1、洞經音樂(文昌洞經古樂),編號:Ⅱ-128
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:四川省梓潼縣
(3)保護單位:梓潼縣文化館
2、洞經音樂(邛都洞經音樂),編號:Ⅱ-128
(1)批次/類型:2014年(第四批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:四川省西昌市
(3)保護單位:西昌市邛都洞經古樂協會
3、洞經音樂(妙善學女子洞經音樂),編號:Ⅱ-128
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:云南省通海縣
(3)保護單位:通海縣(xian)文化館
歷史(shi)悠久(jiu),云南地區所(suo)用(yong)樂(le)(le)器分文、武,樂(le)(le)隊龐大,樂(le)(le)曲(qu)風格優(you)美(mei)、樸(pu)實(shi)、典雅。它以談(tan)演道(dao)教經(jing)文《文昌大洞仙經(jing)》得名(ming),道(dao)教經(jing)書(shu)(shu)分為(wei)三(san)洞,即洞真(zhen)、洞玄(xuan)、洞神(shen)(shen),分別是道(dao)教三(san)清尊(zun)神(shen)(shen)傳下,所(suo)以道(dao)教經(jing)書(shu)(shu)稱(cheng)為(wei)洞經(jing),演奏唱頌經(jing)書(shu)(shu)中詩贊的音(yin)樂(le)(le),故稱(cheng)洞經(jing)音(yin)樂(le)(le)。
洞(dong)經音樂發源(yuan)于四川省蓬溪縣,其(qi)創始者為劉安勝(sheng)和衛琪。
劉(liu)安(an)勝,南宋四川(chuan)省蓬溪縣(xian)人。乾道四年(1168),在(zai)蓬溪縣(xian)寶屏(ping)山(shan)(今(jin)赤城山(shan))玉虛壇(tan)撰成(cheng)《文昌大洞(dong)(dong)仙經(jing)》5卷,在(zai)社會上廣為流傳。因談演《文昌大洞(dong)(dong)仙經(jing)》而形成(cheng)了聞名(ming)中(zhong)外的(de)洞(dong)(dong)經(jing)音樂(le),劉(liu)安(an)勝是洞(dong)(dong)經(jing)音樂(le)的(de)開創者。
衛(wei)琪(qi),元人(ren),號(hao)中(zhong)陽子(zi),隱(yin)居四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)省蓬(peng)(peng)溪縣蓬(peng)(peng)萊(lai)山(shan)。幼好(hao)道術,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)測(ce)玄妙,曾任南平綦(qi)江等處軍民長(chang)官。元初,衛(wei)琪(qi)在東蜀蓬(peng)(peng)溪縣蓬(peng)(peng)萊(lai)山(shan)注釋劉安勝《文昌大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)仙(xian)(xian)經》。元代至大三年(1310),衛(wei)琪(qi)將其(qi)《文昌大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)仙(xian)(xian)經注》進獻給元武宗,受獎賞(shang),聲名(ming)大震。其(qi)書在全(quan)國廣(guang)為(wei)(wei)流播,成為(wei)(wei)云南、四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)等省洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經音樂(le)(le)的(de)主經。衛(wei)琪(qi)為(wei)(wei)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經音樂(le)(le)的(de)產(chan)生和傳播立下了汗馬功勞。明代河南巡撫、邑(yi)人(ren)楊作楫在《修建石魚山(shan)書院記》中(zhong)云:“蓬(peng)(peng)萊(lai)山(shan)中(zhong)陽子(zi)曾注解《大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)仙(xian)(xian)經》。”這(zhe)是(shi)最早記載(zai)衛(wei)琪(qi)在四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)省蓬(peng)(peng)溪縣蓬(peng)(peng)萊(lai)山(shan)注釋《大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)仙(xian)(xian)經》的(de)文獻,載(zai)入(ru)了清嘉慶本《四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)通志》。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經音樂(le)(le)是(shi)音樂(le)(le)的(de)活化石,已被聯合國教科文組織認(ren)定為(wei)(wei)全(quan)人(ren)類寶貴的(de)非物(wu)質文化遺產(chan)。
《華(hua)坪縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)史(shi)資料·第二(er)輯》說:洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le)(le)(le)於(wu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)永樂(le)(le)(le)七(qi)年(1409)由(you)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)(ru)大(da)理(li)(li)。《南澗(jian)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)史(shi)資料·第一輯》亦言:是(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)永樂(le)(le)(le)七(qi)年由(you)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)(ru)大(da)理(li)(li),再由(you)大(da)理(li)(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)到云(yun)(yun)(yun)南各(ge)地。《通(tong)海縣(xian)資料》也(ye)說是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)。