嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)族織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)承有(you)(you)(you)著悠久(jiu)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi),尤(you)其(qi)是紡(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)承至少可以(yi)追溯到(dao)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)。據《丹巴縣中(zhong)路罕額依遺(yi)址發掘(jue)簡報》載,在(zai)這個新(xin)(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)遺(yi)址里,發掘(jue)出土(tu)的(de)(de)第一期文(wen)物(wu)中(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)骨質的(de)(de)“紡(fang)輪(lun)”。經(jing)(jing)碳十四(si)測定,該(gai)遺(yi)址的(de)(de)第一期年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)在(zai)B.P5000――B.P4500之(zhi)(zhi)間。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),還發掘(jue)出了(le)(le)數(shu)量較多(duo)的(de)(de)骨針。由此(ci)證(zheng)明(ming),早在(zai)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai),嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)紡(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)已經(jing)(jing)發育。隋唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)以(yi)前(qian),嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)史(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)“嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)良”,居住其(qi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)族先民(min)被稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)良夷(yi)。在(zai)《北史(shi)·附(fu)國(guo)(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)》中(zhong)載:“嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)良夷(yi)政令系之(zhi)(zhi)酋帥……其(qi)俗(su)以(yi)皮為(wei)(wei)帽,形圓(yuan)如缽。或帶冪敦。衣多(duo)毛(mao)毼皮裘”。文(wen)中(zhong)所記“毛(mao)毼”即指用羊毛(mao)紡(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)毪子。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai),成(cheng)都平原(yuan)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岷江(jiang)、大渡河流域地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)被稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山”,在(zai)《舊(jiu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)書(shu)》、《新(xin)(xin)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)書(shu)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)《東女國(guo)(guo)》條(tiao)下即有(you)(you)(you)關于“西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山諸(zhu)羌”的(de)(de)記載。在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山諸(zhu)羌中(zhong)最為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)名的(de)(de)部(bu)族被稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山八(ba)(ba)國(guo)(guo)”,其(qi)哥(ge)鄰(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)首當其(qi)沖。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)時(shi)(shi)(shi),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山一帶為(wei)(wei)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)蕃(fan)政權交往之(zhi)(zhi)沖,唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)蕃(fan)統(tong)治者皆欲(yu)擁(yong)有(you)(you)(you)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山諸(zhu)部(bu),其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)哥(ge)鄰(lin)等(deng)部(bu)漸融于藏(zang)族之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。