電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車如何充(chong)電(dian)? 電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)詳解(jie)

1、電動汽車充電設備

對于一(yi)輛電(dian)動車來講，蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)設備是(shi)(shi)不可缺少的(de)(de)子系統之一(yi)，它的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)將電(dian)網的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)轉化為(wei)電(dian)動車車載蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)動汽(qi)車充電(dian)裝置的(de)(de)分(fen)類有不同的(de)(de)方法(fa)。總體上可分(fen)為(wei)車載充電(dian)裝置和非車載充電(dian)裝置。

車(che)載充電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置，指安裝(zhuang)在電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)上(shang)的采(cai)用地面交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)網和車(che)載電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池組進行充電(dian)(dian)的裝(zhuang)置。

包括車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組和運行能量回收充電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)。它將一根帶插(cha)頭(tou)的(de)交流(liu)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜線(xian)直接(jie)插(cha)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)插(cha)座(zuo)中給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)通常使用結構簡單、控(kong)制方便的(de)接(jie)觸式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器也可以(yi)是感應充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。它完(wan)全按照車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)種類進行設(she)計，針(zhen)對性較強。

非車(che)載(zai)充電裝置(zhi)，即地面充電裝置(zhi)，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)專用(yong)充電機、專用(yong)充電站、通用(yong)充電機、公共場所用(yong)充電站等。它可以(yi)滿(man)足(zu)各種(zhong)(zhong)電池的(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)充電方式。通常非車(che)載(zai)充電器(qi)的(de)功率、體積和重量均(jun)比較大，以(yi)便(bian)能夠適應各種(zhong)(zhong)充電方式。

另外，根據對電動車蓄電池(chi)充(chong)電時的(de)能(neng)量裝(zhuang)換的(de)方式(shi)不同，充(chong)電裝(zhuang)置可以分(fen)為接(jie)觸(chu)式(shi)和感應式(shi)。

隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術和(he)變流(liu)控(kong)制技(ji)術的(de)飛速(su)發(fa)展，高精(jing)度可控(kong)變流(liu)技(ji)術的(de)成熟和(he)普及，分階段(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)已經基(ji)本被充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓連續變化的(de)恒(heng)壓限(xian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)取代。直到(dao)目前，主(zhu)導充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工藝的(de)還是恒(heng)壓限(xian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)。接(jie)(jie)觸式(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最大問題(ti)在于(yu)它(ta)(ta)的(de)安(an)全性和(he)通用性，為(wei)了使(shi)它(ta)(ta)滿(man)足嚴(yan)格的(de)安(an)全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)準(zhun)，必須(xu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上采用許多措施使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備能(neng)夠(gou)在各種環境下(xia)安(an)全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)壓限(xian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)分階段(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均屬于(yu)接(jie)(jie)觸式(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術。

近(jin)年來，新型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動車(che)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)充電(dian)(dian)技術發展很快。、感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)充電(dian)(dian)器是利用(yong)高(gao)頻交(jiao)流磁(ci)場的(de)(de)變壓器原(yuan)理，將電(dian)(dian)能從離車(che)的(de)(de)原(yuan)方(fang)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)到車(che)載的(de)(de)副方(fang)，以達到給蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)最大優點是安全，這是因為充電(dian)(dian)器與電(dian)(dian)動車(che)之(zhi)間(jian)并(bing)無直接的(de)(de)點接觸(chu)，使得即(ji)使電(dian)(dian)動車(che)在惡劣(lie)的(de)(de)氣(qi)候下(xia)，如(ru)雨雪(xue)天，進行充電(dian)(dian)也無觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)危險（如(ru)圖(tu)1）。

