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秦腔的八大絕技是什么 秦腔藝術特色及劇目介紹

本文章由注冊用戶 愛游蛙 上傳提供 評論 發布 反饋 0
摘要:秦腔,中國漢族最古老的戲劇之一,起于西周,源于西府(核心地區是陜西省寶雞市的岐山與鳳翔),成熟于秦。秦腔又稱亂彈,流行于中國西北的陜西、青海、寧夏、甘肅、新疆等地,其中以寶雞的西府秦腔口音最為古老,保留了較多古老發音。又因其以棗木梆子為擊節樂器,所以又叫“梆子腔”,俗稱“桄桄子”(因為梆擊節時發出“恍恍”聲)。下面就和小編一起來詳細的了解一下秦腔的八大絕技以及藝術特色吧!

秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)又(you)稱(cheng)亂彈,是(shi)(shi)中國戲(xi)曲(qu)曲(qu)種之(zhi)一,源于西秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang),如今流(liu)行(xing)于中國西北地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)陜西、甘肅(su)、青海、寧夏、新疆等(deng)地(di)。又(you)因(yin)其(qi)以(yi)棗(zao)木(mu)梆(bang)子(zi)為(wei)(wei)擊節樂(le)器(qi),所以(yi)又(you)叫“梆(bang)子(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)”,俗稱(cheng)“桄(guang)(guang)桄(guang)(guang)子(zi)”(象梆(bang)子(zi)聲(sheng)(sheng)),是(shi)(shi)四大聲(sheng)(sheng)腔(qiang)(qiang)中最古老(lao)、最豐富的(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)腔(qiang)(qiang)體系。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)開創戲(xi)曲(qu)音樂(le)中板式(shi)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)方法(fa),是(shi)(shi)最早的(de)(de)(de)板腔(qiang)(qiang)體聲(sheng)(sheng)腔(qiang)(qiang),也是(shi)(shi)梆(bang)子(zi)腔(qiang)(qiang)系統的(de)(de)(de)母體。現(xian)在北方各(ge)地(di)梆(bang)子(zi)戲(xi)雖(sui)然風格與(yu)秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)有很大不(bu)同,但在音調和伴奏(zou)上(shang)都保持著共同的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征。發出(chu)(chu)“恍恍”聲(sheng)(sheng),俗稱(cheng)“桄(guang)(guang)桄(guang)(guang)子(zi)”。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)自成(cheng)一家(jia),角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)體制有生(sheng)(sheng)、旦(dan)、凈、末、丑五大行(xing),各(ge)行(xing)又(you)分多(duo)種,統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“十三(san)(san)頭(tou)網子(zi)”。一般戲(xi)班,都要按行(xing)當(dang)建置以(yi)“四梁四柱”為(wei)(wei)骨干的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)制。頭(tou)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)包(bao)括(kuo)頭(tou)道(dao)(dao)須生(sheng)(sheng)、正旦(dan)、花臉(lian)(lian)和小旦(dan),二(er)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)包(bao)括(kuo)小生(sheng)(sheng)、二(er)道(dao)(dao)須生(sheng)(sheng)、二(er)花臉(lian)(lian)和丑角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),其(qi)他老(lao)旦(dan),老(lao)生(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)。各(ge)路(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)佼佼者(zhe),均(jun)可(ke)掛頭(tou)牌演(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu),其(qi)他即為(wei)(wei)配(pei)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。條件優越的(de)(de)(de)戲(xi)班,常(chang)不(bu)惜重金邀請名角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。各(ge)行(xing)皆能(neng),文(wen);武(wu)、昆、亂不(bu)擋的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)面手、好把(ba)式(shi),又(you)稱(cheng)“戲(xi)包(bao)袱”,或叫“飽(bao)肚(du)子(zi)”。秦(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)技(ji)藝十分豐富,身段(duan)和特(te)(te)技(ji)應有盡有,常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)有趟馬、拉(la)架(jia)子(zi)、吐火(huo)、撲跌(die)、掃(sao)燈花、耍(shua)火(huo)棍、槍(qiang)背、頂燈、咬牙(ya)、轉椅等(deng)。神話戲(xi)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)技(ji)藝,更為(wei)(wei)奇特(te)(te)而多(duo)姿(zi)。如演(yan)(yan)《黃河陣》,要用五種法(fa)寶道(dao)(dao)具。量天尺,翻(fan)天印,可(ke)施放長串焰火(huo),金交剪能(neng)飛出(chu)(chu)朵(duo)朵(duo)蝴蝶。除此(ci),花臉(lian)(lian)講究架(jia)子(zi)功,以(yi)顯威武(wu)豪邁的(de)(de)(de)氣概,群眾稱(cheng)其(qi)為(wei)(wei)“架(jia)架(jia)兒”。

