一、電力電容器使用要領
1、安裝
(1)嚴禁提拿套(tao)管搬運電(dian)(dian)容器。電(dian)(dian)容器吊裝(zhuang)時(shi)應注意(yi)避免碰(peng)撞、摩擦,應注意(yi)避免損(sun)壞套(tao)管。
(2)電容(rong)器可安裝在構(gou)架上(shang),為通風良好,每層(ceng)電容(rong)器間距(ju)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)50mm。排距(ju)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)150mm。電容(rong)器底部(bu)距(ju)地面戶內產品不(bu)應(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)200mm,戶外產品不(bu)應(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)300mm,裝置頂部(bu)凈(jing)距(ju)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)小(xiao)于(yu)1000mm。
(3)電容器的電氣連(lian)接必須使用軟連(lian)接,連(lian)接應采用兩個扳(ban)手(shou)(最好采用力矩扳(ban)手(shou))上(shang)下卡緊的辦(ban)法進行,旋緊扭矩應該不大于30N.m。
(4)熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)選用與電容器(qi)匹配、質量安全(quan)可靠的(de)熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi),嚴格按照廠(chang)家(jia)規定的(de)方式安裝(zhuang)。
(5)電容器安裝在絕(jue)緣支架上時,外殼電位必須固(gu)定。
(6)電容器外殼接地時,接地部(bu)位應保持良(liang)好接觸(chu)。
2、保護
(1)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)組應(ying)采取(qu)適當的保護(hu)措施,如采用不平(ping)衡差動電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、中性線不平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、橋差電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、及開(kai)口三角電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保護(hu),采用短延時(shi)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、母線相間短路速斷及過(guo)壓(ya)、失壓(ya)繼電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)等。
(2)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)按需要在(zai)每臺電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)裝置專門用來保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)時,熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)應符合有關標準規定(ding),熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)應能承(cheng)受電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)投入時的(de)(de)涌流(liu),涌流(liu)峰值應不超過100In(In為電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu))。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)所選熔(rong)(rong)(rong)絲(si)的(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)一(yi)般為被保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)1.5倍(bei)至1.6倍(bei),且熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)嚴格按照(zhao)廠家規定(ding)的(de)(de)方式(shi)安(an)裝,以防電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)油(you)箱爆炸。
(3)其他保護(hu):為限制大(da)氣過電壓和操作過電壓,可采用(yong)氧化鋅避雷(lei)器保護(hu)。
3、投切
(1)當(dang)匯流排上(shang)的(de)電(dian)壓超出規定的(de).大允許數值時,禁止將電(dian)容器(qi)組接入網路。
(2)在電容(rong)器組(zu)自網路斷開后10min內(nei)不得重新(xin)接入(ru)。
(3)電容器(qi)(qi)使用斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)必(bi)須采用斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)產品,高(gao)壓(ya)斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)的額定(ding)電流(liu)(liu)應不小于(yu)1.5倍(bei)電容器(qi)(qi)組額定(ding)電流(liu)(liu),選用無重(zhong)擊穿(chuan)的高(gao)壓(ya)斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi),對于(yu)要求切除(chu)短(duan)(duan)路故障的高(gao)壓(ya)斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi),其額定(ding)開斷(duan)電流(liu)(liu)應大于(yu)裝(zhuang)置安裝(zhuang)地(di)點系(xi)統的短(duan)(duan)路電流(liu)(liu)。并有斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)滅弧室(shi)老煉試(shi)驗報告,老煉試(shi)驗有利(li)于(yu)去除(chu)電極表面的氣體、氧化物、雜質,提高(gao)真空滅弧室(shi)的耐(nai)壓(ya)水平,避免(mian)斷(duan)路的重(zhong)擊穿(chuan)。
