一.產品介紹
簡介
西(xi)峽香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu),河南省南陽市西(xi)峽縣特產,中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)地理標(biao)志產品。西(xi)峽香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)品質優,味道好(hao),花菇(gu)(gu)率高,深(shen)受消(xiao)費者(zhe)歡迎,遠銷(xiao)廣州、深(shen)圳、福(fu)建、浙江、日本、韓國(guo)、新(xin)加坡、臺(tai)灣、香(xiang)港等地。
種植環境
西峽(xia)是一(yi)個深山縣,自然狀況為(wei)“八山一(yi)水(shui)(shui)零(ling)點(dian)七分田”,既具有北亞(ya)熱帶向暖溫帶過渡的(de)氣(qi)候特點(dian),又有冬(dong)季(ji)偏暖地(di)區(qu)的(de)氣(qi)候差異。海(hai)拔181米至2212米,年平均氣(qi)溫15.1℃,相對濕(shi)度69%,年均降水(shui)(shui)量881.6毫米。年均日照2019小時,無霜(shuang)期(qi)236天,森林覆(fu)蓋率(lv)76.8%,生態(tai)環境優越(yue),適(shi)宜(yi)多種類農作物生長,是香菇生產的(de)黃金地(di)帶。
生產情況
2010年,西(xi)峽(xia)縣(xian)從事香菇(gu)(gu)種植的(de)(de)農戶(hu)達(da)3萬(wan)余戶(hu),超(chao)過(guo)農戶(hu)總數的(de)(de)1/3,年種植規模(mo)保(bao)持在1億袋(dai)左(zuo)右(you),年產(chan)量(liang)(干品)3.5萬(wan)噸(dun)左(zuo)右(you),占(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)總產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)1/10,成(cheng)為(wei)“南菇(gu)(gu)北移”后(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)香菇(gu)(gu)生產(chan)地(di)。形成(cheng)的(de)(de)香菇(gu)(gu)市場年交易額(e)穩定在10億元左(zuo)右(you),成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)香菇(gu)(gu)集(ji)散地(di)、加工地(di),每年從這里運(yun)出的(de)(de)香菇(gu)(gu)占(zhan)全(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)出口(kou)(kou)(kou)干香菇(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)70%以上、占(zhan)全(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)香菇(gu)(gu)總產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)近1/5,由此(ci)奠定了全(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)干香菇(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)價格(ge)形成(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)心和出口(kou)(kou)(kou)貨源集(ji)散中(zhong)(zhong)心地(di)位。西(xi)峽(xia)先后(hou)被國(guo)(guo)家農業部(bu)等(deng)部(bu)委確定為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)園藝產(chan)品出口(kou)(kou)(kou)示范(fan)區,被全(quan)國(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)協(xie)(xie)會(hui)評為(wei)十佳商品基地(di)縣(xian)、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)標準(zhun)化示范(fan)縣(xian)、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)優秀基地(di)縣(xian);通(tong)過(guo)了國(guo)(guo)家原產(chan)地(di)地(di)理保(bao)護(hu)認證。2009年,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)食(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)協(xie)(xie)會(hui)授予“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)香菇(gu)(gu)之鄉(xiang)”稱號。2010年,河南西(xi)峽(xia)縣(xian)出口(kou)(kou)(kou)香菇(gu)(gu)7422噸(dun),出口(kou)(kou)(kou)額(e)11874萬(wan)美元。
產地范圍
西(xi)峽(xia)香菇(gu)地理標志產品保護范(fan)圍為河(he)南省西(xi)峽(xia)縣丹(dan)水鎮(zhen)、田關鄉(xiang)(xiang)、陽城鄉(xiang)(xiang)、回車鎮(zhen)、五里橋鎮(zhen)、丁河(he)鎮(zhen)、重陽鄉(xiang)(xiang)、西(xi)坪(ping)鎮(zhen)、寨根鄉(xiang)(xiang)、桑坪(ping)鎮(zhen)、石界河(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、米坪(ping)鎮(zhen)、軍馬河(he)鎮(zhen)、雙龍鎮(zhen)、二狼坪(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)等15個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)現轄行政區域。
專用標志使用
西峽(xia)香(xiang)菇地理標(biao)(biao)(biao)志產品保護(hu)范圍(wei)內的生(sheng)產者,可向南陽出(chu)入境檢(jian)驗檢(jian)疫局提(ti)出(chu)使用“地理標(biao)(biao)(biao)志產品專用標(biao)(biao)(biao)志”的申請(qing),由國家質檢(jian)總(zong)局公(gong)告批(pi)準(zhun)。
技術要求
(一)菌種。
9608等優質香菇菌種的1、2、3級菌種。
(二)立(li)體(ti)條(tiao)件。
保(bao)護區范(fan)圍內海拔(ba)200m至800m。
(三)原料(liao)要求。
1、主料:為殼斗科的(de)麻櫟屬、青岡屬和樺科的(de)樺木(mu)屬的(de)木(mu)屑(xie)。木(mu)屑(xie)直徑(jing)3mm至8mm,鮮(xian)木(mu)屑(xie)含水量(liang)40%以下(xia)、干木(mu)屑(xie)含水量(liang)13%以下(xia),無霉(mei)爛、腐(fu)朽、污染。
2、輔料:
(1)麥麩:無霉(mei)變、結塊、污染,含水量13%以下。
(2)白砂糖:食用菌(jun)糖。
(3)石膏:生、熟均可,色(se)白,無雜質。
(四)栽培(pei)管理。
1、拌料(liao)、裝袋:
(1)栽(zai)培(pei)期:2至4月生產(chan)栽(zai)培(pei)。
(2)配(pei)方:木屑78%至(zhi)80%、麥麩18%至(zhi)20%、糖0.8%至(zhi)1%、石膏1%的比例,把料拌勻,兌水至(zhi)含水量58%至(zhi)60%。pH值5至(zhi)7。
(3)裝袋:松緊適(shi)中、每袋干料(liao)1.3kg至(zhi)1.5kg,栽培袋濕(shi)重3至(zhi)3.3kg。
2、常(chang)壓(ya)滅菌:料溫整體達到100℃后(hou),保持18個(ge)小時以上。
3、接種:料溫下降到28℃以下時,在無菌條件下接種。
4、發菌(jun):發菌(jun)需45d至50d,保持發菌(jun)室干(gan)(gan)凈、干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)、暗光、通風,溫度維持在20℃至25℃,適當刺孔增氧(yang),注意散堆降(jiang)溫。
5、越(yue)夏管理:越(yue)夏場地通風向陽、地勢高燥、水源(yuan)潔凈、周邊環(huan)境干凈、整潔、無污(wu)染。
6、棚(peng)架環(huan)境要(yao)求及進棚(peng)管理:外棚(peng)四周要(yao)比內架寬(kuan)出2米,遮(zhe)陰網不(bu)少于二層(ceng),層(ceng)間有(you)35cm至(zhi)40cm間距(ju)。遮(zhe)陰度(du)60%至(zhi)70%,溫(wen)度(du)在28℃以下(xia),濕(shi)度(du)75%至(zhi)80%,通風良好。自然(ran)(ran)轉色,自然(ran)(ran)養菌,不(bu)隨意翻動。150天至(zhi)180天。
7、出菇管(guan)理:氣溫穩(wen)定在(zai)20℃以下(xia),10月中(zhong)下(xia)旬以后催菇。菌(jun)袋(dai)含水量在(zai)原袋(dai)重(zhong)的80%至85%,濕(shi)度60%至85%,溫度8℃至18℃,溫差8℃至10℃。適當(dang)通風,保(bao)持空氣新鮮。初冬出菇,保(bao)持半陰半陽(yang);冬季出菇,全光照。
(五)采收(shou)與加工。
