什么是充電電池

充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)有限的(de)(de)可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，配合(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)使用。市場上(shang)一(yi)般賣5號(hao)、7號(hao)，但是(shi)也(ye)有1號(hao)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)好處(chu)是(shi)經濟、環保、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量足、適(shi)合(he)大功率、長時間使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(如(ru)隨(sui)身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動玩具(ju)等(deng))。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比型號(hao)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)一(yi)次(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(5號(hao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)1.2伏(fu)，9V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實際上(shang)是(shi) 8.4伏(fu)。現在(zai)一(yi)般充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)能在(zai)1000次(ci)左(zuo)右。目前(qian)只有五種(zhong)：鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫、鋰離子、鉛蓄、鐵鋰。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 充電(dian)電(dian)池 使用壽(shou)命(ming)為(wei)(wei)：500次(ci) 放電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)(wei)：-20度～60度 充電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)(wei)：0度～45度

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 使用壽(shou)命為(wei)(wei)：1000次 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)(wei)：-10度(du)～45度(du) 充電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)(wei)：10度(du)～45度(du)

備注：目前國產(chan)5號電池最高容(rong)量是2500mAh左右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電壓(ya)：3.6V 使用壽命(ming)為(wei)：500次 放電溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充電溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注(zhu)：重量比鎳氫(qing)電池輕30%～40%，容量高出鎳氫(qing)電池60%以上。但(dan)是不耐過充，如果過充會(hui)造成溫度過高而(er)破壞結構=>爆炸(zha)。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓：3.7V 使用(yong)壽命為：500次 充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi) 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

備(bei)注：鋰(li)(li)電(dian)的(de)改良型，沒(mei)有(you)電(dian)池液，而改用聚合物電(dian)解質，可(ke)以做(zuo)成各種形狀，比(bi)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池穩定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使用(yong)壽命為(wei)：200～300次 放電溫度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du) 充電溫度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注(zhu)：就是(shi)一般車用電瓶（它是(shi)以6個2V串聯成12V的(de)），免加水(shui)的(de)電池使用壽命長達10年，但(dan)體(ti)積和容量(liang)是(shi)最大的(de)。

特征

鎳鎘(ge)： 有(you)記憶效應(ying) 容量小

鎳氫(qing)： 記憶效應小 容(rong)量大

鋰(li)離子： 無記(ji)憶效應 身(shen)薄 容量大，因電(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料不同，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢為3.6V、3.7V兩(liang)種(zhong)。鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)性能是現有各類電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中最好的(de)一種(zhong)，體積(ji)小、重(zhong)量輕(qing)、容量大。廣泛用于數碼相(xiang)機、筆記(ji)本電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)、移(yi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)話等電(dian)(dian)子產品(pin)中。

鉛(qian)蓄：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢約(yue)為2V，鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池可以反復充電(dian)(dian)使用(yong)，電(dian)(dian)解液是硫酸(suan)溶(rong)液，內(nei)阻很小，廣泛用(yong)于汽車、摩托車中。

鐵(tie)鋰：電(dian)(dian)力更(geng)足，更(geng)安全，也更(geng)輕，未(wei)來電(dian)(dian)動車的主要(yao)發展(zhan)方向。一般(ban),同種類(lei)型的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi),容量越大，體積越大，重(zhong)量也較大。

名詞解釋

充電(dian)率(lv)(C-rate)

C是Capacity的第一個字(zi)母(mu)，用來表示電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)流的大小(xiao)(xiao)數(shu)值。例(li)如：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池的額(e)定容(rong)量為(wei)1100mAh時，即表示以(yi)1100mAh（1C）放電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)可持(chi)續(xu)1小(xiao)(xiao)時，如以(yi)200mA（0.2C）放電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)可持(chi)續(xu)5小(xiao)(xiao)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)也可按此對(dui)照計算。

終止(zhi)電壓（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)降到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)宜再繼(ji)續(xu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的最低工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值。根(gen)據不(bu)同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型(xing)及不(bu)同(tong)的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也不(bu)相同(tong)。規定終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓放(fang)一般(ban)(ban)都要(yao)隨放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的增大而減少(shao)。以1.2V、800mah鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例，采(cai)取(qu)40ma（20小時率(lv)）的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)它的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般(ban)(ban)設定在(zai)1.15v；采(cai)取(qu)80ma（10小時率(lv)）的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則它的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就要(yao)設定在(zai)1.10v了(le)。

開路電(dian)壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)池不(bu)放電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池兩極之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)位差被稱為開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)池的(de)開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓，會依(yi)電(dian)(dian)池正、負極與電(dian)(dian)解液的(de)材(cai)料(liao)而異，如果電(dian)(dian)池正、負極的(de)材(cai)料(liao)完全(quan)一樣，那么不(bu)管電(dian)(dian)池的(de)體積(ji)有(you)多大，幾何(he)結構(gou)如何(he)變化，起開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓都(dou)一樣的(de)。

