子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破(po)裂是指子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)體部或子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)下段于分娩(mian)期或妊娠(shen)期發(fa)(fa)生裂傷,為(wei)(wei)產科嚴重并(bing)發(fa)(fa)癥,威脅母(mu)兒生命。主(zhu)要死于出(chu)血、感染休克(ke)。隨著產科質(zhi)量的提(ti)高,城鄉婦幼衛生保(bao)健網(wang)的建立(li)和逐(zhu)步健全發(fa)(fa)生率顯著下降(jiang)。城市(shi)醫院已很少見到(dao),而農村偏遠地(di)區(qu)時有發(fa)(fa)生。子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破(po)裂絕大(da)多(duo)數(shu)發(fa)(fa)生于妊娠(shen)28周(zhou)之后,分娩(mian)期最多(duo)見,目(mu)前發(fa)(fa)生率控(kong)制在1‰以下,產婦病(bing)死率為(wei)(wei)5%,嬰兒病(bing)死率高達50%~75%甚至更高。
子(zi)宮破裂(lie)(lie)多(duo)發(fa)生于難產(chan)、高齡多(duo)產(chan)和(he)子(zi)宮曾經手(shou)術(shu)或(huo)有過損傷的(de)產(chan)婦。根據破裂(lie)(lie)的(de)原因,可(ke)分為無瘢(ban)痕子(zi)宮破裂(lie)(lie)和(he)瘢(ban)痕子(zi)宮破裂(lie)(lie)。
1.梗阻性難產
明顯的骨盆(pen)狹(xia)窄頭盆(pen)不稱,軟產(chan)道(dao)畸(ji)形盆(pen)腔腫瘤(liu)和異常胎位等因素阻礙胎先露下(xia)(xia)降,子(zi)宮(gong)為克服阻力加強收縮子(zi)宮(gong)下(xia)(xia)段被迫拉長變薄最終發生子(zi)宮(gong)破裂。此種子(zi)宮(gong)破裂為子(zi)宮(gong)破裂中最常見類型,破裂處(chu)多(duo)發生于(yu)子(zi)宮(gong)下(xia)(xia)段。
2.子宮瘢(ban)痕破裂
造成(cheng)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)瘢痕的(de)原因(yin)主(zhu)要有剖(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產術(shu)(shu)(shu),子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)肌瘤(liu)剝除(chu)術(shu)(shu)(shu),子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破(po)裂(lie)或(huo)穿孔修補(bu)術(shu)(shu)(shu),子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)畸形矯形術(shu)(shu)(shu)等;造成(cheng)破(po)裂(lie)的(de)原因(yin)是妊娠(shen)子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)機械性牽拉導(dao)致瘢痕處(chu)破(po)裂(lie)或(huo)者子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)瘢痕處(chu)內膜受損,胎盤植(zhi)入,穿透性胎盤導(dao)致子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自(zi)發破(po)裂(lie)。近些年剖(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產術(shu)(shu)(shu)迅速增(zeng)加子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)體(ti)部縱(zong)(zong)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)口剖(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產再次妊娠(shen)容易并(bing)發子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)破(po)裂(lie),分析原因(yin)除(chu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)體(ti)部縱(zong)(zong)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)口和下段橫(heng)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)口解(jie)剖(pou)性質不同外,還要考慮感染(ran)因(yin)素(su)的(de)作用,因(yin)為目(mu)前采(cai)用子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)體(ti)部縱(zong)(zong)切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)口剖(pou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產的(de)患者通常經過了(le)漫長(chang)的(de)產程(cheng),多次陰(yin)道檢查,感染(ran)幾率增(zeng)加。
3.濫用宮縮劑
此處(chu)的(de)宮(gong)縮(suo)(suo)劑應該包括各種(zhong)刺激子宮(gong)收縮(suo)(suo)的(de)物質包括最常(chang)用(yong)的(de)縮(suo)(suo)宮(gong)素(催產素)和近些年才應用(yong)的(de)米索(suo)前(qian)列(lie)醇(chun),報道的(de)米索(suo)前(qian)列(lie)醇(chun)導(dao)致子宮(gong)破裂的(de)病(bing)例越來越多。原因主要包括藥(yao)(yao)物劑量(liang)過(guo)大或給藥(yao)(yao)速度過(guo)快子宮(gong)頸(jing)不(bu)成熟,胎位不(bu)正梗阻性難產,用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)期間對產程觀察不(bu)仔(zi)細等。
4.陰道(dao)助產手(shou)術損傷(shang)
宮口未開全(quan),強行產鉗術(shu)(shu)(shu)或臀牽引術(shu)(shu)(shu)導致子宮頸嚴重裂傷并上延到子宮下段。忽略性橫位內倒轉術(shu)(shu)(shu),毀胎術(shu)(shu)(shu)部分人(ren)工剝(bo)離胎盤術(shu)(shu)(shu)等由于操作(zuo)不(bu)當,均可(ke)以造成子宮破裂。
5.子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)畸形和子(zi)宮(gong)(gong)壁發育不良
最常見的是雙角子宮(gong)或單角子宮(gong)。
6.子宮本身病變
多產婦多次刮宮(gong)史(shi)、感染性流產史(shi)宮(gong)腔(qiang)感染史(shi)、人工(gong)剝離(li)胎盤(pan)史(shi)、葡(pu)萄胎史(shi)等。由于上述因素導(dao)致子宮(gong)內膜乃至肌壁受損,妊(ren)娠后胎盤(pan)植入或穿(chuan)透(tou),最終導(dao)致子宮(gong)破(po)裂(lie)。