《大(da)理(li)(li)洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le)(le)(le)·序言》稱:明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)嘉靖十三年(1534)大(da)理(li)(li)、下關(guan)曾派人到四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)習演大(da)洞(dong)仙經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),并(bing)帶(dai)回(hui)仙經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)各(ge)兩(liang)部(bu)。四(si)種說法時間(jian)雖(sui)有差距,但都明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)確(que)肯定是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)。這些說法是(shi)(shi)(shi)比較可靠的(de)(de)(de)。它有明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)人李元陽所編撰(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)《云(yun)(yun)(yun)南通(tong)志(zhi)》可作參考。是(shi)(shi)(shi)書記載(zai)了明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)初云(yun)(yun)(yun)南各(ge)州縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)情況。文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)會活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)本營(ying),洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le)(le)(le)便在(zai)(zai)這里演奏(zou)。書載(zai):昆(kun)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)西門(men)(men)外。楚雄(xiong)梓潼廟在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)西仁福門(men)(men)外。武定文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)祠(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)舊(jiu)府治(zhi)內(nei)。鶴慶(qing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)祠(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)府治(zhi)南太玄宮(gong)(gong)(gong)內(nei)。永勝梓潼廟在(zai)(zai)州治(zhi)南。保山文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)祠(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)西太和山麓,弘治(zhi)間(jian)副使林浚建(jian)。歲春秋上(shang)丁后四(si)日祭。騰越州亦有祠(ci)(ci)。鳳慶(qing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)祠(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)府治(zhi)東(dong)北三里,嘉靖間(jian)土(tu)官知府猛寅建(jian)。可見(jian),文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)早在(zai)(zai)嘉靖以(yi)前便已普遍存在(zai)(zai)。民國(guo)學者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)由(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)龍所編的(de)(de)(de)《姚(yao)安(an)縣(xian)志(zhi)·卷55》載(zai):滇省經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)會各(ge)縣(xian)皆有。姚(yao)邑(yi)自(zi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)季即立(li)社(she)崇奉(feng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang),歌諷(feng)洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),皇經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等,以(yi)祈(qi)(qi)(qi)升平。間(jian)亦設壇,宣講圣諭,化導愚(yu)蒙,歿道家之(zhi)(zhi)支流(liu)也(ye)。但信(xin)仰者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)多系士人,故(gu)每(mei)屆舉(ju)行,均(jun)禮(li)樂(le)(le)(le)雍容(rong),古代(dai)禮(li)樂(le)(le)(le)得籍以(yi)保存於(wu)不(bu)(bu)墜焉。姚(yao)邑(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)會,創史(shi)於(wu)東(dong)山老會(原在(zai)(zai)白鶴寺)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)末(mo)奉(feng)人席(xi)上(shang)珍,始於(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)中立(li)桂香社(she)。清初有耿裕祈(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),游江浙(zhe),精習樂(le)(le)(le)律(lv),頗多傳(chuan)(chuan)導。逮光(guang)緒初,馬駟良由(you)浙(zhe)東(dong)解組(zu)歸,精樂(le)(le)(le)譜,就(jiu)光(guang)祿社(she)矯(jiao)正(zheng)音(yin)律(lv),桂香社(she)亦摹(mo)習之(zhi)(zhi)。