1、恒定電流充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終保持(chi)不變，叫做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，簡(jian)稱恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法或等流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中由于(yu)(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)下(xia)(xia)降，為保持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)而(er)減(jian)小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程必(bi)須逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終不變，這對于(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的自動化程度要求較高(gao)(gao)，一般簡(jian)陋的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不能滿足恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的。恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大(da)答應的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)情況下(xia)(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間就可以(yi)縮短(duan)。若從(cong)時間上考慮，采(cai)用此法有利的。但(dan)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)仍不變，這時由于(yu)(yu)大(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液出(chu)氣泡過(guo)(guo)多而(er)顯沸騰狀，這不僅(jin)消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)且(qie)輕易使(shi)極板(ban)上活(huo)性物質大(da)量脫落(luo)，溫升(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)(guo)高(gao)(gao)，造成極板(ban)彎(wan)曲，容量迅速下(xia)(xia)降而(er)提前報廢。所以(yi)，這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法很少采(cai)用。

2、恒定電壓(ya)充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)終保持(chi)不變(bian)，叫(jiao)做(zuo)恒(heng)(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。由(you)于恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)至(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)終保持(chi)一定(ding)，所(suo)以(yi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相當大，大大超過(guo)(guo)正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值。但(dan)隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)進行，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸減(jian)小。當蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相等(deng)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)減(jian)至(zhi)(zhi)最小甚至(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)零。由(you)此可(ke)見(jian)，采用(yong)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)優點在于，可(ke)以(yi)避免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)大而造成極(ji)(ji)板(ban)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)脫(tuo)落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)損失。但(dan)其缺(que)點是(shi)，在剛(gang)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)體(ti)積(ji)變(bian)化收縮太快，影響(xiang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)強度(du)，致使其脫(tuo)落。而在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)又過(guo)(guo)小，使極(ji)(ji)板(ban)深處的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)得不到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，影響(xiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命。所(suo)以(yi)這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)一般只(zhi)適(shi)用(yong)于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備較簡陋(lou)的(de)(de)(de)特殊場(chang)合，如汽車上蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至(zhi)(zhi)5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)(de)小蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。采用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)2.4～2.8V左(zuo)右(you)(you)，堿性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每(mei)個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)1.6～2.0V左(zuo)右(you)(you)。

3、有固定電阻的恒(heng)定電壓充電

為補救恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的缺點而(er)采用(yong)的一(yi)種方法(fa)。即在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)之間(jian)串(chuan)聯(lian)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，這(zhe)樣充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以調整。但有時(shi)最大充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受到限(xian)制，因(yin)此(ci)隨充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的進(jin)行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻(que)幾乎成為直線衰減(jian)。有時(shi)使用(yong)兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)，約在(zai)2.4V時(shi)，從低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻轉換到高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，以減(jian)少(shao)出氣(qi)。

4、階段等流充電法

綜(zong)合恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)和恒壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)特點，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期用較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，經過一段(duan)(duan)時間改(gai)用較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，至充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用更小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，即不同階段(duan)(duan)內以不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)行恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方法(fa)，叫做階段(duan)(duan)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。階段(duan)(duan)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，一般可分(fen)(fen)為兩個階段(duan)(duan)進(jin)行，也可分(fen)(fen)為多個階段(duan)(duan)進(jin)行。

階段(duan)(duan)等流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法所需(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間短，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果也好。由于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣減少了氣泡對(dui)極板活性物質的沖洗，減少了活性物質的脫落。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法能延長(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用壽命，并(bing)節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹(che)底，所以(yi)(yi)是當前常用的一種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。一般蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池第一階段(duan)(duan)以(yi)(yi)10h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第二階段(duan)(duan)以(yi)(yi)20h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各階段(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的是非，各種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的具體要(yao)求(qiu)和(he)標(biao)準(zhun)不一樣。