一.產品介紹
槜(zui)李(li)又名醉李(li),距今2500多年,春(chun)秋時期列為(wei)吳宮(gong)貢品。果(guo)色(se)琥珀鮮艷,果(guo)頂常有似指甲刻裂痕一(yi)(yi)條,傳稱“西(xi)施指痕”。槜(zui)李(li)一(yi)(yi)詞始見(jian)于(yu)《春(chun)秋》,魯定公十(shi)四年“五月,于(yu)越敗吳于(yu)槜(zui)李(li)”。《春(chun)秋》杜預(yu)注曰:“吳郡嘉興縣西(xi)南有槜(zui)李(li)城,其(qi)地(di)產佳李(li),故名。”古槜(zui)李(li)城的桃園(yuan)頭即為(wei)桐鄉市桃園(yuan)村一(yi)(yi)帶。 1952年獲全國(guo)土特產交流會優質(zhi)果(guo)品。1958年將4株槜(zui)李(li)苗(miao)空運至北京(jing)給朱(zhu)德委員長試種。產品地(di)域保護范圍:桐鄉市。槜(zui)李(li)單果(guo)重50克(ke),果(guo)皮(pi)易剝離,有暗紫紅彩(cai)色(se),密(mi)布(bu)大小不等(deng)之(zhi)黃褐色(se)果(guo)點(dian),披白色(se)果(guo)粉。果(guo)肉淡橙色(se),肉質(zhi)致密(mi),鮮甜清(qing)香,熟后(hou)化漿(jiang),漿(jiang)液盈(ying)溢(yi),蜜甜酒香,風味獨特,為(wei)群(qun)李(li)之(zhi)冠(guan)。槜(zui)李(li)有自花(hua)不孕和早期落果(guo)特性,常采(cai)用配置授粉樹(shu)和人(ren)工(gong)輔(fu)助授粉,6月下旬成(cheng)熟,避雨(yu)栽(zai)培(pei)和鋪設反光(guang)膜(mo)提高品質(zhi),采(cai)后(hou)氣調冷藏保鮮。
二.自(zi)然生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境和人文(wen)歷(li)史(shi)因素
桐(tong)鄉槜李產地(di)(di)地(di)(di)處杭嘉(jia)湖平(ping)(ping)原腹地(di)(di),屬(shu)亞(ya)熱帶季風氣(qi)(qi)候,溫暖濕潤,四季分明,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫16℃,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)無霜期(qi)為(wei)243天,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降雨量為(wei)1233.9毫米,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)日照1842.3小時。 桐(tong)鄉地(di)(di)勢平(ping)(ping)坦,無一山丘,大(da)致東南高,西北低,略向(xiang)太湖傾斜,全市(shi)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)高程為(wei)5.3米,京(jing)杭大(da)運河從西南向(xiang)東北橫(heng)貫全市(shi),境內大(da)部河道均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)與運河直接(jie)相(xiang)交(jiao),縱橫(heng)交(jiao)叉(cha)呈格子狀,并(bing)脈絡相(xiang)通。土(tu)(tu)壤母質為(wei)長(chang)(chang)江下游沖積物,土(tu)(tu)壤類型屬(shu)水(shui)稻土(tu)(tu)和(he)潮土(tu)(tu)兩類,酸堿適(shi)宜(yi),PH值為(wei)5.6-6.7,保(bao)肥性好(hao),土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)肥沃,土(tu)(tu)壤有機(ji)質含(han)量為(wei)7.7-46.6g/kg,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量為(wei)28.51g/kg,全氮含(han)量0.34-2.8g/kg,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量1.48g/kg,速效磷含(han)量為(wei)2.6-56.35mg/kg,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量為(wei)17.05mg/kg, 速效鉀平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量為(wei)109.36mg/kg, 適(shi)應桐(tong)鄉槜李生長(chang)(chang)。
三.地域范圍
桐(tong)鄉槜(zui)李又名(ming)醉(zui)李,為境內傳統名(ming)果。據史(shi)料記載,原產地在浙(zhe)江省(sheng)桐(tong)鄉市(shi)梧(wu)桐(tong)街道(dao)桃(tao)園村(cun)(cun)一帶,相傳在“春秋(qiu)”時期已有(you)種(zhong)植(zhi),距今已有(you)2500多年的栽培歷史(shi),是我(wo)國李屬品種(zhong)的珍稀品種(zhong)。桐(tong)鄉槜(zui)李主(zhu)要分布在梧(wu)桐(tong)、屠甸、龍翔等街道(dao)(鎮),主(zhu)要集中在梧(wu)桐(tong)街道(dao)桃(tao)園村(cun)(cun)核心基地及其周(zhou)邊各村(cun)(cun)。地理(li)坐標為東經120°17′40″~120°39′45″,北緯30°28′18″~30°47′48″。
四(si).產(chan)品品質特性特征
桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)果(guo)(guo)(guo)形扁圓,成熟后(hou)果(guo)(guo)(guo)面為(wei)紫紅色,密綴果(guo)(guo)(guo)點(dian),外披(pi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)粉(fen),果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂(ding)部常(chang)有(you)一條(tiao)指(zhi)甲刻狀裂痕;桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)呈蜜(mi)黃色,汁液(ye)豐富(fu),味甘甜(tian),成熟后(hou)將果(guo)(guo)(guo)放在手心輕輕揉搓,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)即可化漿(jiang),可以剝一小(xiao)口(kou)吸食(shi)或用(yong)吸管吸食(shi)汁液(ye),豐味濃蜜(mi),有(you)酒香味,品(pin)質極佳。 桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)的產(chan)地環(huan)(huan)境(jing)符合NY 5113-2002 《無(wu)公害(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin) 桃產(chan)地環(huan)(huan)境(jing)條(tiao)件》,生產(chan)技術(shu)按NY 5114-2002 《無(wu)公害(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin) 桃生產(chan)技術(shu)規(gui)程(cheng)》和桐鄉市地方農業標準DB330483/T 005-2009 《無(wu)公害(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin) 桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)》,桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)產(chan)品(pin)質量符合符合NY 5112-2002 《無(wu)公害(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin) 桃》相關(guan)強制性技術(shu)規(gui)范要求。
五(wu).特定生產(chan)方式
(1)育苗(miao)桐(tong)鄉槜(zui)(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)用(yong)毛(mao)桃或(huo)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)李(li)(li)作砧木(mu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)優質母本(ben)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)上的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)作接穗,采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)枝(zhi)(zhi)接方(fang)式(shi),嫁(jia)接繁(fan)育槜(zui)(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)優質壯苗(miao)。 (2)栽(zai)培(pei)技術: (2.1)定(ding)(ding)植:定(ding)(ding)植前(qian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)先開(kai)(kai)寬為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.5米,深為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.4米種(zhong)(zhong)植溝(gou),畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)腐熟(shu)羊糞等(deng)(deng)有(you)機肥(fei)5000公斤,鈣鎂(mei)磷(lin)肥(fei)100公斤,回(hui)填后(hou)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)應(ying)高(gao)出(chu)畦面(mian)(mian)25~30厘(li)米。