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相關項目

1、童謠（北京童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2008年(第二批)，新增項目
（2）申報地區或單位：北京市宣武區
（3）保護單位：北京市宣武師范學校附屬第一小學
2、童謠（紹興童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2014年(第四批)，擴展項目
（2）申報地區或單位：浙江省紹興市
（3）保護單位：紹興市文化館、紹興市非物質文化遺產保護中心
3、童謠（閩南童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2008年(第二批)，新增項目
（2）申報地區或單位：福建省廈門市
（3）保護單位：廈門市集美區灌口小學（福建省廈門實驗小學集美分校）
4、童謠（納西族童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2021年(第五批)，擴展項目
（2）申報地區(qu)或單位：云南省(sheng)麗江市古城區(qu)

童謠簡介

童謠指(zhi)傳(chuan)唱于兒童之口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沒有(you)樂譜(pu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌謠，是(shi)流傳(chuan)于全(quan)國各(ge)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種由(you)特殊群體念(nian)唱、傳(chuan)播，具(ju)有(you)特殊意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)謠種類。童謠在我國已(yi)有(you)千年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史，歷朝官修(xiu)正史及雜傳(chuan)、筆記(ji)、小(xiao)說(shuo)中(zhong)不乏童謠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)錄。童謠主(zhu)要有(you)書面、口(kou)頭兩(liang)種傳(chuan)承(cheng)方式，其語言淺(qian)顯易(yi)懂(dong)，內容(rong)樸實自(zi)然，是(shi)民(min)(min)間(jian)文學藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優秀代表。童謠中(zhong)積淀了優秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)族文化(hua)，蘊(yun)涵著豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育內容(rong)。

知名童謠

北京童謠

北京童謠表現了各時期北京的城市性格和北京人的思想感情，承載著我國幾千年的歷史，感染滲透力強，是可挖掘、可借鑒的寶貴教育資源。北京童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)按(an)內容(rong)可分為三類：第(di)一類是長(chang)輩、父母為教育兒(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)而編唱的(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)；第(di)二類是描(miao)述成人生活、情(qing)感、觀念(nian)、見解的(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)；第(di)三類是根(gen)據古(gu)代儀式中(zhong)的(de)慣(guan)用(yong)語或歷(li)史(shi)題材加工而成的(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)。童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)有多種表現形式，包括頂針格(ge)(ge)、串話、繞(rao)口令、謠(yao)諺格(ge)(ge)、搖(yao)籃曲、謎語格(ge)(ge)、連鎖調(diao)、數數歌(ge)、問答歌(ge)、排比(bi)格(ge)(ge)等。在創作(zuo)過程中(zhong)要合轍押(ya)韻，包括雙句(ju)押(ya)韻、句(ju)句(ju)押(ya)韻、每兩句(ju)一押(ya)韻等押(ya)韻方式。如《東(dong)直門掛著(zhu)匾》、《大(da)頭兒(er)大(da)》、《一園青菜成了(le)精》、《過水面(mian)》、《風婆婆》、《金箍嚕棒》等。

如今(jin)，北京(jing)童(tong)(tong)謠這種反(fan)映孩子(zi)們(men)童(tong)(tong)真童(tong)(tong)趣、對無數人(ren)的成長產生過重(zhong)要影響的文學樣式正逐漸(jian)淡(dan)出孩子(zi)們(men)的生活，千百(bai)年來一直為(wei)人(ren)們(men)傳唱的耳熟能詳的童(tong)(tong)謠已開始為(wei)今(jin)天的孩子(zi)們(men)所遺忘。必須立(li)即著(zhu)手保護、傳承(cheng)、發展北京(jing)童(tong)(tong)謠這一民族瑰寶，使之更(geng)好(hao)地(di)為(wei)少年兒童(tong)(tong)的成長服(fu)務。

閩南童謠

閩南(nan)(nan)童(tong)謠(yao)是以(yi)閩南(nan)(nan)方(fang)言創作和傳唱的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)童(tong)歌謠(yao)，流行于(yu)閩南(nan)(nan)、臺灣地區和東南(nan)(nan)亞華僑華裔居(ju)住地，是歷代(dai)閩南(nan)(nan)百姓根據兒(er)童(tong)的(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)能力、心理特點，用(yong)閩南(nan)(nan)方(fang)言復雜而富(fu)有音樂美的(de)(de)(de)韻(yun)語(yu)和平仄節奏創作，并在傳唱過程(cheng)中(zhong)不斷修改、補充而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)民間文學(xue)形式。

閩(min)南(nan)童(tong)謠的(de)(de)起源、沿革沒有詳細的(de)(de)文(wen)字記(ji)載，但從福建地方(fang)典籍中(zhong)看，唐代閩(min)地的(de)(de)民間童(tong)謠《月光光》與今(jin)天閩(min)南(nan)各(ge)地流(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)(de)同(tong)名童(tong)謠雖然(ran)文(wen)字上(shang)存在差異，但主(zhu)題和結(jie)構(gou)十分相似，因此(ci)閩(min)南(nan)童(tong)謠在唐代已經出現(xian)。明(ming)朝中(zhong)葉以后，隨(sui)著閩(min)南(nan)人大批(pi)過臺灣(wan)、下(xia)南(nan)洋，閩(min)南(nan)童(tong)謠也(ye)隨(sui)之傳(chuan)播到臺灣(wan)、南(nan)洋。

