簡介
1713年(清康(kang)熙(xi)五(wu)十二年),諸(zhu)蒙古(gu)王公為(wei)慶(qing)(qing)賀康(kang)熙(xi)帝60壽(shou)(shou)(shou)辰,上(shang)書“奏請”在承德避暑山(shan)莊外(wai),圍建(jian)一寺(si)院(yuan)作慶(qing)(qing)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)盛會之所。康(kang)熙(xi)帝欣(xin)然(ran)“恩準(zhun)”,遂建(jian)造(zao)了溥仁(ren)、溥善二寺(si)。溥善寺(si)早(zao)已荒廢(fei),溥仁(ren)寺(si)便(bian)成康(kang)熙(xi)年間僅(jin)存的廟宇。溥通普(pu)(pu),普(pu)(pu)遍、廣大(da)(da)意,有皇帝深仁(ren)厚愛普(pu)(pu)及(ji)天(tian)下(xia)之意。慈云(yun)普(pu)(pu)陰殿(dian),單檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)頂,描(miao)金(jin)(jin)彩(cai)繪(hui),雕梁畫棟,光彩(cai)奪目。殿(dian)內(nei)供過(guo)去佛(fo)(fo)迦(jia)葉(xie)佛(fo)(fo)、如今佛(fo)(fo)釋(shi)(shi)迦(jia)牟尼佛(fo)(fo)、未(wei)來(lai)佛(fo)(fo)彌勒佛(fo)(fo)。釋(shi)(shi)迦(jia)佛(fo)(fo)兩(liang)側為(wei)其兩(liang)大(da)(da)弟子迦(jia)葉(xie)和阿(a)難。東(dong)西壇上(shang)供姿態各異的十八羅漢(han)。天(tian)花板上(shang)有密宗六字真(zhen)言。寶相(xiang)長新殿(dian),單檐(yan)(yan)硬山(shan)布瓦(wa)頂,檐(yan)(yan)柱描(miao)金(jin)(jin)彩(cai)繪(hui)。內(nei)供9尊(zun)無量(liang)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)佛(fo)(fo)。
溥仁寺
歷史背景
溥(pu)仁(ren)寺(si)、溥(pu)善(shan)寺(si)位避暑山莊東,武烈河東岸。溥(pu)仁(ren)寺(si)在(zai)前,占(zhan)地3.4公頃(qing),俗稱(cheng)前寺(si);溥(pu)善(shan)寺(si)在(zai)后(hou),占(zhan)地1.1公頃(qing),俗稱(cheng)后(hou)寺(si)。溥(pu)仁(ren)、溥(pu)善(shan)是外八廟(miao)中康(kang)熙年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)建造(zao)的(de)(de)兩座寺(si)廟(miao)。1690年(nian)(nian)(nian)(康(kang)熙二十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian))取得了平息厄(e)魯特(te)蒙(meng)(meng)古準(zhun)葛爾(er)部民族(zu)分(fen)裂分(fen)子(zi)噶爾(er)丹的(de)(de)判亂勝利。到1713年(nian)(nian)(nian)(康(kang)熙五十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)),漠北、漠南、喀爾(er)喀等蒙(meng)(meng)古地區出現了20余年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)安定局面,發展了這些地區的(de)(de)牧業生產,密切了蒙(meng)(meng)古各(ge)部與清中央(yang)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)關(guan)系。這一年(nian)(nian)(nian)是康(kang)熙的(de)(de)60壽辰,“眾(zhong)蒙(meng)(meng)古部落,咸至闕廷,奉行朝賀,不謀(mou)同辭,具疏陳墾,愿建剎宇,為(wei)聯祝(zhu)厘”,康(kang)熙允其(qi)所請,于是年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)熱(re)河建造(zao)了這兩座寺(si)廟(miao),供蒙(meng)(meng)古諸部大聚會(hui)使用(yong),取“寓施仁(ren)政(zheng)于遠荒”之意分(fen)別題名“溥(pu)仁(ren)寺(si)”、“溥(pu)善(shan)寺(si)”。
建筑特色
溥仁寺
溥仁寺按(an)標準(zhun)的漢(han)式迦藍(lan)七堂(tang)規制建造,山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)(men)面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)三(san)楹,進(jin)(jin)深(shen)(shen)兩(liang)間(jian),兩(liang)側(ce)設(she)(she)(she)腰(yao)門(men)(men)(men)。進(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)(men)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)側(ce)立(li)幢(chuang)桿各(ge)一(yi),幢(chuang)桿北擺鐘、鼓樓。山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)(men)正北為天(tian)(tian)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)三(san)楹,進(jin)(jin)深(shen)(shen)兩(liang)間(jian),兩(liang)側(ce)設(she)(she)(she)腰(yao)墻(qiang)(qiang)。