2、電動汽車充電方式

2.1 常規充電方式

該(gai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式采用恒壓、恒流的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)相當低(di)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小(xiao)(xiao)約為15A,若以(yi)120Ah（例(li)如(ru)360V,即(ji)串聯12V100Ah30只）的(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例(li)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間要(yao)(yao)持(chi)續(xu)8個(ge)多小(xiao)(xiao)時。相應的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)和安裝成本相對(dui)比較低(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)家(jia)(jia)(jia)用充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施（車(che)(che)載充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)）和小(xiao)(xiao)型充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站多采用這種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。車(che)(che)載充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)轎車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)最基本的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)（如(ru)圖2）。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)作(zuo)為標準(zhun)配(pei)置固定在(zai)(zai)車(che)(che)上(shang)或(huo)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)后備(bei)箱里(li)。由于(yu)只需將車(che)(che)載充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)插(cha)頭插(cha)到(dao)停車(che)(che)場或(huo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插(cha)座(zuo)上(shang)即(ji)可(ke)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)一(yi)般由客戶自己獨立完成。直接從(cong)低(di)壓照(zhao)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率較小(xiao)(xiao)，由220V/16A規格的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。典型的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間為8～10h（SOC達到(dao)95%以(yi)上(shang)）。這種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網沒(mei)有特殊要(yao)(yao)求，只要(yao)(yao)能夠(gou)滿足照(zhao)明要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)就能夠(gou)使用。由于(yu)在(zai)(zai)家(jia)(jia)(jia)中充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通常是(shi)晚(wan)上(shang)或(huo)者(zhe)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)谷期，有利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)有效利用，因(yin)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門一(yi)般會給予電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)用戶一(yi)些優(you)惠，例(li)如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)谷期充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)打折(zhe)。

小型(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的一種最重(zhong)要的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式（如圖3），充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)設(she)置在街邊、超(chao)市、辦公樓(lou)、停車(che)場(chang)等處。采(cai)用(yong)常規充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)駕駛員只(zhi)需將車(che)停靠在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站指定的位置上，接(jie)上電(dian)(dian)線即(ji)可(ke)開(kai)始(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。計費方式是(shi)投幣(bi)或刷(shua)卡，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)一般(ban)在5～10kW,采(cai)用(yong)三相四線制380V供電(dian)(dian)或單相220V供電(dian)(dian)。其(qi)典型(xing)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間是(shi)：補電(dian)(dian)1～2h,充(chong)(chong)滿(man)5～8h（SOC達到95%以上）。

2.2 快速充電方式

該充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)以150～400A的高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流在短時(shi)間(jian)內為蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，與前(qian)者相比安裝成本(ben)相對較高。

快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)也可稱為迅速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)或(huo)應急充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，其目的(de)(de)是(shi)在短時間(jian)內給電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)應該與(yu)燃油車(che)的(de)(de)加油時間(jian)接近。大(da)型(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（機(ji)）多采用這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。

大(da)(da)型(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（機）—快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式（如圖4）主要針對長距離旅(lv)行(xing)(xing)或需要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)快速(su)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)情況(kuang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機功(gong)率很大(da)(da)，一般都(dou)大(da)(da)于30kW,采用(yong)三相四線制380V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。其(qi)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)是：10～30min。這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命有一定的(de)影響，特別是普通蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，因為在短時間(jian)內接受大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)會導致(zhi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過熱(re)。快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)關鍵是非車載快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)組件，它(ta)能(neng)夠輸出35kW甚至更高(gao)(gao)的(de)功(gong)率。由于功(gong)率和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)額定值都(dou)很高(gao)(gao)，因此(ci)這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網有較高(gao)(gao)的(de)要求，一般應靠近10kV變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)附近或在監測站(zhan)和服(fu)務中心中使用(yong)。

2.3 無線充電方式

電(dian)動(dong)汽車無線充電(dian)方式是(shi)近幾(ji)年國(guo)外的研究成(cheng)果，其原(yuan)理(li)就(jiu)像在(zai)車里使用(yong)的移動(dong)電(dian)話(hua)———將電(dian)能(neng)轉換成(cheng)一種(zhong)符合現行技(ji)術(shu)標準要求(qiu)的特殊的激光或微波束，在(zai)汽車頂上安裝一個專(zhuan)用(yong)天線接收即可。

有了無線充電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，公路上(shang)行駛的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)或雙(shuang)能源(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)可通過安裝在電(dian)(dian)(dian)線桿或其它高層建筑(zhu)上(shang)的(de)(de)發射器快速(su)補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)將從汽(qi)(qi)車(che)上(shang)安裝的(de)(de)預(yu)付卡中(zhong)扣除。