1、采(cai)收:10月(yue)中旬至(zhi)(zhi)翌(yi)年(nian)4月(yue)采(cai)收,采(cai)收標準為(wei)子實體7至(zhi)(zhi)8成熟(shu)。
2、加(jia)(jia)工(gong):烘干脫水(shui)加(jia)(jia)工(gong),含水(shui)量≤13%。
西(xi)峽香菇的醫用價值
中國(guo)不(bu)少古籍(ji)中記載香(xiang)菇(gu)“益氣不(bu)饑,治(zhi)(zhi)風破血和益胃助食”。民間(jian)用來助痘瘡(chuang)、麻疹的(de)誘(you)發,治(zhi)(zhi)頭(tou)痛(tong)、頭(tou)暈。現代研究證明,香(xiang)菇(gu)多糖可調節人(ren)體內有免疫功能(neng)(neng)的(de)T細胞活性,可降低甲基膽蒽誘(you)發腫瘤的(de)能(neng)(neng)力。香(xiang)菇(gu)對(dui)(dui)癌(ai)細胞有強烈的(de)抑(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)用,對(dui)(dui)小白鼠肉瘤180的(de)抑(yi)制(zhi)率(lv)為97.5%,對(dui)(dui)艾氏癌(ai)的(de)抑(yi)制(zhi)率(lv)為80%。香(xiang)菇(gu)含有雙(shuang)鏈核(he)糖核(he)酸,能(neng)(neng)誘(you)導(dao)產生干擾素,具(ju)有抗病(bing)毒能(neng)(neng)力。西峽(xia)香(xiang)菇(gu)還對(dui)(dui)糖尿病(bing)、肺結核(he)、傳染性肝炎、神經炎等起治(zhi)(zhi)療作(zuo)用,又(you)可用于消化不(bu)良、便秘、減肥等。
1. 提高機體(ti)免疫(yi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng):香菇多糖可提高巨噬細胞的吞噬功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng),還可促(cu)進T淋巴細胞的產生(sheng),并(bing)提高T淋巴細胞的殺(sha)傷(shang)活性,從而增(zeng)強人體(ti)體(ti)液免疫(yi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。
2. 西(xi)峽(xia)香菇還對糖尿病、肺結(jie)核、傳染性肝炎、神(shen)經(jing)炎等起治(zhi)療作用(yong),又(you)可用(yong)于消化(hua)不良、便秘(mi)等。
3. 延(yan)緩(huan)衰老:香(xiang)菇的(de)水提取物對過(guo)氧(yang)化氫(qing)有(you)清除(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)用,對體內的(de)過(guo)氧(yang)化氫(qing)有(you)一定的(de)消除(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)用;
4. 降血壓、降血脂、降膽固醇:香菇中含有嘌呤、膽堿、酪氨(an)酸、氧化酶(mei)以及(ji)某些核酸物(wu)質,能起到降血壓、降膽固醇、降血脂的作用,又可(ke)預防動脈硬化、肝硬化等(deng)疾病。
5. 防(fang)癌抗癌:香菇菌蓋部分含有(you)雙鏈(lian)結(jie)構的(de)核(he)糖核(he)酸,進入人體后,會產(chan)生(sheng)具有(you)抗癌作(zuo)用的(de)干擾素。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
2.1土壤地(di)(di)貌情況 西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)(xia)地(di)(di)處(chu)秦嶺東支脈伏(fu)牛山(shan)(shan)南麓,海拔高度從181米(mi)(mi)到2212.5米(mi)(mi)。縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)自(zi)西(xi)(xi)北向(xiang)東南依(yi)次為(wei)深(shen)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)、淺山(shan)(shan)區(qu)、山(shan)(shan)谷盆(pen)地(di)(di)和(he)丘陵區(qu)4種類型(xing)。西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)(xia)縣(xian)(xian)土壤系(xi)第四(si)紀(ji)堆積(ji)(ji)、洪積(ji)(ji)型(xing)骨架(jia)土。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)黃棕壤類占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)82%、為(wei)總耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)60.7%;紫色土類占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)10%、為(wei)總耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)35.1%;棕壤土類占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)7.7%;潮土類占總耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)3%;河(he)(he)(he)灘(tan)地(di)(di)僅占耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)1.2%,獨特的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)小(xiao)氣(qi)候,適(shi)宜香菇的(de)(de)(de)生產。 2.2 水(shui)(shui)文情況 境(jing)內溪流密布,共(gong)有(you)大(da)小(xiao)河(he)(he)(he)流520余條,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)灌(guan)河(he)(he)(he)、淇河(he)(he)(he)兩條過境(jing)河(he)(he)(he)。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)資源總量(liang)(liang)為(wei)18.54億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)年地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)水(shui)(shui)總量(liang)(liang)為(wei)14.06億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)總量(liang)(liang)為(wei)4.48億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)水(shui)(shui)可開(kai)發(fa)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)11.6億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)可開(kai)發(fa)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)2.6億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。伏(fu)牛山(shan)(shan)生態環境(jing)良(liang)好(hao),地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)水(shui)(shui)基本(ben)無污染。 2.3 氣(qi)候情況 西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)(xia)處(chu)于亞熱帶向(xiang)暖濕(shi)帶過度地(di)(di)帶,屬北亞熱帶季(ji)風(feng)區(qu)大(da)陸性氣(qi)候,氣(qi)候溫和(he),雨量(liang)(liang)適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),光照充(chong)足,年均氣(qi)溫15.0攝氏(shi)度,年均降雨量(liang)(liang)878.1毫米(mi)(mi)左右,年均無霜(shuang)期236.2天(tian),年均日照時數1924.9小(xiao)時,年均相對濕(shi)度69%,季(ji)風(feng)平均風(feng)速2.1米(mi)(mi)每秒。由于境(jing)內多(duo)山(shan)(shan),地(di)(di)勢復雜,有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)體氣(qi)候特點,四(si)季(ji)分明。充(chong)足的(de)(de)(de)光照,適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)雨量(liang)(liang),溫和(he)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候給西(xi)(xi)峽(xia)(xia)食(shi)用(yong)菌產業帶來了良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展條件。
三.地域范圍
