天左右至封行前每667㎡用腐熟(shu)人(ren)畜糞尿(niao)500kg與尿(niao)素8kg、磷(lin)酸二氫鉀3kg分二次做追肥(fei)。水(shui)分管(guan)理遇旱灌水(shui),遇澇(lao)排(pai)水(shui)。
(4)病蟲害(hai)防治 嚴格執行(xing)NY5299-2005無公害(hai)食品芥菜類蔬菜標準(zhun)。具體按霞浦縣農業標準(zhun)規(gui)范《莖瘤芥(榨菜)栽培技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(NXP/TNY002.5-2000)進行(xing)操作。?
4、榨(zha)菜的采(cai)收(shou)?
(1)采(cai)收標準:在1月(yue)下旬開始及(ji)時采(cai)收,掌握在分開頂端2-3片芯(xin)葉見苔高(gao)2-3cm便可(ke)收割。?
(2)莖瘤芥等級規格應符合下表(biao)的要求。