秦(qin)腔(qiang)音樂反映(ying)了陜甘人民耿直爽朗(lang)、慷(kang)慨好義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)性格,和淳(chun)樸敦(dun)厚、勤勞勇敢的(de)(de)(de)民風,且較(jiao)早地(也可能(neng)是(shi)最早的(de)(de)(de))形成(cheng)了比較(jiao)適宜于表現各種(zhong)情緒變化的(de)(de)(de)板腔(qiang)體(ti)音樂體(ti)制;加上秦(qin)腔(qiang)藝人逐漸(jian)創造出(chu)一套比較(jiao)完整的(de)(de)(de)表演技巧,因而秦(qin)腔(qiang)所到之處,都給各劇種(zhong)以不同的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),并直接影響(xiang)了各個梆子腔(qiang)劇種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)和發(fa)展,成(cheng)了梆子腔(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)鼻(bi)祖。清康、雍、乾三代秦(qin)腔(qiang)流(liu)入北京,又(you)直接影響(xiang)到京劇的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)。

秦腔(qiang)所演(yan)的(de)劇目多(duo)是取材于(yu)“列國(guo)”、“三國(guo)”、“楊家將”、“說岳”等英雄傳奇或悲劇故(gu)(gu)事,也有神話、民(min)間故(gu)(gu)事和(he)各種公案戲,劇目超(chao)過(guo)1萬本。因(yin)時代久(jiu)遠(yuan),散佚(yi)頗多(duo)。據(ju)統計(ji),僅存約4700多(duo)個,而這(zhe)些劇直至(zhi)今日還以(yi)驚人(ren)的(de)速度繼續(xu)流失(shi),如果有關部門不能有效搶救,歷代人(ren)民(min)用(yong)心血創造的(de)寶貴文化(hua)遺(yi)產將永訣于(yu)世。

國家非常重(zhong)視非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺產的(de)保護(hu),2006年(nian)5月(yue)20日,經國務院(yuan)批準列入第一(yi)批國家級非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺產名錄。2007年(nian)6月(yue)8日,陜西省(sheng)西安秦(qin)腔劇院(yuan)獲得國家文(wen)化部(bu)頒(ban)布的(de)首屆文(wen)化遺產日獎。

