什么叫混合動力汽車
復合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車(che)(亦(yi)稱混合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車(che))是指(zhi)車(che)上裝有兩個或兩個以上動(dong)(dong)力(li)源,包括有電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong),符合汽(qi)車(che)道路交通、安全法規的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che),車(che)載動(dong)(dong)力(li)源有多種:蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、內燃機(ji)車(che)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組,當前復合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車(che)一般是指(zhi)內燃機(ji)車(che)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),再加上蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)。
混合動力汽車分類
根(gen)據混合動(dong)(dong)力(li)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)的聯(lian)結方式,一般把混合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車分為三類:
(1)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)式混合動(dong)力汽(qi)車(che)(SHEV)主要由發動(dong)機、發電(dian)機、驅動(dong)電(dian)機等三大動(dong)力總(zong)成用串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)方式組(zu)成了HEV的動(dong)力系(xi)統。
(2)并聯(lian)式(shi)混合動力(li)汽車(PHEV)的(de)發(fa)動機和發(fa)電機都是動力(li)總(zong)成,兩大動力(li)總(zong)成的(de)功率可(ke)以(yi)互相疊加輸(shu)出,也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)單(dan)獨(du)輸(shu)出。
(3)混(hun)動(dong)式(shi)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力汽(qi)車(PSHEV)綜合(he)了串聯(lian)式(shi)和并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)的(de)結構而組成的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車,主要由發(fa)動(dong)機、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)-發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機和驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機三大動(dong)力總(zong)成組成。
根(gen)據(ju)在混(hun)合動力系統中混(hun)合度的(de)不同,混(hun)合動力系統還(huan)可以(yi)分為以(yi)下(xia)四類:
(1)微混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力系統。代表(biao)的車(che)型是PSA的混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力版C3和豐田的混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力版Vitz。從嚴格意義(yi)上來講,這種(zhong)微混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力系統的汽車(che)不屬于真正的混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力汽車(che),因(yin)為它的電(dian)機并沒有為汽車(che)行駛(shi)提供持續的動(dong)(dong)力。
(2)輕混合(he)(he)動力系統。代表(biao)車型是通(tong)用的(de)混合(he)(he)動力皮卡(ka)車。輕混合(he)(he)動力系統除了能(neng)夠實(shi)現用發電機(ji)控制發動機(ji)的(de)啟動和停止,還能(neng)夠實(shi)現:
①在減速(su)和制動工況下,對部分能(neng)量進行吸(xi)收;
②在(zai)行(xing)駛過程中,發動機(ji)等速運(yun)轉,發動機(ji)產生的(de)(de)能量(liang)可以(yi)在(zai)車(che)輪的(de)(de)驅動需求和發電機(ji)的(de)(de)充(chong)電需求之間(jian)進行(xing)調節。輕混合動力系統的(de)(de)混合度一(yi)般在(zai)20%以(yi)下。
(3)中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。本(ben)田旗下混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)Insight,Accord和Civic都屬于(yu)這(zhe)種(zhong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)采用的(de)(de)(de)是高(gao)壓電機。另外,中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)還增加了一個功能(neng)(neng):在汽車(che)處(chu)于(yu)加速或者大(da)負荷工(gong)況時,電動(dong)(dong)機能(neng)(neng)夠輔助驅動(dong)(dong)車(che)輪,從(cong)而補充發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機本(ben)身(shen)動(dong)(dong)力輸出的(de)(de)(de)不足,從(cong)而更好的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)整(zheng)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)。這(zhe)種(zhong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)程度(du)較高(gao),可(ke)以達到30%左右,目前技術已經成熟,應用廣泛(fan)。
(4)完全混合動力系統。豐田的Prius和未來(lai)的Estima屬于完(wan)全混合(he)動力系統。該系統采用了272-650v的高壓啟(qi)動電機,混(hun)合(he)(he)程度更(geng)高。與(yu)中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)(he)動力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)相比,完全混(hun)合(he)(he)動力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的混(hun)合(he)(he)度可(ke)以達(da)到甚(shen)至超過50%。技術的發(fa)展將使(shi)得完全混合動(dong)力系統逐漸成(cheng)為混合動(dong)力技術的主要發(fa)展方向(xiang)。
混合動力汽車優點
(1)與傳統(tong)汽車相比,由于內燃機總是工作在最佳工況(kuang),油耗非(fei)常低(di)。
(2)內燃機主要工(gong)作在最佳工(gong)況點附近,燃燒充分(fen),排放(fang)氣(qi)體較(jiao)干凈;起步無怠速(su)(su)(怠速(su)(su)停機)。
(3)不需(xu)要(yao)外(wai)部充(chong)電(dian)系統,一次充(chong)電(dian)續(xu)駛里(li)程(cheng)、基礎設施等問題(ti)得(de)到解決。
(4)電(dian)池組(zu)的小(xiao)型化使成本和重量低于電(dian)動汽車(che)。
(5)發動機和(he)電(dian)機動力可互補(bu);低(di)速時(shi)可用電(dian)機驅動行駛。
在目前的(de)技術水(shui)平和應用條件下(xia),混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車中最具有(you)產業化和市(shi)場化前景的(de)車型。混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車采(cai)用內(nei)燃機和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機作為(wei)混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)源,它(ta)既有(you)燃料發動(dong)機動(dong)力(li)性好、反應快(kuai)和工(gong)作時間長的(de)優點,又有(you)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機無污(wu)染和低(di)噪(zao)聲的(de)好處(chu),達(da)到了發動(dong)機和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的(de)最佳(jia)匹配。
混合動力汽車工作方式
復合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車有(you)(you)兩(liang)種基本的(de)(de)工作方式(shi)(shi),即串聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)、并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)和串并(bing)聯(lian)(或稱(cheng)混(hun)聯(lian))式(shi)(shi)。復合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)缺點(dian)是:有(you)(you)兩(liang)套(tao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li),再加上兩(liang)套(tao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)管理控制系統,結構(gou)復雜,技術較(jiao)難,價格(ge)較(jiao)高(gao)。由于"新一(yi)代汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車伙(huo)伴合作"(P NGV)計(ji)劃的(de)(de)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)美國三大汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車公司對各種單元技術及其不同組(zu)織進行(xing)成百種方案的(de)(de)篩選、比較(jiao),認為采用復合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)是實現中(zhong)級轎車百公里3升油耗的(de)(de)可行(xing)方案因此而受到更(geng)大的(de)(de)關注(zhu)。經過(guo)多年研究,混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車已開(kai)發出(chu)一(yi)些成功(gong)的(de)(de)例子(zi)。
(1)結構上兩者最大的(de)區別是有沒(mei)有配備(bei)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。純電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)僅配備(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)池,由(you)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輛(liang),而混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力車(che)(che)除了裝備(bei)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和電(dian)池之外,還(huan)裝備(bei)有發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji),電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)輔助動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)。
(2)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力車(che)不(bu)(bu)需要充(chong)電(dian),純電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)則必須(xu)充(chong)電(dian)。混(hun)動(dong)(dong)車(che)單憑(ping)借發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的動(dong)(dong)力輸出或者發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)發電(dian)就可以一直(zhi)行(xing)駛(shi),在不(bu)(bu)方(fang)便充(chong)電(dian)的地(di)方(fang)不(bu)(bu)會出現不(bu)(bu)能(neng)行(xing)駛(shi)的問(wen)題,克(ke)服(fu)了(le)純電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)對(dui)于充(chong)電(dian)設(she)施(shi)的依賴。