放電(dian)深度(du)（Depth of discharge DOD）

在(zai)(zai)電(dian)池使(shi)用過程中，電(dian)池放出的(de)容量(liang)占其(qi)額定容量(liang)的(de)百分(fen)比，稱為放電(dian)深度(du)(du)。放電(dian)深度(du)(du)的(de)高低和二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)池的(de)充電(dian)壽(shou)命(ming)有很深的(de)關系，當二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)池的(de)放電(dian)深度(du)(du)越(yue)深，其(qi)充電(dian)壽(shou)命(ming)就越(yue)短(duan)，因此在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用時(shi)應盡量(liang)避免(mian)深度(du)(du)放電(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池若是在放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，還繼續放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時就可能會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內壓(ya)升高，正(zheng)、負極活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)可逆性(xing)遭到損(sun)壞，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量(liang)產生明(ming)顯減少。

過度充(chong)電 （Over charge）

在(zai)(zai)(zai)充電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)會隨著儲(chu)(chu)存電(dian)量的(de)增加而(er)逐漸上(shang)升(sheng),當電(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)存的(de)電(dian)量達到飽(bao)和(he)電(dian)極材(cai)料無法繼(ji)續充電(dian)時,若繼(ji)續充電(dian)則電(dian)解液會起(qi)電(dian)解,并且在(zai)(zai)(zai)陽極產(chan)生(sheng)氧(yang)氣,在(zai)(zai)(zai)陰極產(chan)生(sheng)氫氣,如此會在(zai)(zai)(zai)密封的(de)電(dian)池(chi)內部造成(cheng)(cheng)內部壓(ya)力上(shang)升(sheng),會對電(dian)池(chi)內部結構造成(cheng)(cheng)破(po)壞.像這(zhe)種(zhong)現象稱之為過(guo)(guo)度充電(dian).

為了避免(mian)過(guo)度(du)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)遭(zao)毀損,通常將陰極(ji)之(zhi)容量(liang)制作得比陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)容量(liang)大(da),如此(ci)當過(guo)度(du)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)會(hui)先(xian)達(da)到(dao)飽和并(bing)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)氧氣(qi),而陰極(ji)卻未(wei)飽和而不會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)氫(qing)氣(qi),陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的氧氣(qi)擴(kuo)散到(dao)陰極(ji)之(zhi)后會(hui)與(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的金屬(shu)鎘起(qi)化(hua)學(xue)反應吸收掉(diao)氧氣(qi),且此(ci)反應的速(su)度(du)與(yu)金屬(shu)鎘產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的速(su)度(du)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng),因此(ci)可以有效地(di)避免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的壓(ya)(ya)力上升.但是若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(da)(使用快充(chong)時)就會(hui)失去平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng),電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的內壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)大(da)會(hui)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的安全閥推開,氫(qing)氣(qi)和氧氣(qi)會(hui)泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外部,直(zhi)到(dao)壓(ya)(ya)力降(jiang)低(di)安全閥關(guan)閉(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)才(cai)又再密封起(qi)來.但是氣(qi)體的泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)已使得內部化(hua)學(xue)材料減(jian)少,造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命的縮(suo)短。

能量密度（Energy density）

電池的(de)(de)平均單位體積或質量(liang)所(suo)釋(shi)放出(chu)的(de)(de)電能。一般在(zai)相同體積下(xia)，鋰(li)離子(zi)電池的(de)(de)能量(liang)密度是(shi)(shi)鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池的(de)(de)2.5倍，是(shi)(shi)鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電池的(de)(de)1.8倍，因(yin)此在(zai)電池容量(liang)相等的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，鋰(li)離子(zi)電池就(jiu)會比鎳(nie)鎘(ge)、鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電池的(de)(de)體積更小，重量(liang)更輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電(dian)池不管(guan)在(zai)有(you)無被使用的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態下，由于各種原因，都會引(yin)起(qi)其(qi)電(dian)量損失的(de)(de)現(xian)象。若是以(yi)一個(ge)月為(wei)單位來計算的(de)(de)話，鋰離子電(dian)池自(zi)我放(fang)電(dian)約是1%-2%、鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池自(zi)我放(fang)電(dian)約3%-5%。

充電循環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)（Cycle life）

充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)在反復(fu)充放電(dian)使用下，電(dian)池(chi)容量回(hui)逐漸下降到初期容量的60%-80%。

記憶效應(ying)（Memory effect）

在電(dian)池充放電(dian)過程(cheng)中，會(hui)在電(dian)池極板上產生許多小氣泡，時(shi)間(jian)一久，這(zhe)些氣泡會(hui)減(jian)少(shao)電(dian)池極板的面積，也間(jian)接影(ying)響電(dian)池的容量(liang)。

中國電池發展前景

中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)口有大(da)(da)幅增長，但同時歐盟綠色壁壘、中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)口退稅制(zhi)度取消、原材料(liao)上漲(zhang)、國(guo)外企業壟斷高(gao)端(duan)市場等(deng)(deng)問題制(zhi)約著(zhu)中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行業發展(zhan)(zhan)。中國(guo)已成為全(quan)球最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產(chan)國(guo)和最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)消耗國(guo)，但產(chan)品(pin)更新換代不(bu)及時，生產(chan)自動化、機械化程度不(bu)高(gao)，為了適應世界電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)業發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)趨勢，中國(guo)必(bi)須致(zhi)力(li)于太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等(deng)(deng)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發，大(da)(da)力(li)發展(zhan)(zhan)高(gao)新技術的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)產(chan)品(pin)。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。