《舊(jiu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)書(shu)》中(zhong)曾(ceng)記有(you)(you)(you)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山八(ba)(ba)部(bu)曾(ceng)內(nei)附(fu)的(de)(de)記載,“立悉(xi)等(deng)數(shu)國(guo)(guo)王數(shu)來(lai)朝(chao),召見于麟(lin)德殿(dian)……其(qi)年(nian)(nian)松(song)州(zhou)生(sheng)羌等(deng)二(er)萬余眾相繼內(nei)附(fu),其(qi)粘(zhan)信部(bu)落董(dong)夢蔥、龍諾部(bu)落主董(dong)辟和(he)(he),皆授試衛卿立悉(xi)等(deng)并(bing)赴明(ming)年(nian)(nian)元會訖,錫以(yi)金(jin)帛各遣還”。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi),漢(han)(han)地(di)(di)(di)(di)挑(tiao)(tiao)花(hua)刺繡(xiu)(xiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)今(jin)天(tian)的(de)(de)四(si)川(chuan)藏(zang)羌地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(指唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山八(ba)(ba)國(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)(di)(di))。元、明(ming)、清時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,四(si)川(chuan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)藏(zang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)均推行土(tu)司(si)制度,歷(li)代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)央(yang)政權除在(zai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)加強政治統(tong)治外,經(jing)(jing)濟、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)(de)交往逐(zhu)漸頻繁(fan),推進了(le)(le)嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)族織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)發展。清中(zhong)葉,乾隆征伐大、小(xiao)金(jin)川(chuan)以(yi)后(hou),漢(han)(han)族移(yi)民(min)進入(ru)嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu),這些漢(han)(han)族移(yi)民(min)也(ye)(ye)隨之(zhi)(zhi)帶來(lai)了(le)(le)漢(han)(han)族地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)挑(tiao)(tiao)花(hua)刺繡(xiu)(xiu)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)族在(zai)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang),吸納了(le)(le)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)地(di)(di)(di)(di)挑(tiao)(tiao)花(hua)刺繡(xiu)(xiu)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),致(zhi)使(shi)嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)族織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)更(geng)臻成(cheng)熟(shu),自成(cheng)體(ti)系,并(bing)一直傳(chuan)(chuan)承至今(jin)。嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)族織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)技(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)表性(xing)傳(chuan)(chuan)承人(ren)楊華珍從小(xiao)受外婆、母(mu)親傳(chuan)(chuan)習(xi),擅長(chang)挑(tiao)(tiao)花(hua)雙面刺繡(xiu)(xiu)和(he)(he)盤(pan)金(jin)繡(xiu)(xiu),被國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)命名為(wei)(wei)嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)絨(rong)(rong)(rong)藏(zang)族織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)國(guo)(guo)家級代(dai)(dai)表性(xing)名錄傳(chuan)(chuan)承人(ren),憑借十字(zi)繡(xiu)(xiu)《天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)吉祥(xiang)(xiang)》、《瑞獸(shou)圖(tu)》、《百鳥圖(tu)》和(he)(he)騎扭并(bing)繡(xiu)(xiu)《牡丹花(hua)》、扎扭并(bing)繡(xiu)(xiu)《吉祥(xiang)(xiang)八(ba)(ba)寶》、插針繡(xiu)(xiu)《黃(huang)財神(shen)》和(he)(he)《釋(shi)迦牟尼(ni)佛》、盤(pan)金(jin)繡(xiu)(xiu)《四(si)臂觀(guan)(guan)音》和(he)(he)挑(tiao)(tiao)花(hua)刺繡(xiu)(xiu)《花(hua)團錦簇》榮獲聯合國(guo)(guo)教科文(wen)民(min)間組織(zhi)(zhi)頒發的(de)(de)“世界青年(nian)(nian)眼中(zhong)的(de)(de)最美中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)手工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)‘大獎(jiang)”。