1.出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破(po)裂(lie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)常表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)大(da)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分為(wei)內(nei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、外出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)或混(hun)合出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。內(nei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)積聚于闊(kuo)韌(ren)帶內(nei)或腹腔內(nei),導(dao)致闊(kuo)韌(ren)帶血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫(zhong)或腹腔積血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);外出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自陰道排(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破(po)裂(lie)的出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)部位通(tong)(tong)(tong)常包(bao)括子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)及(ji)軟(ruan)產道破(po)裂(lie)口和胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)剝(bo)離面(mian)(mian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)和軟(ruan)產道出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)通(tong)(tong)(tong)常需要(yao)損傷所在部位的大(da)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管,如果軟(ruan)產道損傷未傷及(ji)大(da)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管,通(tong)(tong)(tong)常不(bu)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)大(da)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)或活(huo)動性(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)剝(bo)離面(mian)(mian)的出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)剝(bo)離的程度(du)(du)和子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)收縮強(qiang)度(du)(du)有關,如果胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)未完全剝(bo)離或剝(bo)離后未排(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)宮(gong)腔,影響子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)收縮,表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)大(da)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);反之如果胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)完全剝(bo)離并(bing)已(yi)經排(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)宮(gong)腔,子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)收縮很好,則胎(tai)(tai)盤(pan)剝(bo)離面(mian)(mian)少量活(huo)動性(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。上(shang)述出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)指術前出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),術后亦可以出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),原因主要(yao)為(wei)闊(kuo)韌(ren)帶血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫(zhong)清(qing)除(chu)后創面(mian)(mian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)或DIC出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),或保(bao)守治療子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)除(chu)引起失血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)休克外,還由于產婦(fu)高凝狀態,出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過多,休克時間過長(chang),出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)DIC。
2.感(gan)(gan)染(ran)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie)后(hou)(hou)容易出(chu)現感(gan)(gan)染(ran)的(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei)主要(yao)有(you)盆(pen)腔、腹腔、盆(pen)腔腹膜(mo)后(hou)(hou)和(he)軟(ruan)產道(dao)。造成感(gan)(gan)染(ran)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)主要(yao)有(you):盆(pen)腹腔或闊韌(ren)帶內(nei)(nei)與子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)腔和(he)陰道(dao)相通,相通后(hou)(hou)有(you)細菌(jun)(jun)進(jin)入;子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie)后(hou)(hou)大出(chu)血(xue),嚴重貧血(xue)或DIC,抵抗力下(xia)降(jiang)容易感(gan)(gan)染(ran);腹腔或盆(pen)腔內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)積血(xue)或腹膜(mo)外的(de)(de)積血(xue),容易感(gan)(gan)染(ran);子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)切除(chu)或修補(bu),均于有(you)菌(jun)(jun)條件下(xia)進(jin)行;子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie)后(hou)(hou)診斷期間可能有(you)較多(duo)的(de)(de)陰道(dao)操(cao)作;時間較久的(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂(lie)更容易導致多(duo)部(bu)位(wei)的(de)(de)各種感(gan)(gan)染(ran)。另外值得提出(chu)的(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)是呼吸道(dao)感(gan)(gan)染(ran),引起感(gan)(gan)染(ran)的(de)(de)因(yin)素很多(duo),休克(ke)時間過(guo)長正常呼吸道(dao)的(de)(de)排痰和(he)防御機制受損與之有(you)關,同(tong)時不能除(chu)外誤吸等因(yin)素。
