一、數控銑床和普通銑床的區別

數控銑床與普(pu)通銑床區別(bie)從(cong)字面意義理解：數控(kong)是(shi)靠(kao)(kao)程序自動控(kong)制加工，不需要人工干預；普(pu)通銑床是(shi)靠(kao)(kao)人工控(kong)制操作，全部靠(kao)(kao)人來操作，兩者(zhe)在結構上(shang)有些相似，下面對數控(kong)銑床與普(pu)通銑床功能上(shang)的區別(bie)進行介紹(shao)。

1、數控(kong)(kong)銑床一般具有CRT屏(ping)幕顯示(shi)功能，顯示(shi)加工(gong)程序、多種工(gong)藝(yi)參數、加工(gong)時間、刀具運動軌跡以(yi)及工(gong)件圖形等。數控(kong)(kong)銑床一般還具有自動報(bao)警(jing)(jing)顯示(shi)功能，根據報(bao)警(jing)(jing)信號或報(bao)警(jing)(jing)提示(shi)，可以(yi)迅(xun)速查找(zhao)機器(qi)故障。而普通銑床不具備上述功能。

2、數控銑(xian)床主傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)進(jin)給傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)采(cai)用直流(liu)(liu)或交流(liu)(liu)無級調速伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。一(yi)般(ban)沒有主軸變(bian)速箱和(he)(he)進(jin)給變(bian)速箱，傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)鏈短。而普通銑(xian)床主傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)進(jin)給傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用三相交流(liu)(liu)異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，由變(bian)速箱實現多級變(bian)速以(yi)滿足工藝(yi)要求，機(ji)(ji)床傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)鏈長。

3、數(shu)控銑(xian)床(chuang)一(yi)般具有工(gong)(gong)件測(ce)量(liang)系統，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)一(yi)般不(bu)需要進行(xing)工(gong)(gong)件尺(chi)寸的人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)。而普通銑(xian)床(chuang)在加(jia)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)必須(xu)由人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)不(bu)斷(duan)地(di)進行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)，以保證工(gong)(gong)件的加(jia)工(gong)(gong)精度。

4、數(shu)控銑床與普(pu)通銑床最顯著(zhu)的區別是(shi)當對(dui)象（工(gong)件(jian)(jian)）改(gai)變時(shi)，數(shu)控銑床只(zhi)需(xu)(xu)改(gai)變加(jia)工(gong)程序（應用軟件(jian)(jian)），不(bu)需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)機(ji)床作較大(da)的調整，即能加(jia)工(gong)出各種不(bu)同的工(gong)件(jian)(jian)。

二、數控銑床的種類有哪些

1、按數控系統的功能分類

數控銑床可(ke)分為(wei)經濟型數控銑(xian)床、全(quan)功能數控銑(xian)床和(he)高速銑(xian)削(xue)數控銑(xian)床等。

（1）經濟型數控銑床

一般采用經濟型數控系統，進給采用步進電動機(ji)，位置是開環控制(zhi)。這種(zhong)銑床成本低，功(gong)能簡單，加工(gong)精度不高，適合于一般復雜零件的加工(gong)。一般有工(gong)作臺升降(jiang)式和床身(shen)式兩種(zhong)類型。

（2）全功能數控銑床

使用(yong)(yong)(yong)全功(gong)能數控(kong)系統，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)半閉環或全閉環位置(zhi)控(kong)制，數控(kong)系統功(gong)能豐富，一(yi)般可(ke)以實現四坐標以上的聯動，加工適用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)強，應用(yong)(yong)(yong)最廣泛。

（3）高速銑削數控銑床

高(gao)速銑削是數(shu)控加工的(de)(de)(de)一個發展方向，技術已經比較(jiao)成熟，己逐漸得到廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。這類(lei)數(shu)控銑床采用(yong)全新的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)床結(jie)構、功能(neng)(neng)(neng)部件和功能(neng)(neng)(neng)強大的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)控系統(tong)并配以(yi)加工性能(neng)(neng)(neng)優越的(de)(de)(de)刀具系統(tong)，加工時主軸轉速一般為8000~40000r/min，切削進給速度可(ke)達10~30m/min，可(ke)以(yi)對大面積的(de)(de)(de)曲面進行高(gao)效率，高(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)加工，但這種機(ji)床價格昂貴(gui)，使(shi)用(yong)成本(ben)較(jiao)高(gao)。