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),她還被授予“最佳文(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)承人(ren)大獎(jiang)”和(he)(he)“世界青年(nian)(nian)大會特別榮譽(yu)獎(jiang)”。尤(you)其(qi)是她們采用藏(zang)族織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)堆、扎、扣等(deng)并(bing)繡(xiu)(xiu)兩幅(fu)高22米(mi)、寬15米(mi)的(de)(de)巨幅(fu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)卡《釋(shi)迦牟尼(ni)說(shuo)法》和(he)(he)《千(qian)手千(qian)眼觀(guan)(guan)世音》在(zai)四(si)川(chuan)省第六屆(jie)少數(shu)民(min)族藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術節和(he)(he)成(cheng)都國(guo)(guo)際(ji)非物(wu)質文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產節上(shang)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)阿壩館的(de)(de)鎮館之(zhi)(zhi)寶并(bing)榮獲金(jin)獎(jiang),藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)驚繡(xiu)(xiu)壇(tan),她獲得“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美術大師”殊榮,已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)藏(zang)族織(zhi)(zhi)繡(xiu)(xiu)孤峰雪(xue)線,也(ye)(ye)因此(ci)被譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)“針尖上(shang)的(de)(de)芭(ba)蕾舞者”。
嘉絨藏族(zu)編織(zhi)、挑花刺繡(xiu)直(zhi)接體(ti)現了該民(min)族(zu)的(de)審(shen)美(mei)(mei)風格和民(min)族(zu)特(te)性,是民(min)族(zu)的(de)象(xiang)征、文(wen)化(hua)的(de)載體(ti),也(ye)是實用與(yu)(yu)審(shen)美(mei)(mei)、物(wu)質與(yu)(yu)精(jing)神、藝術(shu)與(yu)(yu)技術(shu)的(de)完美(mei)(mei)結合(he)。
嘉(jia)絨(rong)(rong)藏族生(sheng)活在高(gao)山峽(xia)谷、叢林地帶,這里氣候溫(wen)暖(nuan),生(sheng)產方式主要(yao)以(yi)農(nong)耕為主,兼營(ying)牧業。歷史上他們的(de)服飾主料(liao)(liao)為氈子(zi)(zi)(用山羊毛搓(cuo)絞成細(xi)(xi)線后(hou)用手(shou)工織(zhi)成寬30cm,長3cm的(de)衣(yi)料(liao)(liao)),然后(hou)剪(jian)裁縫(feng)制成毪子(zi)(zi)衣(yi)衫,捆(kun)扎彩(cai)線編(bian)織(zhi)的(de)花(hua)(hua)腰(yao)帶,婦女(nv)們還要(yao)系(xi)桃花(hua)(hua)圍裙(qun),頭戴手(shou)工刺繡(xiu)的(de)花(hua)(hua)頭帕,腳穿繡(xiu)花(hua)(hua)鞋。過去嘉(jia)絨(rong)(rong)婦女(nv)農(nong)閑時(shi)的(de)大部分時(shi)間花(hua)(hua)在了搓(cuo)羊毛、織(zhi)毪子(zi)(zi)上,一(yi)家老少的(de)一(yi)套衣(yi)料(liao)(liao)幾(ji)乎要(yao)耗去他們畢(bi)生(sheng)的(de)精(jing)力(li)。姑娘(niang)們從(cong)12歲起就要(yao)開(kai)始(shi)學織(zhi)花(hua)(hua)腰(yao)帶、挑(tiao)花(hua)(hua)、刺繡(xiu)等(deng)女(nv)工技(ji)(ji)藝,待(dai)到出嫁時(shi),以(yi)誰織(zhi)的(de)花(hua)(hua)腰(yao)帶紋彩(cai)豐富,手(shou)工精(jing)細(xi)(xi),數量(liang)多而為榮,不(bu)僅如此,腰(yao)帶還是定情之(zhi)物和饋贈長輩的(de)禮品。挑(tiao)花(hua)(hua)刺繡(xiu)紡織(zhi)等(deng)手(shou)工技(ji)(ji)藝在嘉(jia)絨(rong)(rong)藏族生(sheng)活中占有及其重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)地位,是嘉(jia)絨(rong)(rong)藏族日常(chang)生(sheng)活中依賴(lai)性很強的(de)物品。
精美絕倫的(de)(de)(de)唐(tang)卡和(he)羌繡(xiu)作品《吉(ji)祥(xiang)八(ba)寶》、《釋迦(jia)牟(mou)尼》、《四(si)臂觀音》等,受(shou)到(dao)高度稱(cheng)贊(zan),并榮獲(huo)聯合(he)國(guo)教(jiao)科文民間組織(zhi)頒(ban)發的(de)(de)(de)“世界青(qing)年眼中的(de)(de)(de)最美中國(guo)手(shou)工藝(yi)‘大(da)(da)獎”。鑒于(yu)楊華珍(zhen)女士(shi)在藏羌編(bian)織(zhi)、挑花(hua)刺繡(xiu)工藝(yi)保護、傳承與發展方面作出的(de)(de)(de)杰出貢獻,聯合(he)國(guo)教(jiao)科文民間組織(zhi)還授予她“最佳文化(hua)傳承人(ren)大(da)(da)獎”和(he)“世界青(qing)年大(da)(da)會特別(bie)榮譽獎”。
四(si)川省第四(si)批非(fei)遺項(xiang)目(mu)“嘉絨藏族(zu)編織、挑花刺繡工藝”傳承人,其策劃并創作繡制(zhi)的巨幅唐卡《釋迦牟尼說法》及(ji)《釋比觀音盤金(jin)繡》在四(si)川省第六屆少(shao)數(shu)(shu)民族(zu)藝術節,少(shao)數(shu)(shu)民族(zu)傳統(tong)手工技藝博覽(lan)上展(zhan)(zhan)示,分別榮(rong)獲“特別展(zhan)(zhan)示獎(jiang)”和金(jin)獎(jiang)。