(4)輕載荷時電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)端子上的電(dian)壓升高較多,應切除部分或全部電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。
4、放電
(1)電容器(qi)組成每次(ci)從網路(lu)斷開后,其放電應自動(dong)進行。
(2)為保護電(dian)(dian)容器組(zu),自動(dong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置應與(yu)電(dian)(dian)容器直(zhi)接并聯(中間無斷路器,閘刀(dao)開關等)。具有非專用放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的電(dian)(dian)容器組(zu)(例如:對高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)容器組(zu)用V形接線電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)互(hu)感器),以及與(yu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機直(zhi)接連接的電(dian)(dian)容器組(zu),可以不再裝(zhuang)(zhuang)設放(fang)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。
(3)在接(jie)(jie)觸自網路斷開的(de)(de)電容器的(de)(de)導(dao)電部(bu)分時前(qian),即使電容器已經自動放電,必(bi)須短接(jie)(jie)電容器的(de)(de)出線(xian)端,并與地線(xian)相連(lian),進行(xing)單(dan)獨(du)放電。
5、維護
(1)日常維護各保養
A.電容(rong)器室應有值班(ban)人(ren)員或設備對運(yun)行情況進行詳細記錄。
B.建議每天對電容器(qi)(qi)進(jin)行外(wai)觀檢(jian)查,如電容器(qi)(qi)應無滲漏油、接頭發熱及外(wai)殼鼓脹情況(kuang),
C.應(ying)監(jian)測(ce)電容器安裝地點的(de)溫度,并(bing)做好記錄。
D.電容器套管表面不應積滿灰塵,以防止(zhi)發生污閃事故。
(2)定期檢查
電容(rong)器定期檢查(cha)(cha)一般可(ke)一年一次。在特殊(shu)條件下運行(xing)的(de)電容(rong)器可(ke)視具(ju)體情況(kuang)適(shi)當縮短檢查(cha)(cha)周(zhou)期。檢查(cha)(cha)的(de)具(ju)體內容(rong)如下:
A.測(ce)量(liang)單元(yuan)電(dian)容(rong),并與前次記錄對照。如有明顯變化,及時用(yong)相同(tong)規(gui)格的產品更換(huan)。檢查電(dian)容(rong)器是(shi)否滲漏油、是(shi)否已受(shou)污(wu)穢(hui)。如有污(wu)穢(hui)應清理干凈(jing)。
B.經(jing)常(chang)檢查所有(you)電器(qi)(qi)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點的(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸是否良(liang)好(hao),如有(you)意外情(qing)況(kuang)應及時處理(li),以免(mian)釀成(cheng)事(shi)故。電容器(qi)(qi)組中所有(you)電氣(qi)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)必須緊固可(ke)靠,任何接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸或連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)不良(liang),都可(ke)能發(fa)生電弧引起(qi)高頻振蕩,使電容器(qi)(qi)過熱和(he)過電壓。
C.檢查繼(ji)電保護的整(zheng)定(ding)值和動作(zuo)情(qing)況(kuang)
(3)電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)旦出現故障(zhang),應(ying)立即做好記錄(電壓、電流、負荷及電容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的電容(rong)(rong)、編號(hao)等),在未(wei)查明原(yuan)因并作出正確(que)處理前不得重新投運。
(4)加強對熔(rong)斷器(qi)滅(mie)弧管的(de)檢查。及時(shi)更換銹蝕、松弛的(de)熔(rong)斷器(qi),避免(mian)熔(rong)斷器(qi)開斷性能變差而復(fu)燃(ran),重擊穿造(zao)成事故擴大。在三相(xiang)線回路(lu)的(de)一相(xiang)或兩相(xiang)熔(rong)絲熔(rong)斷后,應將三相(xiang)熔(rong)絲全部更換掉。
二、電力電容器組操作注意事項
1、關于電容器組的安裝
(1)安裝環境(jing):必須(xu)保證電(dian)力(li)電(dian)容器組的(de)安裝環境(jing)干燥不潮濕、環境(jing)溫度在許(xu)可范圍內,且(qie)周邊(bian)不能(neng)有腐蝕性氣體和(he)易燃(ran)易爆物;電(dian)容室必須(xu)配(pei)備滅火(huo)器。
(2)連接方式:一般情況下,電力電容器會采用三角形接線法;但當電容額定電壓小于線路額定電壓時最好使用星形接線法,或進行串聯并聯組合以后再重新接入電路之中。且低壓電力電容器也應(ying)該配備(bei)獨有的(de)控(kong)制開關,一(yi)般(ban)場(chang)合建議使用斷路器,針對(dui)負載變化迅(xun)速(su)的(de)場(chang)合則建議使用晶閘管開關。
2、運行中電容器的注意事項
(1)電(dian)力電(dian)容(rong)器組不(bu)得長(chang)時間過電(dian)壓運(yun)行(xing)(xing),但可(ke)在1.1倍(bei)額定(ding)電(dian)壓下短時間運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。若長(chang)期運(yun)行(xing)(xing)需(xu)保證運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓小于(yu)1.05倍(bei)的(de)電(dian)容(rong)額定(ding)電(dian)壓,否則可(ke)能導致電(dian)容(rong)器故障。