西峽(xia)香菇農(nong)產品地(di)(di)理標志登記(ji)地(di)(di)域保(bao)護,覆蓋西峽(xia)境內全域除城區外16個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen):丹(dan)水(shui)、田關、陽(yang)城、回車、丁河(he)、重(zhong)陽(yang)、西坪(ping)、桑坪(ping)、米坪(ping)、石界河(he)、軍馬河(he)、二郎坪(ping)、五里橋(qiao)、雙(shuang)龍、太平(ping)鎮(zhen)、寨(zhai)根。涉及(ji)242個(ge)行政村,其保(bao)護范圍地(di)(di)理坐標為北緯33°05′—33°48′東經111°01′—111°46′,地(di)(di)處河(he)南省西南部、南陽(yang)市西部、伏牛山腹(fu)地(di)(di)、豫鄂陜三省交匯(hui)地(di)(di)帶,,總面(mian)積(ji)3454平(ping)方公里,香菇生(sheng)產面(mian)積(ji)約(yue)1000公頃,年均總產量穩定在15萬噸左右。
四.產品品質特性特征
4.1外在(zai)感官(guan)特征 4.1.1 菇形(xing) 朵形(xing)圓(yuan)整,中(zhong)(zhong)大葉(xie)型,菇質(zhi)密,菇肉厚。 4.1.2 菌蓋色澤 鮮菇菌蓋淺(qian)褐(he)色—褐(he)色。 4.1.3 菌柄 菌柄中(zhong)(zhong)長型,3—5厘米,中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)粗。 4.1.4 菌褶 整齊,中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)密度(du),淺(qian)白色。 4.1.5 口感 脆嫩(nen),爽滑,肉質(zhi)無海綿(mian)感。
五.特定生產方式
3.1場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze) 3.1.1 無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di) 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)影響(xiang),或污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)含量限制在(zai)允許范圍(wei)之(zhi)內(nei)(nei),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)(jing)良(liang)好,具(ju)體要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):周(zhou)圍(wei)100米(mi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)業三廢、垃圾(糞便)場(chang)、各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)(ta)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)(如(ru)大(da)量揚灰(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)廠(chang)、窯灰(hui)(hui)廠(chang)等),并(bing)且遠離(li)醫院、學校和(he)(he)公(gong)共場(chang)所(suo)(suo);對(dui)農戶獨(du)立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)點(dian)(dian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證30米(mi)以內(nei)(nei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)畜禽圈舍和(he)(he)家用(yong)(yong)(yong)廁所(suo)(suo)(衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)間(jian));土(tu)(tu)壤、空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(312國道兩側50米(mi)以內(nei)(nei))中(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)背(bei)景(jing)值偏高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),與(yu)(yu)土(tu)(tu)壤、水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)環境(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)病(bing)(bing)高(gao)發區(qu)(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)作為(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)。 3.1.2空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)環境(jing)(jing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)周(zhou)圍(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)淅(xi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體排放(fang),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)燃煤鍋爐需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)塵(chen)除硫裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。環境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量指標(biao)(biao)(biao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)合(he)附(fu)表1標(biao)(biao)(biao)準。 3.1.3水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)、地(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)潔(jie)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)、放(fang)射性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元素及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)(biao))的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu);水(shui)(shui)域或水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)游沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)構成威脅的(de)(de)(de)井水(shui)(shui)。水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)合(he)附(fu)表2標(biao)(biao)(biao)準。 3.1.4其(qi)(qi)它(ta)(ta)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)向陽,地(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)高(gao)燥(zao),水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)較(jiao)近,交通(tong)(tong)(tong)方(fang)便,并(bing)相對(dui)集(ji)中(zhong)連(lian)片。 3.2栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)季(ji)(ji)節 依據所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)(xuan)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)型(xing)、菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)齡(ling)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、當地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)海拔高(gao)度(du)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件及(ji)(ji)(ji)適(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)出菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),因地(di)(di)(di)制宜(yi),靈活(huo)推(tui)算確定(ding)最佳(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)春(chun)(chun)栽(zai) 模(mo)式點(dian)(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)2-4月(yue)(yue)份進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。 