一.產品介紹
偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)小(xiao)米(mi)產于山(shan)西省忻州(zhou)市(shi)偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),具(ju)有悠久的(de)(de)原始農墾文(wen)化底蘊,據《偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志》記載(zai)(zai),谷子(zi)種植面積(ji)1951年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)152704畝、1963年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)130774畝,2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)143000畝。據歷史文(wen)獻(xian)記載(zai)(zai),谷子(zi)為(wei)(wei)偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)繳納公糧主要品種,且(qie)(qie)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)保持在15萬斤左右。而且(qie)(qie)當地還有用小(xiao)米(mi)做酸粥吃(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)習俗(su)。《偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志》記載(zai)(zai):相傳(chuan)戰(zhan)(zhan)亂年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,主人(ren)淘米(mi)準備(bei)入鍋,發(fa)生戰(zhan)(zhan)亂,待(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)后歸(gui)來舍不得(de)棄之而熬粥吃(chi)(chi)來,結果發(fa)現適口(kou)性更好一直延續(xu)至今。過(guo)(guo)去在“十年(nian)(nian)(nian)九(jiu)旱”的(de)(de)困難(nan)時期(qi),偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)人(ren)靠小(xiao)米(mi)度過(guo)(guo)了(le)饑荒年(nian)(nian)(nian)代;現在,偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)山(shan)西省推廣(guang)張雜(za)谷子(zi)最(zui)早、種植面積(ji)最(zui)大、農民(min)得(de)實惠最(zui)多的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian), 產量和(he)效益(yi)也成(cheng)倍(bei)增(zeng)長(chang)。
二.自然(ran)生(sheng)態環境和人文歷史(shi)因素
1.地(di)(di)貌(mao)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)情(qing)況:偏關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵(ling)區,境內丘陵(ling)起伏、溝壑縱(zong)橫,平(ping)均海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)在(zai)1377米(mi)(mi)最高海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1855.2米(mi)(mi),(875--1855.2)。青楊嶺、草垛(duo)山(shan)、大廟山(shan)、馬家山(shan)、垻子(zi)山(shan)等幾大山(shan)脈(mo)形成中(zhong)部小塊(kuai)緩(huan)坡平(ping)地(di)(di),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總的地(di)(di)貌(mao)特點(dian)是(shi)平(ping)川少,山(shan)地(di)(di)丘陵(ling)多(duo)(占全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面積(ji)的90%),地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌(mao)復(fu)雜。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)可耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)面積(ji)54.25萬(wan)畝,人均耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)近4.5畝,全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)四(si)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(黃綿土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、黃沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、二合土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、黑壚土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為(wei)沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占總面積(ji)的80%以上,分(fen)布于海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1300—1600米(mi)(mi)的中(zhong)低山(shan)和(he)丘陵(ling)地(di)(di)區。