簡介
中國農科院果樹研究
所在(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)國(guo)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)區(qu)劃意見(jian)中(zhong)(zhong),把昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)定為全(quan)國(guo)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)長最(zui)適(shi)宜(yi)區(qu)。與北(bei)(bei)方蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)產區(qu)相比,昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)具(ju)有(you)(you)四大(da)優勢(shi)(shi):一是生(sheng)態優勢(shi)(shi)。從氣(qi)候(hou)條件(jian)上(shang)看冬無嚴寒、夏無酷暑、年較(jiao)差(cha)小、日較(jiao)差(cha)大(da),光(guang)(guang)照充足,雨量適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),光(guang)(guang)、熱、水資源(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu),是蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)產最(zui)適(shi)宜(yi)區(qu)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)地處(chu)云(yun)貴(gui)高原,紫(zi)外線強(qiang)烈,晝夜溫差(cha)大(da),有(you)(you)機質(zhi)積累較(jiao)快,大(da)大(da)利于(yu)(yu)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)生(sheng)長。生(sheng)產條件(jian)上(shang)看昭(zhao)、魯兩(liang)(liang)縣區(qu)屬于(yu)(yu)農業大(da)縣,大(da)氣(qi)環境清潔,無工業污染(ran),發展無公害蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)產具(ju)有(you)(you)得天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)自然(ran)條件(jian)。二(er)(er)是品質(zhi)優勢(shi)(shi)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)得天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)自然(ran)環境,所產蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)色澤鮮艷,肉質(zhi)細脆、甜酸適(shi)度,汁液(ye)豐(feng)富(fu),風味濃郁,多(duo)次獲省優質(zhi)水果(guo)(guo)(guo)稱號及全(quan)國(guo)第二(er)(er)屆農業博(bo)覽會銀獎,昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)三省、兩(liang)(liang)廣、東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)亞聞(wen)名遐邇。三是早(zao)熟(shu)優勢(shi)(shi),昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)北(bei)(bei)方產區(qu)早(zao)熟(shu)一個月(yue)的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)方蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)尚未成(cheng)熟(shu)時(shi),昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)即(ji)(ji)成(cheng)熟(shu)上(shang)市,其早(zao)熟(shu)種在(zai)(zai)(zai)7月(yue)上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)旬即(ji)(ji)成(cheng)熟(shu),晚熟(shu)品種9月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬成(cheng)熟(shu),銷售時(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)北(bei)(bei)方具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)市場空(kong)間(jian)和市場競爭優勢(shi)(shi)。四是區(qu)位(wei)優勢(shi)(shi),市場廣闊。昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)市地處(chu)云(yun)、貴(gui)、川三省結(jie)合部。這些省市由(you)于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)候(hou)因素(su),基本不產蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)與國(guo)內蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)產區(qu)山東(dong)(dong)、陜西(xi)等(deng)(deng)產區(qu)相比,具(ju)有(you)(you)地理位(wei)置上(shang)的(de)(de)優勢(shi)(shi)以及在(zai)(zai)(zai)多(duo)年的(de)(de)銷售中(zhong)(zhong)已形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)固定的(de)(de)消費市場,所產蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)可(ke)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)四川、重(zhong)慶,東(dong)(dong)進貴(gui)州(zhou)、湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)、湖北(bei)(bei),南(nan)(nan)(nan)下(xia)廣東(dong)(dong)、廣西(xi)。除此(ci)之外,南(nan)(nan)(nan)下(xia)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)亞也僅三天(tian)即(ji)(ji)可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)由(you)田間(jian)到餐(can)桌。昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)銷往香(xiang)港、泰國(guo)、緬甸、越(yue)南(nan)(nan)(nan)等(deng)(deng)國(guo)地區(qu),東(dong)(dong)盟(meng)自由(you)貿易區(qu)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she),更為昭(zhao)通(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)銷售提供(gong)了(le)廣闊的(de)(de)市場。