自(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)姚(yao)安(an)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)會樂(le)(le)(le)曲始歸雅正(zheng)。樂(le)(le)(le)器則有箏、琶(pa)、管、鐘、鼓、鐃、鈸之(zhi)(zhi)屬。經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)物品各(ge)社(she)多寡不(bu)(bu)一,統由(you)糾儀保管,每(mei)年輪遷(qian)充任。先入(ru)(ru)社(she)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)長,年髦者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)前輩。入(ru)(ru)其(qi)社(she)但覺長幼有序,禮(li)陶(tao)樂(le)(le)(le)淑,氣象(xiang)肖焉,并(bing)見(jian)社(she)會。楊履乾《昭(zhao)通(tong)縣(xian)志(zhi)稿》(卷六)載(zai):洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)壇,其(qi)教傳(chuan)(chuan)自(zi)省垣,以(yi)談演誦經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)主,輔以(yi)音(yin)樂(le)(le)(le)。凡祈(qi)(qi)(qi)晴、禱雨(yu)、圣誕、慶(qing)祝、超度(du)事,悉為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),雜以(yi)佛道,附會入(ru)(ru)壇者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),皆屬男子(zi),而無女流(liu)也(ye)。這些記載(zai)表明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)云(yun)(yun)(yun)南的(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le)(le)(le)在(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)開始興盛,其(qi)它幾種說法只是(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)變種。
清(qing)代則(ze)是洞(dong)經音(yin)樂(le)在云南大(da)(da)普及、大(da)(da)發展(zhan)、大(da)(da)繁(fan)榮、大(da)(da)融合的(de)鼎盛時期(qi)。全省120多(duo)個縣凡人口較多(duo)的(de)大(da)(da)村(cun)鎮,都(dou)(dou)有(you)數量(liang)不等的(de)洞(dong)經樂(le)隊定期(qi)活動。而且組織(zhi)健全,活動都(dou)(dou)已規范化(hua),制度(du)化(hua)和經常化(hua)了。并已隨(sui)著馬幫(bang)的(de)行蹤,逐漸傳到(dao)緬甸、越南。明(ming)末清(qing)初因社會動蕩(dang),滇(dian)西楚(chu)雄、大(da)(da)理、保山、騰沖的(de)人遷(qian)入(ru)緬甸密支那和曼(man)德(de)勒(le)經商。滇(dian)南的(de)蒙自、個舊、石屏、建水的(de)人跑到(dao)越南,洞(dong)經音(yin)樂(le)流入(ru)異幫(bang),在華(hua)人中生根開花。滇(dian)人離(li)鄉(xiang)背井,每逢佳節(jie)倍思親(qin),佳節(jie)之(zhi)際,便展(zhan)開經書,操(cao)起樂(le)器,那悅耳(er)動聽的(de)鄉(xiang)樂(le),曾使多(duo)少華(hua)人流下思戀故土的(de)熱淚……
民國年間,洞(dong)(dong)經音(yin)樂(le)仍在(zai)云(yun)南各地依(yi)例演(yan)奏。甚至唐繼堯出師討(tao)伐袁世凱之前,還請(qing)省城洞(dong)(dong)經會(hui)談經祭(ji)旗。解(jie)放(fang)(fang)前夕(xi),昆明市區內還有八九支洞(dong)(dong)經樂(le)隊存在(zai)。云(yun)南解(jie)放(fang)(fang),以彭幼(you)山為(wei)首的一批洞(dong)(dong)經老人成立了《古樂(le)研究會(hui)》,開展搜集(ji)整理樂(le)譜工作。
洞經(jing)音樂的流變(bian)特(te)徵(zhi),從(cong)南宋孝(xiao)宗(zong)乾道四年(nian)(1168)產(chan)生以來,迄今有830多年(nian)歷史了。在漫長(chang)的演化過程中,經(jing)歷了初傳、漸盛、鼎盛、衰微與(yu)重振幾個階(jie)段。每個階(jie)段因經(jing)濟、社會與(yu)宗(zong)教的變(bian)化呈(cheng)現出(chu)不同的特(te)點。
就(jiu)云南而言主要(yao)是(shi):第(di)一,樂(le)曲(qu)增多(duo)。據不(bu)完全(quan)統計,建國(guo)初期全(quan)省數百支(zhi)洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)樂(le)隊尚有二千余支(zhi)曲(qu)子,后經(jing)(jing)有關部門(men)大力搜(sou)集、整(zheng)理、鑒定(除掉同曲(qu)異名(ming)者(zhe))尚有1500多(duo)支(zhi)。洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)的(de)譜(pu)本為工(gong)尺(chi)譜(pu)。洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)談(tan)演(yan)(yan)有相應(ying)的(de)齋醮科儀,要(yao)擺經(jing)(jing)壇神(shen)案,闔會要(yao)先列(lie)隊前往迎神(shen)。參加談(tan)演(yan)(yan)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員多(duo)是(shi)文人(ren)(ren)(ren)書生,其文化心(xin)態和(he)(he)音樂(le)觀,受(shou)(shou)儒家和(he)(he)道家的(de)影響,形成了洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)音樂(le)的(de)特(te)色(se)。他們談(tan)經(jing)(jing)習樂(le),一是(shi)對功名(ming)的(de)追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu),以(yi)祭祀文昌帝君為寄托,祈求(qiu)(qiu)天人(ren)(ren)(ren)感應(ying),好運(yun)降(jiang)臨(lin);第(di)二,對長生的(de)追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu),而且音樂(le)可(ke)以(yi)娛神(shen)娛人(ren)(ren)(ren);第(di)三,因為洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)會受(shou)(shou)皇室或官方扶持,入會光榮,能(neng)標(biao)志身份地位之尊貴(gui)。
洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)音樂的正(zheng)規談演,依照古例(li)必先由“領腔(qiang)生(sheng)”領唱,根據不(bu)同(tong)的“科”,不(bu)同(tong)的經(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen),“起(qi)”不(bu)同(tong)的經(jing)(jing)(jing)腔(qiang),樂隊、和聲(sheng)跟(gen)上。如:祭祀神圣座調、禮請十供養調、敬調、敘話、勸慰、懺調等。唱誦(song)經(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)是(shi)洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)的主要內容,有(you)(you)領有(you)(you)和,逐首接連地(di)唱下去,有(you)(you)時(shi)只用(yong)木魚擊節,有(you)(you)時(shi)則要音樂伴奏。各地(di)洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)團(tuan)體有(you)(you)自(zi)己一套(tao)約定(ding)俗成的配曲定(ding)規。
談(tan)腔是抒(shu)情(qing)性較強的(de)韻(yun)(yun)腔,演(yan)唱(chang)經(jing)(jing)文中的(de)韻(yun)(yun)律詩詞(ci),伴(ban)奏可分為細樂(le)和大樂(le)兩種形式。曲名末一(yi)個字往往帶頌、贊、偈(jie)、懺(chan)、引、章(zhang)、腔、歌、音(yin)、供(gong)養等(deng)。如:請(qing)和頌、天宮頌、開經(jing)(jing)贊、香贊、開經(jing)(jing)偈(jie)、收經(jing)(jing)偈(jie)、大洞(dong)咒、吉祥咒、朝天懺(chan)、梅(mei)花(hua)引、賀章(zhang)、道(dao)士(shi)歌、十供(gong)養等(deng)。唱(chang)詞(ci)多為規整(zheng)的(de)五、七(qi)(qi)言(yan)律詩、絕(jue)句(ju)(ju)、四言(yan)詩、長短句(ju)(ju),分別配(pei)以不同的(de)樂(le)曲,如五言(yan)句(ju)(ju)選《鎖(suo)道(dao)龕》、七(qi)(qi)言(yan)句(ju)(ju)選《一(yi)江風》。談(tan)腔旋律優美(mei)動人,在洞(dong)經(jing)(jing)曲子中占有很大比例。
誦(song)腔,即宣(xuan)敘(xu)性的(de)(de)韻腔,是(shi)吟頌式的(de)(de)樂曲,可稱“吟頌腔”。伴奏一般為單擊木魚或者鐺(dang)子(zi),有時也加少量(liang)的(de)(de)絲弦樂配(pei)合,樂曲的(de)(de)長短(duan)隨詞段而變化重復。擊謦收(shou)文止(zhi)樂。
讀(du)腔(qiang),即(ji)指讀(du)表文和(he)祝文的韻腔(qiang),依字行(xing)腔(qiang),腔(qiang)調自(zi)由,無拘無束,變化因(yin)人而異。不(bu)(bu)擊不(bu)(bu)奏(zou)任何樂器。
演(yan)唱洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le)是洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化傳(chuan)承(cheng)的(de)重(zhong)要載體,蓬溪(xi)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le)研究會成(cheng)立三年多來,突出抓了經(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)史料的(de)挖掘、音(yin)樂(le)團隊(dui)的(de)建設。縣城有(you)“洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)古樂(le)團”、“洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)古樂(le)演(yan)唱隊(dui)”98人之眾,明月(yue)分會經(jing)(jing)樂(le)隊(dui)32人,共計130來人的(de)經(jing)(jing)樂(le)隊(dui)伍。據明月(yue)關廟的(de)儒道壇115年的(de)傳(chuan)承(cheng)記(ji)載,在祭(ji)祀老子(zi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)、關圣、孔子(zi)、桓侯、釋迦誕辰,除(chu)嘯詠本(ben)經(jing)(jing),如(ru)《道德經(jing)(jing)》《陰(yin)騭文(wen)(wen)(wen)》《覺世紀》《孝(xiao)經(jing)(jing)》等相關經(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)外,必加1—3章《大(da)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)仙經(jing)(jing)》,即是將《大(da)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)仙經(jing)(jing)》作為通經(jing)(jing)。唱《文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)香贊》《楊枝贊》《八卦贊》《得勝令》《小開門(men)》《南清宮》等洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le),百年不衰。當(dang)今精神文(wen)(wen)(wen)明建設,與時俱進,把(ba)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)音(yin)樂(le)搬上(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)藝舞臺(tai),登上(shang)(shang)大(da)雅之堂,演(yan)奏《瑞祥(xiang)寶誥》《洞(dong)(dong)(dong)仙歌》《錦堂月(yue)》《傍(bang)妝臺(tai)》等經(jing)(jing)典套曲(qu),氣勢磅礴,舒緩(huan)悠揚,引人入勝。可以將傳(chuan)統的(de)、現實的(de)結(jie)合傳(chuan)承(cheng),讓它發揚光大(da),走出縣門(men),跨向全國乃至世界,指日可待。