3.3品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze) 所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)(xuan)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),須(xu)經正(zheng)規食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科研部門試驗(yan)示范后(hou)(hou)確定(ding)該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)、濕度(du)、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)差(cha)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)、海拔高(gao)度(du)和(he)(he)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)措(cuo)施與(yu)(yu)本地(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件相適(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),還必須(xu)具(ju)備抗性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好、優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豐(feng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。我縣春(chun)(chun)栽(zai)袋(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)當家品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)西(xi)峽縣食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科研中(zhong)心生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)“9608”品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 3.4菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量標(biao)(biao)(biao)準 3.4.1標(biao)(biao)(biao)名 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓶(袋(dai))上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)商(shang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)示、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)型(xing)、接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)期(qi)(qi)、檢(jian)驗(yan)合(he)格(ge)證等。 3.4.2純度(du) 外觀看(kan)瓶(袋(dai))無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)破損,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)(za)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)和(he)(he)病(bing)(bing)蟲侵染(ran)(ran),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)粗壯整(zheng)齊,分(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)濃密,色(se)澤(ze)潔(jie)白呈現(xian)(xian)絨毛狀(zhuang),鏡檢(jian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)透(tou)明(ming),呈分(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)狀(zhuang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)橫(heng)隔(ge)、鎖(suo)狀(zhuang)聯合(he)明(ming)顯,具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)固有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng)。 3.4.3香(xiang)(xiang)味 優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)味而無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)異雜(za)(za)(za)味。 3.4.4長(chang)(chang)勢(shi) 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)形態正(zheng)常,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺盛(sheng)而無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)抑制線,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吐水(shui)(shui)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)畏縮(suo)現(xian)(xian)象,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)形態呈絨毛狀(zhuang)濃密,粗壯均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻齊整(zheng),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速度(du)快(kuai)(kuai)。 3.4.5活(huo)力(li) 從菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓶(袋(dai))中(zhong)隨機挖取一(yi)(yi)塊菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),感覺有(you)(you)(you)(you)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)松(song)(song)散,培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)呈淡黃(huang)色(se),在(zai)29℃下培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊四周(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)萌發快(kuai)(kuai),向四周(zhou)擴展快(kuai)(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)則說明(ming)吃料(liao)(liao)(liao)能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)。 3.5培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基配方(fang) 培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基配方(fang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)若干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)案,西(xi)峽縣春(chun)(chun)栽(zai)袋(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)配方(fang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)采用(yong)(yong)(yong):木屑(xie)84%、麩皮15%、石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)1%。 