為了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)發(fa)(fa)揮昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)自然資源(yuan)優勢,幫助農(nong)(nong)民盡快脫貧致(zhi)富(fu)(fu)。1989年(nian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)部將(jiang)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)列為我國(guo)南方(fang)優質(zhi)蘋果生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地(di),1996年(nian)云南省(sheng)(sheng)又(you)將(jiang)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)列為省(sheng)(sheng)優質(zhi)蘋果生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地(di)。基地(di)列項(xiang)后(hou)(hou),蘋果生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)前(qian)所(suo)未有(you)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視,從地(di)委(wei)行(xing)署(shu)到市縣政(zheng)府都將(jiang)蘋果生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)列為農(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)結構調整的(de)(de)大范疇(chou)加以(yi)考慮,納(na)入了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)各級政(zheng)府部門領(ling)導(dao)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)內管和(he)(he)議事(shi)來加以(yi)研究。首(shou)先在(zai)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、魯(lu)兩市縣分別成立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)蘋果基地(di)建設(she)領(ling)導(dao)小(xiao)組,通(tong)過制(zhi)定水果發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)劃、行(xing)政(zheng)管理法規(gui)和(he)(he)政(zheng)策措施(shi)運用行(xing)政(zheng)職能(neng)和(he)(he)經(jing)濟調節(jie)手段,加強(qiang)對(dui)蘋果生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)建設(she)的(de)(de)領(ling)導(dao)。二(er)是在(zai)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)的(de)(de)永豐、土城、灑漁、樂居、守望、小(xiao)龍洞、北(bei)閘、蒙泉、蘇家(jia)院及(ji)魯(lu)甸的(de)(de)桃源(yuan)、巖洞、文(wen)屏、茨(ci)院等鄉鎮(zhen)擴(kuo)大種(zhong)(zhong)植面積(ji),發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)模生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)。三、進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)引(yin)試和(he)(he)更新(xin)換代(dai)(dai)(dai),先后(hou)(hou)引(yin)入新(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)30余個,通(tong)過篩選,選出了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)紅富(fu)(fu)士(shi)、新(xin)紅星(xing)、喬納(na)金(jin)、神沙、2001、紅王將(jiang)、美國(guo)八號(hao)等一批(pi)適應我區更新(xin)換代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)積(ji)極組織(zhi)推廣應用。紅富(fu)(fu)士(shi)系、新(xin)紅星(xing)、喬納(na)金(jin)已逐(zhu)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)原有(you)金(jin)帥、國(guo)光、元(yuan)帥等老品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),逐(zhu)漸形成了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)早中晚熟的(de)(de)合(he)理搭配。基地(di)建設(she)工(gong)作的(de)(de)實施(shi)有(you)效(xiao)地(di)促進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋果產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
從品種與貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)特性來(lai)看,早(zao)中熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)成熟(shu)(shu)后,肉(rou)質(zhi)細,多(duo)甜中帶酸,易(yi)生果(guo)(guo)銹,貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)后易(yi)發綿,不宜(yi)久貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),適宜(yi)鮮銷;在常(chang)(chang)(chang)溫下(xia),早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)的(de)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)僅(jin)為(wei)7~10d,中熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)的(de)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)為(wei)20 ~ 30d,故(gu)早(zao)中熟(shu)(shu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)只(zhi)能(neng)作短期(qi)(qi)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。而晚熟(shu)(shu)紅(hong)富士等(deng)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)因(yin)色澤好、 內質(zhi)緊實(shi)、含(han)糖量高,積累(lei)養分較多(duo),故(gu)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)較長(chang),通常(chang)(chang)(chang)在常(chang)(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)可貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)2~3個月(yue),可自然存放到春節,也可用冷藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)等(deng)方法長(chang)期(qi)(qi)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),且(qie)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后果(guo)(guo)實(shi)品質(zhi)變化甚微。因(yin)此,人(ren)們(men)首選紅(hong)富士蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)保鮮。
發展