一.歷史起源

秦(qin)(qin)腔以(yi)關(guan)(guan)中方言(yan)語音(yin)為(wei)(wei)基礎,特(te)別是涇(jing)河、渭河流域諸(zhu)縣的(de)語言(yan)發(fa)聲(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)(wei)“正音(yin)”。因周代以(yi)來,關(guan)(guan)中地區就被稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)"秦(qin)(qin)",秦(qin)(qin)腔由此而得名,是相當古老的(de)劇(ju)(ju)種之一(yi)。因以(yi)棗木梆子(zi)為(wei)(wei)擊(ji)節(jie)樂(le)器,又(you)叫"梆子(zi)腔",因以(yi)梆擊(ji)節(jie)時發(fa)出"恍恍"聲(sheng)(sheng),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)"桄桄子(zi)"。清人(ren)李調元《雨(yu)村劇(ju)(ju)話》云:"俗傳錢氏(shi)綴百(bai)裘外集(ji),有秦(qin)(qin)腔。始于陜(shan)西,以(yi)梆為(wei)(wei)板,月(yue)琴(qin)應之,亦有緊慢,俗呼梆子(zi)腔,蜀謂之亂(luan)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。""亂(luan)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)"一(yi)詞(ci)在(zai)我國戲曲(qu)聲(sheng)(sheng)腔中的(de)含義很多,過去曾把昆曲(qu)、高腔之外的(de)劇(ju)(ju)種都叫"亂(luan)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)",也(ye)曾把京劇(ju)(ju)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)"亂(luan)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)",還有的(de)劇(ju)(ju)種也(ye)以(yi)亂(luan)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)命名,如溫(wen)州亂(luan)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、河北亂(luan)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)但是,更多的(de)仍用(yong)在(zai)以(yi)秦(qin)(qin)腔為(wei)(wei)先(xian)、為(wei)(wei)主的(de)梆子(zi)腔系統的(de)總稱(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)。

明(ming)(ming)代朱權《太和正(zheng)音(yin)譜(pu)》載:“元知音(yin)善歌(ge)者(zhe),三十六人(ren)(ren)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)首者(zhe)盧綱,咸(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)人(ren)(ren),音(yin)屬宮而(er)雜商,如(ru)神(shen)虎之(zhi)(zhi)嘯風,雄(xiong)而(er)且壯,為(wei)(wei)當時之(zhi)(zhi)杰”。演(yan)員(yuan)吐字以涇陽(yang)(yang)(yang)、三原語言(yan)為(wei)(wei)“標準”。史書記(ji)載明(ming)(ming)代中(zhong)葉咸(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)就已流行(xing)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗正(zheng)德五年(1510)武(wu)(wu)(wu)功康(kang)海組建戲班(ban)(ban)(ban),演(yan)唱“康(kang)王腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”。清康(kang)熙(xi)年間(jian)(1662—1722),咸(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)的秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)社(she)(she)已為(wei)(wei)數眾多,如(ru)保符班(ban)(ban)(ban)、江樂班(ban)(ban)(ban)、華(hua)慶班(ban)(ban)(ban)、雙(shuang)(shuang)才班(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)(deng)。乾隆時期(qi)(1736—1795)翰林(lin)院學士嚴長(chang)明(ming)(ming)(江蘇人(ren)(ren))宦(huan)游陜西(xi),酷愛秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、所著《秦(qin)(qin)云(yun)擷英小(xiao)譜(pu)》記(ji)載關中(zhong)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)社(she)(she)共有(you)36個(ge),并以禮泉、周至、渭南、大(da)荔為(wei)(wei)四大(da)流派(pai)。秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)社(she)(she)演(yan)出(chu),不僅為(wei)(wei)當地人(ren)(ren)鐘(zhong)愛,赴(fu)北京演(yan)出(chu)亦愛歡迎,被稱為(wei)(wei)“傳(chuan)情在無意之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)”,“啞趣傳(chuan)神(shen)許擅長(chang)”。此(ci)時,演(yan)員(yuan)白(bai)(bai)雙(shuang)(shuang)兒、豌豆花和金墜子等(deng)(deng)隨(sui)涇陽(yang)(yang)(yang)錦繡班(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)紅西(xi)安城(cheng)內(nei)。1912年,李桐(tong)軒、孫仁玉、范紫東和高培支(zhi)等(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren),受辛亥革命影(ying)響(xiang),辦起(qi)“易俗(su)(su)社(she)(she)”,并編寫出(chu)《一(yi)字獄》等(deng)(deng)劇(ju)(ju)本。咸(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)各縣以“易俗(su)(su)社(she)(she)”為(wei)(wei)榜(bang)樣(yang),先后成(cheng)立了(le)“高興班(ban)(ban)(ban)”(長(chang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)),“馬家班(ban)(ban)(ban)”(武(wu)(wu)(wu)功),“秦(qin)(qin)貴(gui)社(she)(she)”(禮泉),“益民社(she)(she)”(咸(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)),“曉鐘(zhong)社(she)(she)”(乾縣)、“新中(zhong)社(she)(she)”、“明(ming)(ming)正(zheng)社(she)(she)”(三原)等(deng)(deng)演(yan)出(chu)團(tuan)體。1937年中(zhong)共陜西(xi)省委(駐涇陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣云(yun)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)鎮)、關中(zhong)工委(駐旬邑縣馬家堡),相繼成(cheng)立了(le)七月劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)、關中(zhong)劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)、關警(jing)劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)等(deng)(deng),創作(zuo)演(yan)出(chu)《大(da)上當》、《新教子》、《十里塬》等(deng)(deng)大(da)批(pi)新劇(ju)(ju)目,在唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、表演(yan)、舞美、服飾等(deng)(deng)方面都有(you)創新。建國后,咸(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)地區有(you)專業劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)14個(ge),創作(zuo)了(le)大(da)批(pi)新劇(ju)(ju)目,涌(yong)現出(chu)眾多知名演(yan)員(yuan),如(ru)郭明(ming)(ming)霞、王麥(mai)蘭、舒(shu)曼莉、馬金仙、趙(zhao)(zhao)斌(bin)、王義民、昝金香等(deng)(deng),新秀如(ru)趙(zhao)(zhao)改琴(qin)、王平(ping)、白(bai)(bai)萍(ping)、馮武(wu)(wu)(wu)耕(geng)、王亞萍(ping)等(deng)(deng)。這些演(yan)員(yuan)均先后在西(xi)北、省、市會演(yan)大(da)賽中(zhong)獲獎(jiang)。

