一、電力電容器使用要領
1、安裝
(1)嚴禁提(ti)拿套(tao)管(guan)搬運電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器。電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器吊裝(zhuang)時應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)避(bi)免碰撞、摩(mo)擦,應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)避(bi)免損壞(huai)套(tao)管(guan)。
(2)電容器可安裝在構架上,為(wei)通(tong)風(feng)良好(hao),每層電容器間(jian)距不(bu)應(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)50mm。排距不(bu)應(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)150mm。電容器底部距地(di)面戶內(nei)產品(pin)不(bu)應(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)200mm,戶外產品(pin)不(bu)應(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)300mm,裝置(zhi)頂(ding)部凈距不(bu)應(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)1000mm。
(3)電容器的電氣(qi)連接(jie)必須(xu)使用(yong)軟連接(jie),連接(jie)應(ying)(ying)采用(yong)兩個扳手(最好采用(yong)力矩扳手)上下(xia)卡(ka)緊(jin)的辦法進行,旋緊(jin)扭(niu)矩應(ying)(ying)該不大于30N.m。
(4)熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)選(xuan)用與電容(rong)器(qi)匹配、質量(liang)安(an)全可靠的熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi),嚴格按照廠(chang)家(jia)規定的方式安(an)裝。
(5)電容器安(an)裝在絕(jue)緣支架上時,外(wai)殼電位必須(xu)固定。
(6)電容(rong)器外殼(ke)接(jie)地時,接(jie)地部位應保持良(liang)好接(jie)觸。
2、保護
(1)電(dian)容器組應采取(qu)適當的(de)保(bao)護措施,如采用不(bu)平衡差動(dong)電(dian)壓(ya)、中性線不(bu)平衡電(dian)流(liu)、橋差電(dian)流(liu)、及(ji)開口三角電(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)護,采用短延時過電(dian)流(liu)、母線相間(jian)短路速斷及(ji)過壓(ya)、失壓(ya)繼電(dian)保(bao)護等。
(2)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)按(an)(an)需要在每臺電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上裝置(zhi)專門用來(lai)保護電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi),熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應(ying)符合有關標準規定,熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應(ying)能承受(shou)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)投(tou)入時(shi)的(de)涌流,涌流峰(feng)值應(ying)不超過100In(In為電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)額(e)定電(dian)流)。熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)選熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)的(de)額(e)定電(dian)流一般(ban)為被保護電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)額(e)定電(dian)流的(de)1.5倍至(zhi)1.6倍,且熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)嚴(yan)格按(an)(an)照廠(chang)家規定的(de)方(fang)式(shi)安(an)裝,以防電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油箱爆(bao)炸(zha)。
(3)其(qi)他保(bao)護:為限(xian)制大氣(qi)過電壓和操(cao)作過電壓,可采用氧化鋅避雷器保(bao)護。
3、投切
(1)當(dang)匯流排上的電壓超出規定(ding)的.大允許數(shu)值時,禁(jin)止將電容器組接入網路(lu)。
(2)在(zai)電容(rong)器組(zu)自(zi)網路斷開后10min內不得重(zhong)新接入。
(3)電容器(qi)(qi)使(shi)用斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)必(bi)須采(cai)用斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)產品,高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)定(ding)電流應不(bu)小于1.5倍電容器(qi)(qi)組額(e)定(ding)電流,選用無(wu)重(zhong)擊穿(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi),對于要(yao)求切除短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)故障的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi),其額(e)定(ding)開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)電流應大于裝置(zhi)安裝地點系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電流。并(bing)有(you)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)滅(mie)弧室老煉試驗(yan)報告,老煉試驗(yan)有(you)利于去除電極表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)、氧(yang)化物、雜質,提高(gao)真(zhen)空(kong)滅(mie)弧室的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐壓(ya)(ya)水平(ping),避(bi)免斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)擊穿(chuan)。