為(wei)(wei)了(le)將(jiang)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步做大、做強(qiang),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)市委、政(zheng)(zheng)府又將(jiang)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)列為(wei)(wei)全市六大優(you)勢產(chan)業(ye)(ye),把(ba)扶持(chi)和培育蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)農村經濟戰略性(xing)結構(gou)(gou)調整的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)舉措(cuo)來抓(zhua),不斷加(jia)(jia)大投(tou)入(ru)力度。各相關部門緊緊圍繞“以(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品競(jing)爭(zheng)力和實現增效、增收為(wei)(wei)目的(de),以(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)核心,以(yi)標準化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)為(wei)(wei)突破口,通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域化(hua)(hua)(hua)布局,專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan),一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua)(hua)經營,社(she)會化(hua)(hua)(hua)服(fu)務,企業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)管理(li)的(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)模(mo)式,優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)調整品種結構(gou)(gou),加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園基礎設施建設,改(gai)善生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)環境條件,吸收、消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、利用國(guo)內優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)先進(jin)技術并將(jiang)其組裝(zhuang)配(pei)套,主(zhu)攻(gong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang),強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)意識,培育知(zhi)名(ming)品牌以(yi)及(ji)圍繞果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品采后商(shang)(shang)(shang)品化(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)加(jia)(jia)工及(ji)市場開發(fa)(fa),健全社(she)會化(hua)(hua)(hua)服(fu)務體系(xi),努力提(ti)(ti)高(gao)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)業(ye)(ye)的(de)整體競(jing)爭(zheng)力和效益”新時期蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)指導思想,以(yi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)經營模(mo)式發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面,在蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)廣泛(fan)開展(zhan)了(le)低(di)產(chan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園改(gai)造、無(wu)公害蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan),精品果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園建設、及(ji)強(qiang)拉枝、大改(gai)形(xing)、疏(shu)花疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、夏季修剪(jian)、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實套袋、配(pei)方(fang)(fang)施肥等(deng)(deng)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)新技術,努力提(ti)(ti)高(gao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面,切實加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)采后分級、包裝(zhuang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品化(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li),“昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)錦”、“南(nan)國(guo)紅(hong)”、“昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)陽紅(hong)”等(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)些品牌也應運(yun)而生(sheng)(sheng),有效改(gai)變(bian)了(le)我市蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品形(xing)象。同時,通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)招商(shang)(shang)(shang)引資,建立年產(chan)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濃(nong)縮汁5萬噸(dun)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)線2條,第一(yi)(yi)條生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)線已于2007年投(tou)產(chan)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)陽區(qu)(qu)(qu)委、區(qu)(qu)(qu)政(zheng)(zheng)府兩次舉辦“蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)節”推介昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),擴(kuo)大了(le)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)知(zhi)名(ming)度和影響(xiang)力。同時,還(huan)采取一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列優(you)惠政(zheng)(zheng)策,扶持(chi)和培育龍(long)頭企業(ye)(ye)、營銷大戶搞好蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)營銷。產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)有效促(cu)進(jin)了(le)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、魯(lu)壩區(qu)(qu)(qu)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)種植面積達(da)(da)到20.5萬畝,實現產(chan)量(liang)(liang)22.2萬噸(dun),產(chan)值達(da)(da)2.37億(yi)元。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)除銷往云、貴、川(chuan)三省(sheng)及(ji)廣東、廣西(xi)、香港等(deng)(deng)地(di)外,還(huan)遠銷緬(mian)甸、泰國(guo)、越南(nan)等(deng)(deng)東南(nan)亞(ya)國(guo)家(jia),每年外銷量(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到6000多噸(dun)。蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)已成為(wei)(wei)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)魯(lu)壩區(qu)(qu)(qu)農民(min)增收致(zhi)富的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)之一(yi)(yi)。