2、按機床主軸的布置形式及機床的布局特點分類

數控(kong)銑(xian)床可以(yi)分為數控(kong)立式銑(xian)床、數控(kong)臥式和數控(kong)龍門銑(xian)床等。

（1）立式數控銑床

立(li)(li)(li)式數控(kong)銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)是數控(kong)銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)中數量最多(duo)的(de)(de)一種，應(ying)用范圍最廣。小型數控(kong)銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)X、Y、Z方向(xiang)的(de)(de)移(yi)動(dong)一般都由工(gong)作(zuo)臺完(wan)成(cheng)。主(zhu)(zhu)運動(dong)由主(zhu)(zhu)軸完(wan)成(cheng)，與(yu)普通立(li)(li)(li)式升(sheng)降臺銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)相(xiang)似。中型數控(kong)立(li)(li)(li)銑(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)縱向(xiang)和橫向(xiang)移(yi)動(dong)一般由工(gong)作(zuo)臺完(wan)成(cheng)，且工(gong)作(zuo)臺還(huan)可以手動(dong)升(sheng)降‘主(zhu)(zhu)軸除完(wan)成(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)運動(dong)外，還(huan)能(neng)沿垂直(zhi)方向(xiang)伸(shen)縮。

（2）臥式數控銑床

臥(wo)(wo)式(shi)(shi)數控銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)(chuang)與通用(yong)(yong)臥(wo)(wo)式(shi)(shi)銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)(chuang)相間(jian)，其(qi)主(zhu)軸軸線(xian)平行(xing)于(yu)水平面。為了擴大加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)范圍和擴充功能(neng)，臥(wo)(wo)式(shi)(shi)數控銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)(chuang)通常(chang)采用(yong)(yong)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)數控轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)盤或無能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)盤來實現四坐(zuo)標(biao)和五(wu)坐(zuo)標(biao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)樣不(bu)但工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)側面上的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續回轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輪廓可以加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)來，而(er)且可以實現一次(ci)裝(zhuang)夾(jia)，通過轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)盤改(gai)(gai)變工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位，進(jin)行(xing)“四面體加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。尤(you)其(qi)是萬能(neng)數控轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)盤可以把工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)上各種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)或空間(jian)角度(du)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)面擺成(cheng)水平加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)樣，可以省去很(hen)多專用(yong)(yong)夾(jia)具或專用(yong)(yong)角度(du)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)型銑(xian)(xian)刀。對于(yu)箱體類零件(jian)或需要(yao)在一次(ci)裝(zhuang)夾(jia)中改(gai)(gai)變工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位的(de)(de)(de)零件(jian)來說，選擇帶數控轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)盤的(de)(de)(de)臥(wo)(wo)式(shi)(shi)數控銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)(chuang)進(jin)行(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是非常(chang)合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)。

由于臥(wo)式(shi)數控(kong)銑床在(zai)增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)數控(kong)轉盤后很(hen)容易做到對(dui)加(jia)工零(ling)件進行“四面(mian)加(jia)工”，在(zai)許多方(fang)面(mian)勝過帶(dai)數控(kong)轉盤的立式(shi)數控(kong)銑床，所(suo)以目前己得到很(hen)多用戶的重視(shi)。

（3）立、臥兩用數控銑床

目前(qian)，這(zhe)類(lei)銑床正逐步增(zeng)加。由(you)于這(zhe)類(lei)銑床的(de)主軸方向可以更(geng)換，能(neng)達到在一臺(tai)床上即可以進行立式(shi)(shi)加工，又可以進行臥式(shi)(shi)加工，使其應用(yong)范圍(wei)更(geng)廣(guang)，功能(neng)更(geng)全(quan)，選擇加工對象的(de)余地更(geng)大，給用(yong)戶帶來了很大的(de)便(bian)利。尤其是當生產批量小、品(pin)種多，又需(xu)要立、臥兩種方式(shi)(shi)加工時，用(yong)戶只需(xu)要購買一臺(tai)這(zhe)樣的(de)機床就可以了。