種(zhong)(zhong)植時間為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)12月至次年(nian)(nian)3月底(di),以(yi)(yi)(yi)12月栽(zai)植為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好;株行(xing)距(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4×4米,配以(yi)(yi)(yi)20%授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);栽(zai)植前(qian)對(dui)根(gen)(gen)適(shi)(shi)當(dang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian),同時用(yong)石硫合劑進(jin)(jin)行(xing)消毒(du),栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)時,使根(gen)(gen)系與土(tu)(tu)壤緊密(mi)接觸,嫁(jia)接口(kou)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)高(gao)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian),栽(zai)后(hou)及時澆(jiao)定(ding)(ding)植水(shui)(shui)。 (2.2)整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian):根(gen)(gen)據(ju)桐(tong)鄉槜(zui)(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)中(zhong)心(xin)干不明顯(xian)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長特性,一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)自然開(kai)(kai)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing),離地面(mian)(mian)40~50厘(li)米高(gao)度定(ding)(ding)干。 幼年(nian)(nian)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)修(xiu)剪(jian)(1~3年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)): 以(yi)(yi)(yi)培(pei)養(yang)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冠為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),通過拉枝(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)式(shi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)三大(da)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),四(si)至五個副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。 初果(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(4~5年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)):繼續做好副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang),并做好結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)全面(mian)(mian)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)做準(zhun)備(bei)。 盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian):對(dui)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)、副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)適(shi)(shi)當(dang)回(hui)縮、短(duan)截;結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)長放修(xiu)剪(jian),適(shi)(shi)當(dang)疏刪,保(bao)持樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體營養(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長相對(dui)平衡。 衰老期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian):重點對(dui)副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)輪換回(hui)縮更新,以(yi)(yi)(yi)恢(hui)復樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勢(shi)(shi),延(yan)長結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)壽(shou)命。 (2.3)花期(qi)(qi)放蜂(feng)和(he)(he)(he)人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen) 在花期(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取放蜂(feng)和(he)(he)(he)人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)等(deng)(deng)技術提(ti)高(gao)座(zuo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)率。 花期(qi)(qi)放蜂(feng):花期(qi)(qi)在園內(nei)放蜂(feng),每畝(mu)擺四(si)箱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宜(yi)。 人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen):在盛花期(qi)(qi)上午8~10時采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)點授(shou)(shou)或(huo)噴霧(wu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)。 (2.4)疏果(guo)(guo)(guo): 在5月中(zhong)旬根(gen)(gen)據(ju)葉(xie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)比16~20∶1留(liu)果(guo)(guo)(guo),先疏小果(guo)(guo)(guo)、畸(ji)形(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)、病果(guo)(guo)(guo)、傷(shang)果(guo)(guo)(guo),再疏過密(mi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。 (2.5)肥(fei)水(shui)(shui)管理: 施(shi)(shi)肥(fei): 每年(nian)(nian)9月至11月施(shi)(shi)基(ji)肥(fei),畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)羊糞等(deng)(deng)腐熟(shu)有(you)機肥(fei)2000公斤,鈣鎂(mei)磷(lin)肥(fei)100公斤,施(shi)(shi)入(ru)后(hou)覆土(tu)(tu)。幼年(nian)(nian)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)按(an)“薄肥(fei)勤施(shi)(shi)、少量(liang)多(duo)次”的(de)(de)原則使用(yong)追肥(fei),以(yi)(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),適(shi)(shi)當(dang)加施(shi)(shi)鉀肥(fei)。