一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車是否配(pei)備蓄能(neng)裝置，可把(ba)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車分為純燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車和混(hun)合型燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車兩大類(lei)。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的唯一(yi)來源。這種類型的燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)要(yao)求燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的功(gong)率大，并且無(wu)法(fa)回(hui)收(shou)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制動(dong)能量。因此，純燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)目前(qian)應用(yong)較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合型燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車上(shang)除燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外，還同時配備了蓄(xu)能裝置(zhi)(zhi)（如蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、超級電(dian)容或(huo)飛(fei)輪電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等）。由于蓄(xu)能裝置(zhi)(zhi)可協助供電(dian)，因而可減小燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的功率，且(qie)蓄(xu)能裝置(zhi)(zhi)還可用于汽車制(zhi)動(dong)時的能量回收，所以可提高燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車的能量利用率。因此，燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車多采用混合型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混(hun)合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)中燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)路結構，可(ke)將混(hun)合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)分為串聯式和并聯式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串聯式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相當于車(che)(che)載發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉換(huan)器(qi)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供驅動(dong)車(che)(che)輛(liang)的(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串聯式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)特點與普通的(de)串聯混合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)相似。其(qi)優(you)點是可(ke)采用小功率的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但要求蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量和(he)功率要足夠大(da)，且燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需(xu)要經過(guo)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)過(guo)程，從中有能量的(de)轉換(huan)損失。目前，串聯式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)較(jiao)為(wei)少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯式(shi)(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)共(gong)同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提供(gong)動(dong)(dong)力(li)。根據(ju)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能量大(da)小的(de)(de)配(pei)置不同，又可將其分為大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型(xing)和小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型(xing)兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)主要由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量較小，只(zhi)(zhi)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)起(qi)步、加速、爬坡等行(xing)(xing)駛工況(kuang)時協(xie)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并在(zai)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛減速與(yu)制動(dong)(dong)時進行(xing)(xing)能量回收。小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)則必須采用(yong)大(da)容量的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)主要的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只(zhi)(zhi)是協(xie)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并聯式(shi)(shi)是目前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)采用(yong)較多的(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據(ju)燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)所(suo)提供的燃(ran)料不同，燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車又可(ke)分為(wei)直接燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車和重整燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接(jie)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料主要是(shi)純氫(qing)，也可以用甲醇(chun)等(deng)燃(ran)料。采用純氫(qing)作(zuo)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)，其氫(qing)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)儲存(cun)方式有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)和合(he)金（碳納米(mi)管(guan)）吸附氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)主(zhu)要有汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油、天然氣、甲醇(chun)、甲烷、液化石油氣等。重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)要比(bi)氫(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)復雜(za)得多。比(bi)如，甲醇(chun)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)甲醇(chun)進行(xing)200℃左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)熱以(yi)分(fen)解出氫(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)也需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油進行(xing)1000℃左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)熱以(yi)分(fen)解出氫(qing)。無論(lun)采用什么燃(ran)料(liao)，重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)都需(xu)(xu)設置(zhi)重(zhong)整(zheng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，將其他(ta)燃(ran)料(liao)轉化為燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所需(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)。

直接(jie)以純氫為燃(ran)料(liao)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)對(dui)儲氫裝置的(de)要求較高。但與重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)相比，直接(jie)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)的(de)結構簡單(dan)、質量輕、能量效率高、成本低。因(yin)此，目前的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)采用重整(zheng)技術的(de)相對(dui)較少，大都以純氫為車(che)(che)(che)載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料(liao)電池汽車時，消費(fei)者應該充分考慮(lv)自己的需(xu)求和使用情況，并結合(he)汽車的性能、價格和售后服務等因素做出正確的決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費(fei)者首先應該(gai)對自(zi)己的(de)(de)需求(qiu)和(he)使用情況有(you)一個(ge)清(qing)晰的(de)(de)認識。如果是(shi)長途(tu)出行，需要(yao)考(kao)慮汽車(che)的(de)(de)續航里程和(he)加氫設施的(de)(de)覆蓋范圍；如果是(shi)市區代步，可考(kao)慮汽車(che)的(de)(de)動力(li)性能和(he)價格等因(yin)素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電池汽車(che)的(de)性能是(shi)選(xuan)擇時的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參考(kao)因素。消費(fei)者可(ke)根據自(zi)己的(de)使用(yong)需(xu)求(qiu)和(he)對汽車(che)性能的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，選(xuan)擇續航(hang)里程更長、動力性能更優、充電速度更快的(de)車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對于傳統汽(qi)車價格更高，消費者在選(xuan)擇時需要(yao)根據自(zi)己(ji)的(de)經濟實力做出決策。此外，還需要(yao)考慮廠家售后服(fu)務的(de)質量和承諾，確保汽(qi)車能夠得(de)到及(ji)時有效的(de)維修和保養。