閩(min)南童(tong)謠按(an)(an)其內容(rong)可(ke)(ke)分為時政(zheng)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《拍日本(ben)》）、育兒(er)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《搖啊搖》）、游戲（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《拍手歌(ge)》）、動物（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《小(xiao)蜜蜂(feng)》）、植(zhi)物（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《果子(zi)歌(ge)》）、知識（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《一二三(san)》）、民俗（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《圍爐過(guo)年》）、趣味(wei)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《阿不倒》）等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)。按(an)(an)其形式(shi)則可(ke)(ke)分為搖籃曲（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《唔(wu)唔(wu)嚶》）、敘述(shu)式(shi)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《和順(shun)歌(ge)》）、問答歌(ge)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《草蜢公(gong)》）、連(lian)鎖調（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《白鷺鷥》）、謎語(yu)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《一點一畫(hua)長(chang)》）、繞口(kou)令（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)《銅(tong)釘釘銅(tong)板》）等(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)。按(an)(an)表演形式(shi)又可(ke)(ke)分為念(nian)謠（即口(kou)頭朗讀(du)或吟誦(song)）、唱謠（將(jiang)童(tong)謠配曲來唱）、戲謠（在做游戲時念(nian)童(tong)謠）、舞(wu)(wu)謠（邊念(nian)童(tong)謠邊舞(wu)(wu)蹈）等(deng)(deng)種類(lei)(lei)。

閩南童(tong)謠是一座豐富的(de)(de)知識(shi)寶庫，是幫助(zhu)兒童(tong)學習語言、認識(shi)社會、認識(shi)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)重要手(shou)段之一。由于現代文化的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊和方言的(de)(de)流(liu)失，閩南童(tong)謠正漸漸遠(yuan)離(li)少年兒童(tong)，必(bi)須(xu)采取各種有力措施，做好閩南童(tong)謠的(de)(de)搶救和保護工作。

紹興童謠

紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是流傳(chuan)于古越(yue)地(di)(di)中心紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)及(ji)周邊一帶，兒童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為傳(chuan)唱主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，是中國(guo)民(min)間(jian)文學寶庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分(fen)。目前廣(guang)泛(fan)流傳(chuan)于紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)有(you)400首(shou)(shou)，題材包(bao)羅萬象，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)游戲童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、教誨童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、敘事體(ti)物童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等，以繞口(kou)令(ling)、謎語歌(ge)(ge)、數數歌(ge)(ge)、連鎖歌(ge)(ge)、字頭(tou)歌(ge)(ge)、顛倒歌(ge)(ge)、問答歌(ge)(ge)等多種形式表(biao)現。紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)市(shi)位(wei)于浙(zhe)江省中北部(bu)，以獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)理環境、悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展歷史(shi)、深厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)底蘊、豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)表(biao)現形式聞名海內(nei)外，為童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滋(zi)生(sheng)和發展提供了充(chong)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養分(fen)。紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歷史(shi)悠久。南(nan)朝范曄(ye)《后漢書(shu)·張霸傳(chuan)》載有(you)《會(hui)(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》：“棄我(wo)戟，捐我(wo)矛，盜賊盡(jin)，吏皆休。”西晉陳(chen)壽《益都耆舊傳(chuan)》又載有(you)《會(hui)(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歌(ge)(ge)》，為《會(hui)(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)題異文歌(ge)(ge)。清(qing)悟(wu)癡生(sheng)（會(hui)(hui)稽(ji)人）編(bian)《廣(guang)天籟集》，收錄浙(zhe)江兒歌(ge)(ge)23首(shou)(shou)；清(qing)范寅編(bian)《越(yue)諺》，收錄紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)55首(shou)(shou)。1922年(nian)至(zhi)1923年(nian)，共有(you)69首(shou)(shou)紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)別(bie)被錄入《繪圖童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)觀(guan)》、《各省童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)集》；1928年(nian)至(zhi)1934年(nian)，婁子匡(kuang)出版的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)歌(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》、《越(yue)歌(ge)(ge)百曲》及(ji)陶(tao)茂康創辦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《民(min)間(jian)》叢刊，記(ji)錄了大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)；民(min)國(guo)初年(nian)，周作人在(zai)(zai)紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)征(zheng)集童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，后加(jia)入北大(da)(da)歌(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究會(hui)(hui)，發表(biao)《（紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)兒歌(ge)(ge)述略(lve)）序》等多篇(pian)文章(zhang)，又收集紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)223首(shou)(shou)收錄在(zai)(zai)《童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究手稿》中。以上活(huo)動(dong)，奠定了紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)民(min)間(jian)文學界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)地(di)(di)位(wei)。