小苗(miao)掉(diao)在(zai)海水中即使被(bei)海浪(lang)沖走(zou),也能隨波逐(zhu)流(liu),數月不死,一(yi)遇泥(ni)沙,數小時后即可生根成長。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)生態系(xi)是世界上較(jiao)(jiao)富多樣(yang)性、生產力較(jiao)(jiao)高的海洋生態系(xi)之一(yi)。在(zai)中國的國家(jia)級紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)主要有廣(guang)東深圳福田(tian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)、海南海口市東寨港(gang)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)、廣(guang)西合浦縣山(shan)口紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)、廣(guang)東湛江紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)、福建省漳江口紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)國家(jia)級自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)五(wu)個紅(hong)(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)。
位(wei)于深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)灣北(bei)東岸(an)深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)河口的(de)福田紅(hong)(hong)樹林自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)1984年正式創建,1988年定為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。正處設置,內設辦公室、科研(yan)室,下設派出所、管理站,共(gong)38名(ming)在(zai)編工作人員。自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)宣傳和環境意識(shi)教育是自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)主要(yao)職能(neng)之(zhi)一。面積368公頃,毗鄰(lin)拉姆薩(sa)爾國(guo)(guo)際(ji)重要(yao)濕地—香(xiang)港米埔保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu),是中國(guo)(guo)面積較(jiao)小的(de)國(guo)(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內地勢平坦、開闊、有沼澤、淺水和林木等多種自(zi)然(ran)(ran)景觀(guan),在(zai)此可觀(guan)賞到落霞與(yu)千鳥齊飛、靜水共(gong)長天一色的(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)美景。紅(hong)(hong)樹林自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)已被“國(guo)(guo)際(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)與(yu)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)資源聯盟”列為(wei)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)重要(yao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)組(zu)成單位(wei)之(zhi)一,同(tong)時也是中國(guo)(guo)“人與(yu)生物圈”網絡組(zu)成單位(wei)之(zhi)一。
紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林是以(yi)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)科植(zhi)物(wu)為主(zhu)組(zu)成的(de)海(hai)(hai)洋木本植(zhi)物(wu)群落,因樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干呈淡紅(hong)(hong)色而得名(ming)。福(fu)田紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區自然(ran)(ran)生長植(zhi)物(wu)有(you)海(hai)(hai)漆、木欖、秋茄等(deng)珍(zhen)稀(xi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種。這(zhe)里也是國家級(ji)的(de)鳥類(lei)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區,是東半球候鳥遷徙(xi)的(de)棲息地和(he)中途歇腳(jiao)點(dian)。據統計,這(zhe)里最多(duo)時曾有(you)180種鳥類(lei),其(qi)中的(de)20多(duo)種屬于國際、國內重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)珍(zhen)稀(xi)品種。每(mei)年有(you)白(bai)琴鷺、黑嘴(zui)鷗(ou)、小(xiao)青腳(jiao)鷸等(deng)189種、十萬余(yu)只(zhi)侯鳥南遷于此歇腳(jiao)或過冬(dong)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內除紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林植(zhi)物(wu)群落外,還有(you)其(qi)他55種植(zhi)物(wu),千姿百態。
福田紅樹(shu)林自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)是(shi)(shi)深圳(zhen)市(shi)區(qu)內的(de)一條綠色長廊(lang),背靠美麗寬(kuan)廣的(de)濱海大道,與濱海生態公園連(lian)城一體(ti),面向碧波蕩漾的(de)深圳(zhen)灣,不(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)鳥類棲息嬉戲的(de)天(tian)堂、植物的(de)王國,也是(shi)(shi)人們踏青、賞(shang)鳥、觀海、體(ti)驗(yan)自(zi)然(ran)風情的(de)好去(qu)處。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內除紅樹(shu)林植物群落外,還有其他(ta)55種(zhong)植物,千姿百態。它是(shi)(shi)深圳(zhen)市(shi)區(qu)內的(de)一條綠色長廊(lang)。