(4)輕載荷(he)時電容(rong)器端(duan)子上(shang)的電壓升高較多,應切除部(bu)分(fen)或全部(bu)電容(rong)器。
4、放電
(1)電(dian)容器(qi)組成(cheng)每次(ci)從網路斷開后(hou),其放電(dian)應(ying)自動進行。
(2)為保護電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組(zu),自動放電(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)與電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)直接(jie)(jie)并聯(lian)(中間無斷路器(qi),閘刀開關等(deng))。具有非(fei)專用放電(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組(zu)(例如:對高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組(zu)用V形接(jie)(jie)線(xian)電(dian)壓(ya)互感器(qi)),以及與電(dian)動機直接(jie)(jie)連接(jie)(jie)的電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組(zu),可以不再(zai)裝(zhuang)設放電(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。
(3)在接(jie)觸自網(wang)路斷(duan)開的電容(rong)(rong)器的導電部分時前,即使(shi)電容(rong)(rong)器已經自動放電,必(bi)須短接(jie)電容(rong)(rong)器的出線端,并與地(di)線相連,進行單獨放電。
5、維護
(1)日常(chang)維(wei)護(hu)各保(bao)養
A.電容器室應有(you)值(zhi)班人員或(huo)設備對(dui)運行(xing)情況進行(xing)詳(xiang)細記錄。
B.建(jian)議每天對電容(rong)器進行外觀(guan)檢查,如電容(rong)器應無滲漏油、接頭(tou)發熱及(ji)外殼(ke)鼓(gu)脹情況(kuang),
C.應監測電容器(qi)安裝地點的溫度,并做(zuo)好記錄。
D.電容器套管(guan)表面不應(ying)積(ji)滿灰(hui)塵,以防止發(fa)生污閃事故。
(2)定期檢查
電容器(qi)(qi)定期檢(jian)查一般可(ke)一年一次。在特(te)殊條(tiao)件下運(yun)行的(de)電容器(qi)(qi)可(ke)視(shi)具體(ti)情況適當縮短檢(jian)查周期。檢(jian)查的(de)具體(ti)內(nei)容如下:
A.測量(liang)單元電容,并與前次記錄對照。如(ru)有明顯(xian)變化(hua),及時用(yong)相同規格的產(chan)品更換。檢查(cha)電容器是否滲漏油、是否已受(shou)污(wu)穢。如(ru)有污(wu)穢應清理干凈。
B.經常檢查所(suo)有電器(qi)連(lian)接點的(de)接觸是否良(liang)好,如有意外情況應及(ji)時處理,以免釀成事(shi)故。電容器(qi)組中所(suo)有電氣連(lian)接必(bi)須緊固(gu)可靠,任(ren)何接觸或連(lian)接不(bu)良(liang),都可能發生電弧引(yin)起高頻振蕩,使電容器(qi)過熱和(he)過電壓。
C.檢查繼電(dian)保護的(de)整(zheng)定(ding)值和動作情況
(3)電(dian)容器一旦出現故障,應立即做(zuo)好記錄(lu)(電(dian)壓、電(dian)流、負荷及電(dian)容器的電(dian)容、編號等),在未查明原因并作(zuo)出正確(que)處理前(qian)不得重新(xin)投運。
(4)加強對熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器滅弧管的檢查。及時更(geng)換銹蝕、松弛的熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器,避免(mian)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器開斷(duan)性(xing)能變差而復燃(ran),重擊穿造成事故擴大。在三(san)相(xiang)線(xian)回(hui)路的一相(xiang)或兩(liang)相(xiang)熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)后,應將三(san)相(xiang)熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)全部更(geng)換掉。
二、電力電容器組操作注意事項
1、關于電容器組的安裝
(1)安(an)裝環境:必須保證電力電容器組的安(an)裝環境干燥不(bu)潮濕、環境溫度在許可范圍(wei)內,且周邊(bian)不(bu)能有(you)腐蝕性氣體和易(yi)燃易(yi)爆物;電容室必須配備滅火(huo)器。
(2)連接方式:一般情況下,電力電容器會采用三角形接線法;但當電容額定電壓小于線路額定電壓時最好使用星形接線法,或進行串聯并聯組合以后再重新接入電路之中。且低壓電力電容器也(ye)應該(gai)配(pei)備獨有(you)的(de)控(kong)制開關,一(yi)般場合(he)建議使(shi)用(yong)斷(duan)路(lu)器,針對負載變化迅速的(de)場合(he)則(ze)建議使(shi)用(yong)晶(jing)閘管開關。
2、運行中電容器的注意事項
(1)電(dian)力電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)組(zu)不得長(chang)時間(jian)過電(dian)壓運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),但可在(zai)1.1倍(bei)額(e)定電(dian)壓下短時間(jian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)。若長(chang)期運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)需(xu)保證運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓小(xiao)于1.05倍(bei)的(de)電(dian)容(rong)額(e)定電(dian)壓,否則可能(neng)導致電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)故障。