3.導致產道(dao)(dao)及其他腹(fu)(fu)腔和(he)盆(pen)(pen)腔器官組織損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)子宮破(po)裂的(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)包括手(shou)術(shu)干(gan)預(yu)前和(he)手(shou)術(shu)干(gan)預(yu)后的(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)。手(shou)術(shu)干(gan)預(yu)前的(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)包括子宮體、子宮下段、子宮頸和(he)陰道(dao)(dao)的(de)各種(zhong)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang),同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)可能有原(yuan)發的(de)由于胎頭壓迫造成(cheng)的(de)膀胱損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)。子宮破(po)裂患者診(zhen)斷過程和(he)手(shou)術(shu)治療過程中(zhong)的(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)很(hen)多(duo),有時(shi)甚(shen)至(zhi)超(chao)過原(yuan)發損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)。診(zhen)斷過程中(zhong)過多(duo)的(de)不(bu)必要的(de)陰道(dao)(dao)操作(zuo)或(huo)檢查導致產道(dao)(dao)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)加重;開腹(fu)(fu)探查術(shu),清(qing)理積血或(huo)清(qing)理胎兒(er)、胎盤和(he)胎膜,操作(zuo)不(bu)當,導致腸道(dao)(dao)或(huo)大網膜損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang);清(qing)理闊韌帶血腫(zhong),引起盆(pen)(pen)底血管輸尿(niao)管和(he)膀胱損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang);子宮破(po)裂時(shi)間過長,對(dui)腹(fu)(fu)腔器官的(de)損(sun)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)更(geng)重。
4.對胎兒(er)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)子(zi)宮破(po)裂后(hou)對胎兒(er)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)主要是(shi)不(bu)同(tong)時間和(he)不(bu)同(tong)程度的(de)出血造成的(de)損傷(shang),多數(shu)胎兒(er)死(si)亡(wang)。存活(huo)胎兒(er)的(de)圍生兒(er)發病率(lv)和(he)病死(si)率(lv)明顯(xian)增高,遠期(qi)并發癥也明顯(xian)增高。
診斷完全性子宮(gong)(gong)破裂一般(ban)困難(nan)不(bu)大,根據病史、分娩經(jing)過、臨床(chuang)表(biao)現(xian)及體征可(ke)作(zuo)出診斷。不(bu)完全性子宮(gong)(gong)破裂只有(you)在嚴密觀察下方(fang)能發(fa)現(xian)。個別晚期妊娠破裂者,只有(you)出現(xian)子宮(gong)(gong)破裂的(de)癥狀和(he)體征時方(fang)能確診。
個別難產病例(li)經(jing)多(duo)次陰道(dao)檢查(cha),可(ke)能(neng)感(gan)染出現(xian)腹(fu)膜炎而表現(xian)為類(lei)似子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)破裂癥象。陰道(dao)檢查(cha)時由于胎先(xian)露部仍高(gao)、子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)下段菲薄(bo),雙(shuang)合診時雙(shuang)手(shou)指相(xiang)觸猶如只隔腹(fu)壁,有時容易誤診為子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)破裂,這種情況胎體不(bu)會進入腹(fu)腔,而妊娠(shen)子(zi)(zi)宮(gong)(gong)也不(bu)會縮小而位于胎體旁側。
發(fa)現先兆子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂,必(bi)須立即(ji)采(cai)取有(you)效措施抑制子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)收縮,如給乙醚全(quan)麻、肌肉注射度(du)冷丁(ding)100mg等,以(yi)緩(huan)解子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂的進程。最好能盡快行剖宮(gong)產術(shu)(shu),術(shu)(shu)中注意(yi)檢(jian)查子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)是否(fou)已有(you)破裂。子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)破裂胎(tai)(tai)兒(er)未娩出者(zhe),即(ji)使死(si)胎(tai)(tai)也不應(ying)(ying)經陰道(dao)先娩出胎(tai)(tai)兒(er),這(zhe)會使裂口擴大(da),增加(jia)出血,促使感染(ran)擴散,應(ying)(ying)迅(xun)速剖腹取出死(si)胎(tai)(tai),視患者(zhe)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)、裂傷部位(wei)情況(kuang)、感染(ran)程度(du)和患者(zhe)是否(fou)已有(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)女等綜合(he)考慮,若子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)裂口較易縫(feng)合(he)、感染(ran)不嚴重、患者(zhe)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)欠佳時(shi)(shi),可(ke)作裂口修(xiu)補縫(feng)合(he),有(you)子(zi)(zi)(zi)女者(zhe)結(jie)扎輸(shu)卵管,無子(zi)(zi)(zi)女者(zhe)保留(liu)其生育功能。否(fou)則可(ke)行子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)全(quan)切除或次(ci)全(quan)切除。子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮(gong)下段破裂者(zhe),應(ying)(ying)注意(yi)檢(jian)查膀胱(guang)、輸(shu)尿管、宮(gong)頸及陰道(dao),若有(you)損(sun)傷,應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)(shi)修(xiu)補。
子宮破裂(lie)多伴有(you)嚴重的出血(xue)及存(cun)在感(gan)染,術前應輸血(xue)、輸液,給(gei)予乳酸鈉,積極進(jin)行抗休克治療(liao),術中、術后(hou)應用較大劑(ji)量廣譜抗生素控制感(gan)染。