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查,偏關(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總的特點(dian)是(shi)“缺(que)磷少氮”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)養(yang)份狀況是(shi)有(you)(you)機質1.7269-2.4776%、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.645-0.725%、有(you)(you)效磷0.055%、速效1-1.5毫克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),屬二級以上耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di),非常適宜谷子(zi)生長。
2.水(shui)文情況:偏關縣地(di)處黃(huang)河(he)之濱(bin),屬黃(huang)河(he)水(shui)系,主要有黃(huang)河(he)支流的(de)關河(he)、縣川河(he)、楊家川河(he),除黃(huang)河(he)外,其它河(he)流一般(ban)均(jun)呈(cheng)東北——西南發育(yu)。本縣大(da)部(bu)隸屬關河(he)和縣川河(he)流域。地(di)下水(shui)可采量0.24億立(li)方米/年,各類地(di)下水(shui)質優良,礦化度少于0.5克/升,屬輕碳酸鈣鎂(mei)型水(shui)質,非(fei)常適(shi)合谷子的(de)生長需要。
3.氣(qi)候(hou)情況:偏關縣屬北(bei)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶大(da)陸性氣(qi)候(hou)。冬季(ji)寒冷少雪,春(chun)季(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)暖(nuan)干(gan)燥,夏季(ji)炎(yan)熱(re)而雨量集中(zhong)(zhong),秋季(ji)涼(liang)爽而明快。年(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)變化于3℃-8℃,全年(nian)平均(jun)降水量為425.3毫(hao)米,無霜期為105—145天。氣(qi)候(hou)屬大(da)陸性半干(gan)燥區,寒冷干(gan)燥多風沙,一(yi)月最(zui)冷,平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-10℃,七月最(zui)熱(re),平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)23℃,10攝氏(shi)(shi)度以(yi)上(shang)的(de)年(nian)平均(jun)積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)2600攝氏(shi)(shi)度。全年(nian)日(ri)照2677天,生理輻射量66.6千卡/立(li)方(fang)厘米。氣(qi)候(hou)以(yi)風大(da)、低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)、降水變率(lv)大(da),春(chun)旱年(nian)份多,無霜期短為主要特點,總之氣(qi)候(hou)涼(liang)爽、降雨集中(zhong)(zhong)、西北(bei)風長年(nian)不(bu)斷(duan)、光照充(chong)足(zu)、晝夜溫(wen)(wen)(wen)差大(da)這樣的(de)氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件正好(hao)符合(he)谷子的(de)生產發育。
三.地域范圍
偏關(guan)(guan)縣(xian)位于晉西(xi)北(bei)黃土(tu)高原,地處黃河(he)中上游黃土(tu)丘陵區,為黃河(he)從內(nei)(nei)蒙入晉南(nan)流的交(jiao)匯(hui)處,境(jing)內(nei)(nei)山地屬管埁(cen)山脈(mo)。東(dong)與(yu)神池、朔州市(shi)接壤(rang),西(xi)臨黃河(he)與(yu)內(nei)(nei)蒙古準格爾旗隔河(he)相望(wang),南(nan)與(yu)河(he)曲、五寨兩縣(xian)相連,北(bei)靠長城(cheng)與(yu)內(nei)(nei)蒙古清水(shui)河(he)縣(xian)毗鄰。地理坐標:東(dong)經(jing)111°21′—112°00′,北(bei)緯39°12′—39°39′,縣(xian)域面積1685.4平方公里。偏關(guan)(guan)小(xiao)米地理標志產(chan)品(pin)保護范圍包括偏關(guan)(guan)縣(xian)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)的老營(ying)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、天峰坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、新關(guan)(guan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、萬家(jia)(jia)寨鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、水(shui)泉鄉(xiang)、陳家(jia)(jia)營(ying)鄉(xiang)、窯(yao)頭鄉(xiang)、樓溝(gou)鄉(xiang)、尚峪鄉(xiang)、南(nan)堡子鄉(xiang)10個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)224個(ge)村。東(dong)至老營(ying)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)賈堡村,西(xi)至天峰坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)寺溝(gou)村,北(bei)至萬家(jia)(jia)寨鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)滑石村,南(nan)至樓溝(gou)鄉(xiang)楊家(jia)(jia)窯(yao)村。近幾年(nian)谷子年(nian)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積保持在6667公頃以上,年(nian)總(zong)產(chan)40000噸(dun)。