(2)電容(rong)器(qi)組允許通過的運(yun)行(xing)電流(liu)需低于1.3倍的電容(rong)額定電流(liu),才能(neng)保證電力電容(rong)安全穩定。
(3)需(xu)注意運行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)電力電容器的溫(wen)升情況(kuang),若過(guo)高則需(xu)要及時退(tui)出運行(xing)(xing)。保證電容器運行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)無(wu)明顯(xian)發熱,夏季(ji)環境溫(wen)度也最好在40℃以下。
3、電容器投運的注意事項
(1)若電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)室(shi)整體停電(dian)(dian)(dian),也(ye)需要第一時間斷開(kai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的開(kai)關(guan)。等(deng)再(zai)(zai)次恢復(fu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)時應先(xian)將出線開(kai)關(guan)合(he)上,再(zai)(zai)合(he)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)組開(kai)關(guan)。
(2)當電力電容器組出現跳閘(zha)情況(kuang)時(shi),不得(de)盲目試送,最好根據具體情況(kuang)具體分析為什么跳閘(zha),判斷調整(zheng)無問題后才能再(zai)次(ci)送電。
(3)電容(rong)器組斷開(kai)開(kai)關后必(bi)須保(bao)證放電3分鐘以上(shang)才能(neng)再(zai)次投(tou)運。
三、電力電容器如何放電
1、通過外部電阻放電
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong),需要(yao)通過(guo)具有一(yi)定阻值的外(wai)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻來限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的流動。通過(guo)選擇適(shi)當的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值,可(ke)以控(kong)制放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度,避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)產生過(guo)高的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。一(yi)般來說,放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間應該控(kong)制在(zai)合理范(fan)圍內,避免長時間的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器過(guo)熱或其他安全問題。
2、短路放電
這種方(fang)法通過直接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)兩個極端連(lian)接(jie)在一(yi)起,使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快(kuai)(kuai)速通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi),實(shi)現放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路(lu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是一(yi)種快(kuai)(kuai)速且高效的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi),通常用于需要(yao)迅(xun)速將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)釋放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的場(chang)景。但需要(yao)注意的是,短路(lu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可能(neng)會(hui)造成較高的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流沖擊,要(yao)特別小心操作,確保設備完整。
3、外部負載放電
即將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器連接到一(yi)個負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上,并使(shi)其(qi)緩慢放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種方法(fa)相對(dui)較(jiao)為安全,可以有效地避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器在放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中產生大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流和(he)大功(gong)率的(de)情況,對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)保(bao)護較(jiao)好。但放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程較(jiao)為緩慢,需要根據(ju)實際(ji)情況來選擇合適(shi)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)。
電力電容器的正(zheng)確放(fang)電(dian)方法其(qi)實就(jiu)是(shi)上述(shu)的這三種。所以用電(dian)企(qi)業在選擇放(fang)電(dian)方法時,應(ying)根據實際需(xu)求和安全考慮做出合理選擇。同時,還需(xu)要注意放(fang)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)容器(qi)的溫度變化(hua),避免過(guo)熱情況的發生(sheng)。