(2)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器組允許通過的(de)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)流需低于1.3倍的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,才(cai)能保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)安全穩定。
(3)需注意運(yun)行(xing)(xing)中電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)容器的(de)溫升情況,若過高則需要及時退出運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。保證電(dian)(dian)容器運(yun)行(xing)(xing)中無明顯發(fa)熱(re),夏(xia)季環境溫度也最好(hao)在(zai)40℃以下。
3、電容器投運的注意事項
(1)若電(dian)(dian)(dian)容室整體停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian),也(ye)需要第一時(shi)間斷開電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)的開關。等再(zai)次恢復送電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)應先將出線開關合上(shang),再(zai)合上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容組開關。
(2)當電(dian)力電(dian)容(rong)器組(zu)出現(xian)跳(tiao)閘情(qing)況(kuang)時,不得盲目試(shi)送,最好根據具體情(qing)況(kuang)具體分析(xi)為什(shen)么(me)跳(tiao)閘,判斷調整無問題后才(cai)能再次送電(dian)。
(3)電容器組斷開開關(guan)后必須保證放(fang)電3分鐘以上才(cai)能再次(ci)投(tou)運(yun)。
三、電力電容器如何放電
1、通過外部電阻放電
電(dian)力(li)電(dian)容(rong)器在(zai)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)過(guo)程中,需要通(tong)(tong)過(guo)具有(you)一定阻(zu)值的(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)電(dian)阻(zu)來限制電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)選擇適當的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻(zu)值,可以控(kong)制放(fang)(fang)電(dian)速度,避免電(dian)路中產生過(guo)高的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)。一般來說,放(fang)(fang)電(dian)時間應(ying)該控(kong)制在(zai)合理范圍內,避免長時間的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)過(guo)程導致(zhi)電(dian)容(rong)器過(guo)熱或其(qi)他安全問題。
2、短路放電
這種方法通過直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器兩個極(ji)端連接在一起,使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流快(kuai)速(su)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器,實現放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)一種快(kuai)速(su)且高效的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式,通常(chang)用于需(xu)要迅速(su)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器釋(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的場景。但(dan)需(xu)要注意的是(shi),短(duan)路放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可能會造(zao)成較高的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流沖擊(ji),要特別(bie)小心(xin)操作,確保設備(bei)完(wan)整。
3、外部負載放電
即將電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)連接到一(yi)個(ge)負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上,并使其(qi)緩(huan)慢放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種方法(fa)相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)為安全,可以有效地避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)在放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中產生大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和大(da)功率的(de)情(qing)況,對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)保(bao)護較(jiao)好(hao)。但(dan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)較(jiao)為緩(huan)慢,需要根據實際情(qing)況來選擇合適(shi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間。
電力電容器的正確放電(dian)方(fang)法其實就是上述的這(zhe)三種。所以用電(dian)企業在(zai)選(xuan)擇放電(dian)方(fang)法時,應(ying)根(gen)據(ju)實際需求(qiu)和安全考慮做出合(he)理選(xuan)擇。同(tong)時,還需要注意放電(dian)過程中電(dian)容器(qi)的溫度變(bian)化,避免過熱情況的發生(sheng)。