小苗掉在(zai)海(hai)(hai)水中(zhong)即使被海(hai)(hai)浪沖(chong)走(zou),也能(neng)隨波逐流,數月不死,一(yi)遇泥沙,數小時后(hou)即可生(sheng)根成(cheng)長。紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)生(sheng)態系(xi)是(shi)世界上較富多樣(yang)性(xing)、生(sheng)產(chan)力較高的海(hai)(hai)洋生(sheng)態系(xi)之一(yi)。在(zai)中(zhong)國的國家級紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)保護(hu)區主要有(you)廣東深(shen)圳福(fu)(fu)田紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區、海(hai)(hai)南海(hai)(hai)口(kou)市(shi)東寨港紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區、廣西合浦縣山口(kou)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區、廣東湛江(jiang)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區、福(fu)(fu)建(jian)省漳江(jiang)口(kou)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)國家級自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區五個紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區。
位(wei)于(yu)深圳灣北東岸深圳河口的(de)福田紅(hong)樹林自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區1984年正式創建,1988年定為國家級(ji)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區。正處設(she)置(zhi),內(nei)設(she)辦公(gong)室、科研室,下設(she)派(pai)出(chu)所、管理站,共38名在(zai)編工作人員。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)宣傳和環境(jing)意(yi)識教育是自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區的(de)主要(yao)(yao)職能之一(yi)。面積368公(gong)頃(qing),毗鄰拉姆薩爾(er)國際(ji)重要(yao)(yao)濕地(di)—香港米埔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區,是中國面積較小的(de)國家級(ji)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區內(nei)地(di)勢平坦、開闊(kuo)、有沼(zhao)澤(ze)、淺水和林木等多種自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)景觀,在(zai)此可觀賞到(dao)落霞(xia)與(yu)千鳥齊飛、靜(jing)水共長天一(yi)色的(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)美景。紅(hong)樹林自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區已被(bei)“國際(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)資源聯盟(meng)”列為國際(ji)重要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)組成(cheng)單位(wei)之一(yi),同時也(ye)是中國“人與(yu)生物圈”網絡(luo)組成(cheng)單位(wei)之一(yi)。
紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)是以(yi)紅(hong)樹(shu)科植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為主組成的(de)(de)海洋木(mu)本植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)落(luo),因樹(shu)干呈淡紅(hong)色而得名。福田紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)自(zi)然生長(chang)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)海漆、木(mu)欖(lan)、秋茄等珍稀樹(shu)種(zhong)。這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)(li)也是國家(jia)級的(de)(de)鳥類保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu),是東半球候鳥遷徙(xi)的(de)(de)棲息地和中(zhong)途歇(xie)腳(jiao)點。據(ju)統計,這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)(li)最(zui)多時(shi)曾有(you)(you)180種(zhong)鳥類,其中(zhong)的(de)(de)20多種(zhong)屬于(yu)國際、國內重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)珍稀品種(zhong)。每年有(you)(you)白琴鷺、黑嘴鷗、小青腳(jiao)鷸等189種(zhong)、十萬余(yu)只侯鳥南遷于(yu)此(ci)歇(xie)腳(jiao)或過冬。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內除紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)落(luo)外,還(huan)有(you)(you)其他55種(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu),千姿(zi)百(bai)態。
福田紅樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)自(zi)然保護區是(shi)(shi)深圳(zhen)市區內(nei)(nei)的一(yi)條綠色長(chang)廊,背靠美麗(li)寬廣的濱(bin)海(hai)大(da)道,與濱(bin)海(hai)生態公園連城一(yi)體(ti)(ti),面(mian)向(xiang)碧波蕩漾的深圳(zhen)灣(wan),不僅是(shi)(shi)鳥類棲息嬉戲的天(tian)堂、植物(wu)的王國,也是(shi)(shi)人(ren)們踏青、賞鳥、觀(guan)海(hai)、體(ti)(ti)驗(yan)自(zi)然風情的好去(qu)處。保護區內(nei)(nei)除紅樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)植物(wu)群落外,還有其他55種植物(wu),千姿百態。它是(shi)(shi)深圳(zhen)市區內(nei)(nei)的一(yi)條綠色長(chang)廊。