2.4 更換電池充電方式

除了以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)幾(ji)種充電(dian)(dian)方式外，還可以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)方式，即在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)量耗(hao)(hao)盡時，用(yong)(yong)(yong)充滿電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)已經耗(hao)(hao)盡的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)歸服(fu)務站或電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)廠商(shang)所有，電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶只需租用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。更(geng)換(huan)(huan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)工作原理如圖5所示，電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶把車停在一個特定的(de)(de)區域，然后用(yong)(yong)(yong)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)器將耗(hao)(hao)盡的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)取下(xia)，換(huan)(huan)上(shang)已充滿電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。對(dui)于(yu)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)下(xia)來的(de)(de)未充電(dian)(dian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)在服(fu)務站充電(dian)(dian)，也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)集中收集起來以(yi)(yi)(yi)后再(zai)充電(dian)(dian)。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)過(guo)程包括機(ji)(ji)械更(geng)換(huan)(huan)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)，因此有時也稱它(ta)為機(ji)(ji)械“加(jia)油”。

或機械充電(dian)。電(dian)池更換站同時(shi)(shi)具備(bei)正常充電(dian)站和快速充電(dian)站的(de)優點，也就是說可以用低谷電(dian)給蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)，同時(shi)(shi)又能(neng)在很短的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)內完成“加油”過程。通過使用機械設備(bei)，整個電(dian)池更換過程可以在10min內完成，與現有的(de)燃油車(che)加油時(shi)(shi)間(jian)大致相當。

不(bu)過，這種方(fang)法(fa)還存在不(bu)少問題有待解決。首(shou)先，這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更換系(xi)統的(de)(de)初始成本很高，其(qi)中包(bao)括昂貴的(de)(de)機械裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)(he)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。其(qi)次(ci)，由于存放大(da)量(liang)未充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)已充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)需(xu)要很多空間(jian)，因此修建一個蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更換站所(suo)需(xu)空間(jian)遠大(da)于修建一個正常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站或快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)空間(jian)。還有，在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)動(dong)更換系(xi)統得到應用之前，需(xu)要對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)物理尺寸和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)參數制定(ding)統一的(de)(de)標準。

2.5 移動式充電方式

對(dui)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車蓄電(dian)池而言，最理想的(de)(de)情況是汽(qi)(qi)車在路上巡航時充電(dian)，即所謂的(de)(de)移動式充電(dian)（MAC）。

這(zhe)樣，電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)用戶就沒有必要去尋找(zhao)充電(dian)站、停(ting)放車(che)(che)輛并花費時間(jian)去充電(dian)了(le)。MAC系統埋設在一段路面(mian)之下，即充電(dian)區(qu)，不需要額外的(de)空間(jian)。

接(jie)觸(chu)式和感應式的(de)(de)MAC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)都可(ke)實施。對接(jie)觸(chu)式的(de)(de)MAC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)而言，需(xu)要在車體的(de)(de)底部裝(zhuang)一個接(jie)觸(chu)拱(gong)，通過(guo)與嵌(qian)在路(lu)面上的(de)(de)充(chong)電元件相接(jie)觸(chu)，接(jie)觸(chu)拱(gong)便可(ke)獲(huo)得瞬時高(gao)(gao)電流。當電動汽車巡航通過(guo)MAC區(qu)時，其充(chong)電過(guo)程為脈沖充(chong)電。對于感應式的(de)(de)MAC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，車載(zai)式接(jie)觸(chu)拱(gong)由感應線圈所取(qu)代(dai)，嵌(qian)在路(lu)面上的(de)(de)充(chong)電元件由可(ke)產(chan)生強磁場(chang)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)電流繞(rao)組所取(qu)代(dai)。

很明顯(xian)，由于機械(xie)損耗和接觸拱的(de)安裝位(wei)置(zhi)等因(yin)素的(de)影(ying)響，接觸式的(de)MAC對人們的(de)吸引力不大。

目前(qian)的研究主要(yao)集中(zhong)在(zai)感(gan)應充電(dian)方式，因為它不需要(yao)機械(xie)接觸(chu)，也不會產生大的位置誤差(cha)。當然，這種充電(dian)方式的投(tou)資巨(ju)大，現在(zai)仍(reng)處于實驗階段。