3.6培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基備制 3.6.1木屑(xie) 樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):在(zai)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)影響(xiang),重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)、放(fang)射性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元素及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)闊葉(xie)硬雜(za)(za)(za)木均(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)含松(song)(song)、柏、樟、杉樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),其(qi)(qi)砍伐(fa)季(ji)(ji)節應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)冬季(ji)(ji)休(xiu)眠期(qi)(qi)砍伐(fa)為(wei)(wei)好;木屑(xie)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):用(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)粉(fen)料(liao)(liao)(liao)機粉(fen)碎(sui),顆粒應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)尖刺(ci)(ci),細度(du)和(he)(he)大(da)片麥(mai)麩一(yi)(yi)樣,粉(fen)碎(sui)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)(ke)曬(shai)(shai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)備用(yong)(yong)(yong)。 3.6.2麥(mai)麩 麩皮要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大(da)片、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霉變(bian)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)(za)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)松(song)(song)散、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農藥污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)新鮮(xian)麩皮。 3.6.3石(shi)膏(gao)(gao) 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)熟均(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke)(ke),需(xu)經檢(jian)驗(yan)合(he)格(ge),潔(jie)白、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)(za)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毒(du)(du)害(hai)。 3.8拌(ban)料(liao)(liao)(liao) 按照(zhao)木屑(xie)84%、麩皮15%、石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)1%的(de)(de)(de)配方(fang)比例,含水(shui)(shui)量維(wei)持在(zai)55%-58%之(zhi)間(jian),把各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)攪拌(ban)均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻。 3.9裝(zhuang)袋(dai) 一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)折17-18公(gong)分(fen)(fen)寬,55公(gong)分(fen)(fen)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)袋(dai),松(song)(song)緊適(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du),口(kou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)扎緊,輕拿輕放(fang),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)破損、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。 3.10滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun) 料(liao)(liao)(liao)袋(dai)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)爐后(hou)(hou),2-3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)料(liao)(liao)(liao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)達到(dao)(dao)100℃以上(shang),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持100℃不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下降(jiang)(jiang)連(lian)續維(wei)持18個小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)以上(shang)。如(ru)袋(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)較(jiao)多,可(ke)(ke)酌情適(shi)(shi)(shi)當延長(chang)(chang)滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。 3.11冷(leng)卻(que) 滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)達到(dao)(dao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)后(hou)(hou),停(ting)止加(jia)熱,任其(qi)(qi)自然冷(leng)卻(que)到(dao)(dao)70℃以下,可(ke)(ke)出鍋放(fang)入(ru)(ru)(ru)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)室(shi),繼續冷(leng)卻(que)到(dao)(dao)料(liao)(liao)(liao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)達28℃以下時(shi)(shi)(shi),才能(neng)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 3.12接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) 使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱必須(xu)提(ti)前進(jin)(jin)行(xing)消毒(du)(du)處(chu)理,并(bing)檢(jian)查接(jie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)箱嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)密不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)漏氣(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)(ke)裝(zhuang)入(ru)(ru)(ru)袋(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao),再用(yong)(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)霧消毒(du)(du)劑(ji)按1-2g/m3點(dian)(dian)燃消毒(du)(du)30分(fen)(fen)鐘后(hou)(hou)才能(neng)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),點(dian)(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):快(kuai)(kuai)、凈、滿、實。 