據1989年統(tong)計(ji),咸陽市(shi)有(you)市(shi)直戲曲團體(ti)3個(ge),縣秦腔劇(ju)團11個(ge),共有(you)演(yan)職人員1100余人。藝術創作人員30余名,演(yan)出本(ben)、折子戲100余部。

秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)"形(xing)成于秦(qin)(qin),精進于漢(han),昌明于唐(tang),完(wan)整(zheng)于元,成熟(shu)于明,廣播于清,幾(ji)經演(yan)變,蔚為(wei)大觀",是相(xiang)當古老的(de)劇(ju)種,堪(kan)稱中國(guo)戲曲的(de)鼻祖,明代萬歷(li)間(公元1573-1620年)《缽中蓮》傳奇抄本中,有一段(duan)注明用(yong)[西秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)二犯的(de)唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)演(yan)唱的(de)唱詞,且(qie)(qie)都是上下句的(de)七言(yan)體,說明秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在當時或在那以前不但形(xing)成、而且(qie)(qie)已外傳到其他地(di)方了。

二.藝術特色

1.唱腔

咸陽秦(qin)腔(qiang)唱腔(qiang),分板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式和(he)彩腔(qiang)兩(liang)部(bu)分,每個部(bu)分均(jun)由“苦音(yin)”和(he)“歡音(yin)”(又稱(cheng)花(hua)音(yin))兩(liang)種聲腔(qiang)體系(xi)組(zu)成。苦音(yin)腔(qiang)是(shi)秦(qin)腔(qiang)區別于(yu)其(qi)他(ta)劇種最具有特色的一種唱腔(qiang),演唱時(shi)激越(yue)、悲(bei)壯、深沉、高亢(kang),表(biao)現(xian)出悲(bei)憤、痛恨、懷念、凄涼的感情。歡音(yin)腔(qiang)則歡快、明朗、剛健,擅長表(biao)現(xian)喜悅、愉快的感情。秦(qin)腔(qiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式分為一板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)三(san)眼(yan)、一板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)一眼(yan)、有板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無眼(yan)和(he)無板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無眼(yan)四種。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)稱(cheng)謂有慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、攔頭板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、一錘(chui)(chui)安板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、陰司板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、二六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、拉錘(chui)(chui)二六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、帶板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、尖板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、滾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、二導板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、雙(shuang)錘(chui)(chui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等。總歸稱(cheng)是(shi)六(liu)大板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)頭、慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、帶板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、二導板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)滾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。秦(qin)腔(qiang)曲(qu)牌分為弦索類(lei)、擊(ji)樂類(lei)、嗩吶類(lei)、笙管(guan)類(lei)、海笛類(lei)、套曲(qu)類(lei)共6種。早期(qi)樂隊分文、武(wu)兩(liang)部(bu)6人。