福田(tian)紅樹林區(qu)(qu)域位(wei)于深(shen)(shen)(shen)圳灣東(dong)北部,東(dong)起新州(zhou)河口,西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)海濱(bin)生(sheng)態公(gong)園(yuan),南達灘涂外(wai)海域和深(shen)(shen)(shen)圳河口,北至(zhi)(zhi)廣深(shen)(shen)(shen)高速公(gong)路,緊靠(kao)深(shen)(shen)(shen)圳市中(zhong)心福田(tian)區(qu)(qu),交通方(fang)便。深(shen)(shen)(shen)南大(da)道由東(dong)向西(xi)橫貫(guan)福田(tian)中(zhong)心,廣深(shen)(shen)(shen)高速公(gong)路和濱(bin)海大(da)道由東(dong)向西(xi)從紅樹林區(qu)(qu)的邊緣經(jing)過。沿(yan)海岸線長約9km,平(ping)均寬(kuan)度約0.7km,地理坐(zuo)標位(wei)東(dong)經(jing)114°03′,北緯22°32′,總面積(ji)為367.64公(gong)頃。與(yu)香(xiang)港米埔(pu)自然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)一(yi)水相(xiang)隔(最近距(ju)離約300m),與(yu)深(shen)(shen)(shen)圳特(te)區(qu)(qu)城市新中(zhong)心區(qu)(qu)相(xiang)距(ju)2.2km。
福田紅樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)自然保護區與河(he)口(kou)南側(ce)香港米埔(pu)紅樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)共同形成一個半封閉的(de)、且與外海(hai)直接相連的(de)沿(yan)岸水(shui)體,并具河(he)口(kou)和海(hai)灣的(de)性質(zhi)。該處河(he)海(hai)相互作用,咸淡水(shui)混合,并有(you)潮(chao)汐作用,還有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)細物(wu)質(zhi)沉(chen)積和肥沃的(de)水(shui)質(zhi),為紅樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)濕地(di)的(de)發育(yu)提(ti)供了良好的(de)地(di)貌與物(wu)質(zhi)環境。本地(di)區主要地(di)貌類(lei)型有(you)沖積平原、沿(yan)海(hai)沙堤、紅樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)灘(tan)(tan)涂、泥質(zhi)光灘(tan)(tan)涂、灘(tan)(tan)涂潮(chao)溝水(shui)道(dao)等(deng)類(lei)型。
氣候條件
福田紅樹(shu)林區域屬(shu)東亞(ya)季(ji)風區,南亞(ya)熱帶海(hai)洋性(xing)季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候區。全年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)22.4℃,1月份(fen)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)最低(di),月平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)14.1℃,最低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)0.2℃,7月份(fen)最高,月平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)28.2℃,最高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)38.7℃。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均降雨量1700~1900mm,集中在4~9月。年(nian)(nian)蒸發量1500~1800mm。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均相對濕度(du)80%。全年(nian)(nian)日照時數約2000小時。常風較大,主導風向(xiang)為(wei)東南風,夏(xia)秋多臺(tai)風,年(nian)(nian)受臺(tai)風襲(xi)擊2~4次。
保護對象
該自然保護(hu)區面積(ji)367.64公(gong)(gong)頃,有70公(gong)(gong)頃天然紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林,22種紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)植物(wu),189種鳥(niao)(niao)類,其中23種國家保護(hu)的珍(zhen)稀瀕危鳥(niao)(niao)類。保護(hu)區已有觀(guan)鳥(niao)(niao)亭(約(yue)2公(gong)(gong)頃)和小(xiao)沙河口生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)公(gong)(gong)園(約(yue)19頃)可供生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環保教(jiao)育使用。擬建(jian)的“生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)展覽館(guan)”、“紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林觀(guan)賞園”、“鳥(niao)(niao)類樂園”、“觀(guan)鳥(niao)(niao)屋”、“綠色長廊”等項目建(jian)設(she)完成后(hou),可為(wei)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境教(jiao)育提供更好的條件。紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林自然保護(hu)區已被命名為(wei)深圳市環境教(jiao)育基地。