3.13培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang) 接(jie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)后(hou)(hou),需(xu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)搬入(ru)(ru)(ru)用(yong)(yong)(yong)石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)霧消毒(du)(du)劑(ji)消過毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)室(shi)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)單層單行(xing)擺放(fang),高(gao)1米(mi)左右(you),溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)(kong)制在(zai)20℃-25℃為(wei)(wei)好,同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),致一(yi)(yi)死適(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)換氣(qi)(qi)(qi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)室(shi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)、暗光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)(za)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、易于通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)適(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)。 3.14刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)增氧 為(wei)(wei)滿足菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)對(dui)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)2-3次,刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)多少應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)大(da)小(xiao)、水(shui)(shui)份多少成正(zheng)比例,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)每袋(dai)刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)總數50-80個為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)。刺(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)后(hou)(hou)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)特別注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi),嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)超(chao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)燒堆,應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)降(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。 3.15轉色(se) 養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)結(jie)束后(hou)(hou),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)靈活(huo)調(diao)(diao)控(kong)(kong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)、濕度(du)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)促使(shi)(shi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)自然轉色(se),要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)皮厚薄適(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong),茶褐色(se)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)澤(ze)為(wei)(wei)好。 3.16越夏 越夏主要(yao)(yao)(yao)任務是防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)暴曬(shai)(shai),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)情況下必須(xu)在(zai)5月(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬將菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)移到(dao)(dao)室(shi)外,在(zai)室(shi)外陰棚內(nei)(nei)越夏,遮(zhe)陰棚要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)搭高(gao)、塔寬、搭厚,陰棚凈高(gao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)3.5米(mi)以上(shang),蔭棚四周(zhou)距離(li)內(nei)(nei)架2米(mi)以上(shang),厚度(du)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)隔(ge)熱隔(ge)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang),伏天(tian)棚內(nei)(nei)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)最高(gao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)過30℃為(wei)(wei)好。 3.17催菇(gu)(gu)(gu) 時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)10月(yue)(yue)下旬,利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)白天(tian)蓋(gai)膜(mo)、夜晚(wan)揭(jie)膜(mo),拉(la)大(da)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)差(cha)達10℃ 3.18疏蕾(lei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蕾(lei),培(pei)(pei)育花(hua)菇(gu)(gu)(gu) 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)現(xian)(xian)蕾(lei)后(hou)(hou),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)割(ge)口(kou)選(xuan)(xuan)蕾(lei),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)留10個左右(you),嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)格(ge)調(diao)(diao)控(kong)(kong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)(wei)15—18℃,濕度(du)70%~80%,并(bing)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)換氣(qi)(qi)(qi),調(diao)(diao)節光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao);如(ru)果生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)花(hua)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)須(xu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)13℃~15℃,干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao),濕度(du)控(kong)(kong)制在(zai)60%~70%,還須(xu)適(shi)(shi)(shi)當增加(jia)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao),拉(la)大(da)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)差(cha)。 