2.角色

秦腔的角色(se)有“十(shi)三門二十(shi)八類”之(zhi)說。老生分安工老生、衰派(pai)老生、靠把(ba)老生,須(xu)生分王帽須(xu)生、靠把(ba)須(xu)生、

紗帽須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、道袍須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)紅生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),小生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)分(fen)雉(zhi)尾(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、紗帽生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、貧(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),武(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、幼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),老(lao)旦(dan),正旦(dan)分(fen)挽袖(xiu)青衣、蟒帶青衣,小旦(dan)分(fen)閨門旦(dan)、刀馬(ma)旦(dan),花旦(dan)分(fen)玩笑旦(dan)、潑辣旦(dan)、武(wu)(wu)旦(dan),媒旦(dan),大凈(jing),毛凈(jing),丑分(fen)大丑、小丑、武(wu)(wu)丑。各門角色都有獨特的風格和(he)拿手戲。演(yan)唱時須(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、青衣、老(lao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、老(lao)旦(dan)、花臉多角重(zhong)唱,所以也叫做“唱亂彈(dan)”。有人贊美秦腔是“繁音激楚,熱耳酸心,使人血氣為之動(dong)蕩(dang)”,正是出(chu)于秦腔表演(yan)的特色。其表演(yan)技(ji)藝質樸、樸實、粗獷、細(xi)膩(ni)、深刻、優美,以情(qing)動(dong)人,富有夸張性,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活氣息(xi)濃厚,程式嚴謹,技(ji)巧豐富。身段(duan)和(he)特技(ji)有趟(tang)馬(ma)、拉架子(zi)(zi)、吐火、吹火、噴火、擔子(zi)(zi)功(gong)、梢子(zi)(zi)功(gong)、翎子(zi)(zi)功(gong)、水袖(xiu)功(gong)、扇(shan)子(zi)(zi)功(gong)、鞭(bian)掃燈(deng)花、頂燈(deng)、咬牙(ya)、耍火棍、跌(die)撲、髯口、蹺工、獠牙(ya)、帽翅功(gong)等。

3.臉譜

秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)的(de)臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu)講(jiang)究莊重、大(da)方(fang)、干凈、生動和美觀,顏色(se)(se)(se)以(yi)三原色(se)(se)(se)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),間色(se)(se)(se)為(wei)(wei)副,平涂為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),烘托為(wei)(wei)副,所(suo)以(yi)極少用過渡色(se)(se)(se),在顯示人物性格(ge)(ge)上(shang),表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)紅忠、黑直(zhi)、粉(fen)奸、神奇的(de)特點(dian),格(ge)(ge)調(diao)(diao)主(zhu)要表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)線條粗獷(guang),筆調(diao)(diao)豪放,著色(se)(se)(se)鮮明(ming),對比強烈(lie),濃眉大(da)眼,圖案壯麗,寓(yu)意明(ming)朗,性格(ge)(ge)突出(chu),格(ge)(ge)調(diao)(diao)“火暴”,和音樂、表(biao)演(yan)的(de)風格(ge)(ge)一致。秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu)歷(li)史悠久,在陜西(xi)武(wu)功(gong)境(jing)內出(chu)土(tu)的(de)明(ming)代(dai)“康海臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu)”是目前發(fa)現的(de)最早的(de)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu),陜、甘(gan)兩省的(de)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)由于各(ge)(ge)自形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)演(yan)出(chu)風格(ge)(ge),故在臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu)塑造上(shang)也(ye)涌現出(chu)了(le)(le)許多流派(pai),比如甘(gan)肅秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)就有隴(long)(long)南派(pai)臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu)、隴(long)(long)東派(pai)臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu)和代(dai)表(biao)甘(gan)肅中路(lu)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)的(de)“耿派(pai)”臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu),陜西(xi)各(ge)(ge)路(lu)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)也(ye)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)各(ge)(ge)自不(bu)同(tong)的(de)秦(qin)(qin)腔(qiang)臉(lian)譜(pu)(pu)。