結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)花前(qian)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)硫酸鉀型復合肥(fei)10公斤;幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)膨(peng)(peng)大(da)期(qi)(qi)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)20公斤硫酸鉀,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)膨(peng)(peng)大(da)期(qi)(qi)重施(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥(fei),畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)腐熟(shu)的(de)(de)餅肥(fei)100公斤和(he)(he)(he)硫酸鉀20公斤,以(yi)(yi)(yi)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)膨(peng)(peng)大(da)、花芽形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng);采(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)10公斤尿素,以(yi)(yi)(yi)恢(hui)復樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勢(shi)(shi)。 水(shui)(shui)分管理應(ying)做到(dao)早期(qi)(qi)灌水(shui)(shui),成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)前(qian)適(shi)(shi)當(dang)控水(shui)(shui);夏季(6月中(zhong)旬開(kai)(kai)始)用(yong)銀光膜或(huo)稻草等(deng)(deng)對(dui)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)盤進(jin)(jin)行(xing)覆蓋(gai),保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤濕(shi)潤。 (3)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)病蟲害防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):在病蟲害防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)過程中(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)貫(guan)徹以(yi)(yi)(yi)“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)、綜合防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)方(fang)針,以(yi)(yi)(yi)農業防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎,結(jie)(jie)合物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),適(shi)(shi)當(dang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)化學防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。 (4)鳥害防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):在6月10日左右用(yong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)鳥網對(dui)槜(zui)(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)園進(jin)(jin)行(xing)覆蓋(gai)保(bao)護,保(bao)證桐(tong)鄉槜(zui)(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)的(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度,降(jiang)低損耗,提(ti)高(gao)品質,同時也促(cu)進(jin)(jin)人鳥的(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)諧共(gong)處。 (5)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收及采(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)包裝: (5.1)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收:桐(tong)鄉槜(zui)(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度必須達到(dao)八成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,采(cai)(cai)(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)人員(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian)剪(jian)平指甲,采(cai)(cai)(cai)收時,不可強行(xing)拉枝(zhi)(zhi),果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)宜(yi)輕采(cai)(cai)(cai)輕放,存放容器宜(yi)墊軟物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),鋪一(yi)層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宜(yi)。 (5.2)分級(ji):外(wai)觀要(yao)(yao)(yao)求果(guo)(guo)(guo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)端正、無(wu)病斑、無(wu)日灼、無(wu)機械(xie)傷(shang)、果(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)(mian)紫紅色、果(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)(mian)光潔、布滿果(guo)(guo)(guo)點、外(wai)披白粉(fen);口(kou)感要(yao)(yao)(yao)求甜酸適(shi)(shi)口(kou),香味濃郁(yu),柔軟多(duo)汁,纖維少,無(wu)硬(ying)塊;可溶性固形(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)含量(liang)≥14%。按(an)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)單(dan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)重量(liang)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)個等(deng)(deng)級(ji),特級(ji)大(da)于50克(ke),一(yi)級(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)40克(ke)至50克(ke),二級(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)35克(ke)至40克(ke),35克(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)等(deng)(deng)外(wai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。??
六.包裝(zhuang)標識相關(guan)規定
桐(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)市(shi)果(guo)樹(shu)科(ke)學技術協會(hui)(hui)是桐(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李(li)農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)登記證書(shu)的唯(wei)一持有人(ren),凡(fan)是在桐(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李(li)地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)域范圍內從事桐(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李(li)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的單(dan)位和個(ge)人(ren),在產(chan)(chan)品(pin)或(huo)包裝上(shang)使(shi)用(yong)桐(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李(li)農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必須向(xiang)桐(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)市(shi)果(guo)樹(shu)科(ke)學技術協會(hui)(hui)提出申請,并按照(zhao)相關要求規(gui)范生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和使(shi)用(yong)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),統一采(cai)用(yong)桐(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李(li)名稱和農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公共標(biao)識相結合的標(biao)識標(biao)注方法。