3.19采收(shou)、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)(yu)貯(zhu)運(yun) 3.19.1 采收(shou) 可(ke)(ke)根據客商(shang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),適(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)采摘,采摘時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)分(fen)(fen)級放(fang)入(ru)(ru)(ru)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)凈無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)竹筐內(nei)(nei),嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)禁(jin)落(luo)入(ru)(ru)(ru)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)、木屑(xie)或其(qi)(qi)它(ta)(ta)雜(za)(za)(za)物(wu)(wu),確保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。 3.19.2 加(jia)工(gong)(gong) 一(yi)(yi)是保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)。可(ke)(ke)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)庫(ku)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(2~3℃)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)鮮(xian),按客商(shang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)挑揀(jian)分(fen)(fen)級、包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang),再利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)冷(leng)藏車及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)運(yun)銷。二(er)是烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)機烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan),重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)掌握起始溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低于35℃,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)每小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)升1~2℃,逐步升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)慢慢把菇(gu)(gu)(gu)體水(shui)(shui)份蒸發掉,最后(hou)(hou)階段(duan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)最高(gao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)過65℃,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)關(guan)(guan)閉進(jin)(jin)風(feng)(feng)口(kou)和(he)(he)出風(feng)(feng)口(kou),利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱循環并(bing)維(wei)持2小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)左右(you),能(neng)增加(jia)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)香(xiang)(xiang)味,當達到(dao)(dao)烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)后(hou)(hou),要(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)密封包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)出售。 3.19.3 貯(zhu)存和(he)(he)運(yun)輸(shu) 香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)貯(zhu)存、運(yun)輸(shu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)、干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)、衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)避風(feng)(feng),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)鼠、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)曬(shai)(shai)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)震、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)雨淋、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)塵(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得與(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)品(pin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)裝(zhuang)混(hun)(hun)(hun)運(yun)。 3.19.4 注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)事項 3.19.4.1 在(zai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)允許為(wei)(wei)了達到(dao)(dao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)腐、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)或漂(piao)白等目的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)人體有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)藥劑(ji)對(dui)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處(chu)理。 3.19.4.2 不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)允許使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)裝(zhuang)過農藥、化肥及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)容器包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)香(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)。 3.19.4.3 包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)須(xu)符(fu)合(he)國家有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),包(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)過程(cheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)確保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霉變(bian),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)(za)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),并(bing)符(fu)合(he)國家有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)食(shi)品(pin)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。
六.包裝標識相關規定
包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)主要采用袋式(shi)或(huo)箱式(shi)包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang),包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)材料必須符合國家(jia)強制性技(ji)術規范要求。產(chan)品有明確標簽,內容包(bao)括: 產(chan)品名稱、商標、產(chan)品執(zhi)行(xing)標準(zhun)、生產(chan)者及(ji)詳細地(di)址、凈含量及(ji)包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)日期(qi),要求字(zi)跡(ji)清(qing)晰、完整、準(zhun)確。