1、恒定電流充電法(fa)

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始(shi)終保持不(bu)(bu)變，叫(jiao)做恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中由于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)升(sheng)(sheng)高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)下降(jiang)，為(wei)保持充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)高而減(jian)小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)必須(xu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)升(sheng)(sheng)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以維持充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始(shi)終不(bu)(bu)變，這(zhe)(zhe)對于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)自動(dong)化程(cheng)(cheng)度要求(qiu)較高，一般簡(jian)陋的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)(bu)能(neng)滿足恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求(qiu)的(de)。恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，在(zai)(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大(da)答應(ying)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)情況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就可以縮短。若(ruo)從時(shi)間上(shang)考慮，采用(yong)(yong)此法(fa)有(you)利的(de)。但在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍不(bu)(bu)變，這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)由于大(da)部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣(qi)泡(pao)過(guo)(guo)多而顯沸騰狀，這(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，而且(qie)輕易使極(ji)板上(shang)活性(xing)物質(zhi)大(da)量(liang)脫落，溫升(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)(guo)高，造成極(ji)板彎曲，容量(liang)迅(xun)速下降(jiang)而提(ti)前報廢(fei)。所以，這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)很少采用(yong)(yong)。

2、恒定電(dian)壓(ya)充電(dian)法

在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終保(bao)持不變，叫做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡稱恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。由(you)于(yu)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)至(zhi)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終保(bao)持一定，所(suo)以(yi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相當大，大大超過正常(chang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值。但(dan)隨(sui)著充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進行，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸(jian)升高，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)減小。當蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相等時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減至(zhi)最(zui)小甚至(zhi)為(wei)零(ling)。由(you)此(ci)可(ke)見，采用恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)優點在于(yu)，可(ke)以(yi)避免充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過大而造(zao)成(cheng)極板活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質脫落(luo)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)損失(shi)。但(dan)其缺點是，在剛(gang)開(kai)始(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質體積變化收縮太快，影響(xiang)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)機械(xie)強度，致(zhi)使其脫落(luo)。而在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又(you)過小，使極板深處的(de)(de)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質得(de)不到(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，形成(cheng)長期(qi)(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，影響(xiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命。所(suo)以(yi)這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)一般只適用于(yu)無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備較簡陋的(de)(de)特殊(shu)場(chang)合，如汽(qi)車(che)上蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號(hao)至(zhi)5號(hao)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)小蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均(jun)采用等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。采用等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)2.4～2.8V左右，堿性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)1.6～2.0V左右。

3、有固定電(dian)阻的恒定電(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)

為補救恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的缺點而(er)采用(yong)的一(yi)種(zhong)方法。即在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之(zhi)間(jian)串聯一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可以調整。但有時最大充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流受到限(xian)制，因此隨(sui)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐漸上升(sheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流卻幾乎成為直線衰減。有時使用(yong)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值，約(yue)在2.4V時，從低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)轉換到高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，以減少出氣。

4、階段等(deng)流充電法

綜合恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)和恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充電(dian)法(fa)(fa)的特點，蓄電(dian)池在充電(dian)初(chu)期用(yong)較大(da)的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，經過一(yi)段(duan)時間(jian)改用(yong)較小(xiao)的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，至充電(dian)后期改用(yong)更小(xiao)的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，即不同階段(duan)內(nei)以不同的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進行(xing)(xing)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)的方法(fa)(fa)，叫做(zuo)階段(duan)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)法(fa)(fa)。階段(duan)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)法(fa)(fa)，一(yi)般可分為(wei)兩(liang)個階段(duan)進行(xing)(xing)，也可分為(wei)多(duo)個階段(duan)進行(xing)(xing)。

階(jie)段(duan)(duan)等(deng)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)法(fa)所需充電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)短，充電(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也好。由于充電(dian)(dian)后期改用(yong)較小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，這樣(yang)(yang)減少了氣泡對(dui)極板活性物(wu)質的沖洗，減少了活性物(wu)質的脫落。這種充電(dian)(dian)法(fa)能延(yan)長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)壽命，并節省電(dian)(dian)能，充電(dian)(dian)又徹底，所以(yi)是當前(qian)常用(yong)的一(yi)(yi)種充電(dian)(dian)方法(fa)。一(yi)(yi)般蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)第一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)以(yi)10h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行充電(dian)(dian)，第二階(jie)段(duan)(duan)以(yi)20h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行充電(dian)(dian)。各階(jie)段(duan)(duan)充電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的是非，各種蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的具體要(yao)求和標(biao)準不一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)。