四.產品品質特性特征
1.外在感(gan)官特征:偏關小米品種主要來源于張(zhang)雜(za)谷,所產小米米粒勻碎,色(se)澤金黃(huang),米香醇厚,口感(gan)光滑;
2.內在(zai)品質指標:偏關小(xiao)米經天津普尼測(ce)試公(gong)司檢測(ce)得含維生素(su)B1≥0.4mg/100g;維生素(su)B2≥0.13mg/100g;鈣≥15.8mg/100g;鐵≥3.2mg/100g;鎂≥110mg/100g;鋅≥2.56mg/100g。具(ju)有和(he)胃安(an)眠等功效,是老人、病人、產婦宜用的滋補品;
3.安(an)全要(yao)求:偏關小米生產符合無公害食(shi)品NY5305-2005粟米類產品產地環境條件,以及GB4285農藥安(an)全使(shi)用準(zhun)則,GB/T8321農藥合理(li)使(shi)用準(zhun)則等相關標準(zhun)和要(yao)求。
五(wu).特定(ding)生(sheng)產方式
1.加(jia)強(qiang)抗旱耕作(zuo),保(bao)好(hao)墑情:谷子(zi)需要精細整(zheng)地,保(bao)持土壤(rang)疏(shu)松平整(zheng)。在我縣各谷子(zi)產區采取(qu)秋深耕,冬鎮壓,春季頂凌粑磨,播后根(gen)據晌情進行(xing)碾壓等蓄(xu)水(shui)保(bao)墑辦法;充(chong)分(fen)發揮“土壤(rang)水(shui)庫”的(de)作(zuo)用,盡(jin)可能地把天然降(jiang)水(shui)蓄(xu)存起來,提(ti)高(gao)土壤(rang)水(shui)分(fen)對經(jing)濟(ji)產量的(de)轉化(hua)率。
2.播前施(shi)足(zu)底肥(fei)(fei)(fei),精(jing)選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi):旱地谷(gu)子(zi)(zi)必須重(zhong)施(shi)底肥(fei)(fei)(fei),杜絕重(zhong)茬(cha)種(zhong)(zhong)植,做到輕(qing)氮(dan)重(zhong)磷(lin)補鉀。每畝(mu)施(shi)優(you)質農(nong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)2000公斤、復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)10-15公斤做底肥(fei)(fei)(fei);在(zai)拔節期(qi)、開(kai)花(hua)期(qi)每畝(mu)追(zhui)施(shi)尿(niao)素8-10公斤,以滿足(zu)谷(gu)子(zi)(zi)對養(yang)分(fen)的(de)需求。方法上采(cai)用集(ji)中溝(gou)施(shi),丘陵地區隨同犁(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)次施(shi)入,緩坡地區在(zai)春(chun)季淺(qian)耕時施(shi)在(zai)犁(li)(li)溝(gou)內,隨后及(ji)時耙耱鎮壓。根據不(bu)同的(de)土壤類(lei)型(xing)和氣(qi)候特點,選(xuan)用不(bu)同的(de)優(you)種(zhong)(zhong)。這里(li)所說的(de)優(you)種(zhong)(zhong),是指經過保(bao)純防雜(za)的(de)優(you)良(liang)品種(zhong)(zhong)。只(zhi)有這樣(yang)才能(neng)減少病蟲害,減輕(qing)品種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)退化(hua),保(bao)證產量及(ji)品質。在(zai)我縣適宜種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)優(you)良(liang)品種(zhong)(zhong)主要有張(zhang)(zhang)雜(za)谷(gu)子(zi)(zi)3號(hao)、張(zhang)(zhang)雜(za)谷(gu)子(zi)(zi)6號(hao)。
3.推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用谷子標準化(hua)栽(zai)培技術(shu):開展平衡測土施(shi)肥(fei),增施(shi)腐熟有機肥(fei),畝(mu)施(shi)腐熟農(nong)家肥(fei)2000公(gong)斤。拔節(jie)期畝(mu)追尿(niao)素10公(gong)斤,收(shou)獲(huo)前30天停(ting)止(zhi)追肥(fei)。采用機播(bo)或畜播(bo),結合(he)中耕除(chu)草進行(xing)留苗、定苗,嚴格依(yi)照品種特性(xing)控(kong)制留苗密度,中等肥(fei)力地塊畝(mu)留苗6000-7000株(zhu)。采用無害化(hua)病(bing)蟲害防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu),以農(nong)業防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)、物(wu)理(li)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)、生物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為主,化(hua)學防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為輔。加強中耕除(chu)草、清潔(jie)田園,減少病(bing)蟲源基數(shu),發現中心病(bing)株(zhu)及時(shi)拔除(chu)。一般情(qing)況不施(shi)用化(hua)學農(nong)藥和生物(wu)制劑農(nong)藥。及時(shi)收(shou)獲(huo),安(an)全貯(zhu)藏,防(fang)止(zhi)污染。?