腰(yao)門(men)(men)(men)與后(hou)部相(xiang)隔,形成(cheng)一(yi)進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)(luo)。二進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)(luo)正北為正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)名(ming)大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),門(men)(men)(men)額“慈(ci)云(yun)普(pu)蔭”,面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)七楹,進(jin)(jin)深(shen)(shen)五(wu)間(jian),周圍(wei)廊(lang),前后(hou)檐(yan)明次(ci)間(jian)設(she)(she)(she)隔扇(shan)門(men)(men)(men),前據稍(shao)間(jian)設(she)(she)(she)檻(jian)窗,后(hou)檐(yan)稍(shao)間(jian)封(feng)(feng)實墻(qiang)(qiang)。檐(yan)下用重昂五(wu)踩斗(dou)拱,單檐(yan)歇山(shan)(shan),黃琉璃瓦頂(ding)(ding)。中(zhong)三(san)間(jian)后(hou)老(lao)檐(yan)前增設(she)(she)(she)金柱(zhu)四根,柱(zhu)之間(jian)封(feng)(feng)屏壁,形成(cheng)夾(jia)道通后(hou)院(yuan)。屏壁前供(gong)主(zhu)尊三(san)世(shi)佛,左右山(shan)(shan)墻(qiang)(qiang)置壇,供(gong)十八羅漢(han),這些佛像均(jun)用昂貴的髹(xiu)漆夾(jia)擰塑造。墻(qiang)(qiang)壁不施彩繪,頂(ding)(ding)棚設(she)(she)(she)“六字真言(yan)”井(jing)口天(tian)(tian)花。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內橫額“具(ju)大自在”,條幅“以清凈果證因(yin)護持斯(si)萬,現(xian)廣長舌說(shuo)法聲震大千”。慈(ci)云(yun)普(pu)蔭殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之前東(dong)西(xi)(xi)各(ge)立(li)御制石碑一(yi)通,記(ji)述(shu)建廟背景,左右有(you)(you)配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)各(ge)五(wu)楹,進(jin)(jin)深(shen)(shen)三(san)間(jian)。過慈(ci)云(yun)普(pu)蔭為三(san)進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)(luo),主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)名(ming)寶(bao)相(xiang)長新,面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)九楹,進(jin)(jin)深(shen)(shen)三(san)間(jian)。中(zhong)三(san)間(jian)設(she)(she)(she)廊(lang),每(mei)間(jian)裝隔扇(shan),其余設(she)(she)(she)檻(jian)窗,檐(yan)下施三(san)踩單昂斗(dou)拱,布瓦硬(ying)山(shan)(shan)屋頂(ding)(ding)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內供(gong)9尊無量壽佛,表(biao)九九萬壽。井(jing)口天(tian)(tian)花為六字真言(yan)圖案。主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前有(you)(you)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)各(ge)五(wu)間(jian),均(jun)由(you)廊(lang)廡與后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)連,形成(cheng)三(san)面(mian)(mian)封(feng)(feng)閉的院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)(luo)。三(san)進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)(luo)之后(hou)有(you)(you)大塊平地(di),廣植松、榆,今無存。
其他相關·溥(pu)善寺(si)形制大體與溥(pu)仁(ren)寺(si)相(xiang)同,不同的是(shi)正殿北面,依山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)造佛(fo)樓七楹,同時在每進(jin)建筑之間都用腰墻加以(yi)隔斷,形成從山(shan)(shan)門以(yi)后(hou)是(shi)四(si)進(jin)三合院的形式。今該廟已無存。
·2001年(nian)06月25日,溥仁(ren)寺作為清代古建筑,已被(bei)國務院批準列入第五批全(quan)國重點(dian)文(wen)物保(bao)護單位名單。