福(fu)田(tian)(tian)紅樹林區(qu)(qu)域位于深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)灣東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部,東(dong)(dong)起新州河(he)口(kou),西(xi)至海(hai)(hai)濱生態公園(yuan),南(nan)達灘涂外海(hai)(hai)域和(he)深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)河(he)口(kou),北(bei)至廣深(shen)(shen)高(gao)(gao)速(su)公路,緊靠深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)市中心(xin)福(fu)田(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu),交通方便(bian)。深(shen)(shen)南(nan)大道由東(dong)(dong)向西(xi)橫貫福(fu)田(tian)(tian)中心(xin),廣深(shen)(shen)高(gao)(gao)速(su)公路和(he)濱海(hai)(hai)大道由東(dong)(dong)向西(xi)從紅樹林區(qu)(qu)的邊緣經(jing)過。沿海(hai)(hai)岸線長約9km,平均寬度約0.7km,地理坐標(biao)位東(dong)(dong)經(jing)114°03′,北(bei)緯22°32′,總面積為367.64公頃。與(yu)香港米埔自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)一水相隔(最近距離(li)約300m),與(yu)深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)特區(qu)(qu)城市新中心(xin)區(qu)(qu)相距2.2km。
福(fu)田(tian)紅(hong)(hong)樹林自然保護區與(yu)(yu)(yu)河(he)口南側香港米埔紅(hong)(hong)樹林共同(tong)形(xing)成一(yi)個半封(feng)閉的(de)(de)(de)、且與(yu)(yu)(yu)外海(hai)(hai)直(zhi)接相連的(de)(de)(de)沿岸(an)水(shui)體,并具河(he)口和海(hai)(hai)灣(wan)的(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)(zhi)。該處河(he)海(hai)(hai)相互作(zuo)用,咸淡水(shui)混(hun)合,并有(you)潮汐(xi)作(zuo)用,還(huan)有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)細物質(zhi)(zhi)沉積(ji)和肥沃的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi),為(wei)紅(hong)(hong)樹林濕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)發育提供了良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)物質(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)。本地(di)(di)區主要(yao)地(di)(di)貌(mao)類型(xing)有(you)沖積(ji)平(ping)原、沿海(hai)(hai)沙堤(di)、紅(hong)(hong)樹林灘涂(tu)、泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)光(guang)灘涂(tu)、灘涂(tu)潮溝(gou)水(shui)道等(deng)類型(xing)。
氣候條件
福田(tian)紅樹林區域屬東亞季(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區,南(nan)亞熱帶海洋性季(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候區。全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)22.4℃,1月(yue)份(fen)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)最(zui)(zui)低,月(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)14.1℃,最(zui)(zui)低溫(wen)(wen)度為0.2℃,7月(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)高(gao),月(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)28.2℃,最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)38.7℃。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降雨量1700~1900mm,集(ji)中在4~9月(yue)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)蒸(zheng)發量1500~1800mm。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)相對濕(shi)度80%。全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日照時數約2000小時。常風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)較大,主(zhu)導風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向為東南(nan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),夏秋多臺風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)受(shou)臺風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)襲擊2~4次(ci)。
保護對象
該自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區面積367.64公(gong)頃,有70公(gong)頃天然(ran)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin),22種(zhong)紅(hong)樹(shu)植物(wu),189種(zhong)鳥類,其中23種(zhong)國家保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的珍(zhen)稀瀕危(wei)鳥類。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區已有觀鳥亭(約2公(gong)頃)和小沙河口生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)公(gong)園(約19頃)可供生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環保(bao)(bao)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)使用(yong)。擬(ni)建的“生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)展覽館”、“紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)觀賞園”、“鳥類樂園”、“觀鳥屋”、“綠(lv)色長廊”等項目建設完成后,可為生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)提(ti)供更好的條件。紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區已被命名為深圳市環境教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)基(ji)地(di)。