4.科(ke)學播種(zhong),保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)質量(liang):一般(ban)我縣在(zai)4月(yue)25日(ri)至5月(yue)5日(ri)播種(zhong),播種(zhong)方式可采用(yong)(yong)耬播或機(ji)播。為了延長生育(yu)期,達到(dao)增(zeng)溫保(bao)(bao)墑增(zeng)產提高(gao)品(pin)質的(de)作用(yong)(yong),采用(yong)(yong)地(di)膜覆蓋技(ji)術。覆蓋時(shi)用(yong)(yong)拖拉機(ji)懸掛2BP-2型(xing)鋪膜播種(zhong)機(ji),采用(yong)(yong)寬(kuan)70厘(li)米,厚0.005-0.007厘(li)米的(de)微膜覆蓋,1.2米一帶(dai),一膜雙(shuang)行,每(mei)畝(mu)3500窩(wo)。采用(yong)(yong)半精量(liang)播種(zhong),畝(mu)用(yong)(yong)0.3公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)谷種(zhong),與2公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)熟(shu)黃芥混(hun)合種(zhong)植,一窩(wo)保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)3株。在(zai)測(ce)土配方施(shi)肥技(ji)術的(de)大力支撐下(xia)科(ke)學掌握谷子(zi)的(de)養(yang)分需(xu)求,根據我縣實際情(qing)況,張(zhang)雜3號谷子(zi)籽(zi)粒全氮含量(liang)為1.3408%、全磷含量(liang)為0.1832%、全鉀含量(liang)為0.49%,每(mei)形成100公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)籽(zi)粒所需(xu)純氮2.36公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、磷1.17公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、鉀1.68公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),做到(dao)因地(di)制宜,按照地(di)力條(tiao)件和品(pin)種(zhong)特(te)性(xing)確(que)定合理密度,一般(ban)畝(mu)留苗(miao)0.8萬株,以(yi)確(que)保(bao)(bao)產量(liang)及米質。
5.加強田間管理:我縣谷(gu)子一般在中(zhong)等肥(fei)力水平的(de)地(di)塊上種植(zhi)。特別是稍粘重(zhong)土壤在播后遇(yu)雨時就會形成(cheng)膜孔板結,要及時放苗(miao),防(fang)止(zhi)造成(cheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)缺苗(miao)斷壟(long)。谷(gu)子出(chu)苗(miao)后30-50天內地(di)表(biao)未被覆蓋,此(ci)時氣候干燥,雜(za)(za)草也正是盛發(fa)時期(qi),谷(gu)子此(ci)時根系生長(chang)(chang)較強,地(di)上部(bu)分卻生長(chang)(chang)緩(huan)慢,這時應抓(zhua)緊時間中(zhong)耕除(chu)草,鋤(chu)凈壟(long)間雜(za)(za)草,防(fang)止(zhi)雜(za)(za)草和幼苗(miao)爭奪養分,抑(yi)制(zhi)幼苗(miao)生長(chang)(chang)。
6.提(ti)高認識,防(fang)病防(fang)蟲:目前,由于抗(kang)病品種的(de)推廣,谷(gu)子病害(hai)基本可以(yi)(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)。病害(hai)防(fang)治一(yi)般采用物理防(fang)治的(de)辦法以(yi)(yi)確保小米的(de)綠色無(wu)公害(hai)。
7.適期收獲:一(yi)般要(yao)待到(dao)谷穗(sui)95%以上籽粒發黃再收割(ge),防止(zhi)因收割(ge)較早而影響(xiang)到(dao)小米的品質。