4.題材

秦(qin)腔所演的(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)數以(yi)萬計(ji)(ji)(ji),傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)大多(duo)出(chu)自民(min)間(jian)文人(ren)之手,題(ti)材(cai)廣(guang)泛,內(nei)容紛繁(fan)。因(yin)時代(dai)久遠,佚散頗多(duo),據原陜西省劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)工(gong)作(zuo)室(現(xian)省藝術研究所)1958年挖(wa)掘整(zheng)理的(de)(de)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)僅存約3000多(duo)本(ben)。這些(xie)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)主(zhu)要以(yi)反映歷(li)史(shi)事件的(de)(de)悲(bei)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)、正劇(ju)(ju)(ju)居多(duo),表現(xian)民(min)間(jian)生活、婚(hun)姻愛情的(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)有(you)占有(you)一定(ding)比例。歷(li)史(shi)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)多(duo)是取才于(yu)“列(lie)國”、“三國”、“楊家(jia)將”、“說(shuo)岳”等(deng)(deng)(deng)說(shuo)部中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)英雄傳(chuan)(chuan)奇或悲(bei)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)故事,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)三國戲有(you)108個(ge),楊家(jia)將戲有(you)85個(ge)。其(qi)(qi)他(ta)題(ti)材(cai)還有(you)神話(hua)、民(min)間(jian)故事和(he)各種(zhong)公案戲。 辛(xin)亥革(ge)命后(hou),西安易(yi)俗(su)社30多(duo)位劇(ju)(ju)(ju)作(zuo)家(jia)共編輯出(chu)了550多(duo)個(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)本(ben),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)孫(sun)仁玉(yu)、范紫東、高(gao)(gao)培(pei)支、李桐軒、李約祉五人(ren)成(cheng)就(jiu)最(zui)高(gao)(gao),這些(xie)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),《三回頭》、《三滴血》、《奪錦樓》、《雙錦衣(yi)》、《軟玉(yu)屏》、《柜中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)緣》、《小姑賢》、《庚娘傳(chuan)(chuan)》、《韓寶英》等(deng)(deng)(deng)成(cheng)為經常上演的(de)(de)保留劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)。另(ling)外(wai),在(zai)革(ge)命邊區也涌(yong)現(xian)出(chu)了一批秦(qin)腔現(xian)代(dai)戲劇(ju)(ju)(ju)作(zuo)家(jia),創作(zuo)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)本(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)200多(duo)個(ge),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)馬建翎成(cheng)就(jiu)最(zui)高(gao)(gao),代(dai)表劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)有(you)《血淚仇(chou)》、《一家(jia)人(ren)》、《窮(qiong)人(ren)恨》等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。建國后(hou)整(zheng)理、改(gai)編的(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)有(you)《游龜(gui)山》、《游西湖》、《三滴血》、《趙氏(shi)孤兒》、《竇娥(e)冤》、《鍘美案》、《破寧國》、《四進士》、《白蛇傳(chuan)(chuan)》、《法門寺》、《烈火揚州》等(deng)(deng)(deng),創作(zuo)的(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)戲中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)《三世仇(chou)》、《祝福(fu)》、《西安事變》等(deng)(deng)(deng)影(ying)響較大。

5.唱詞

秦腔唱詞結(jie)構是齊言體,常見(jian)的有七(qi)字句和十字句,也就是整(zheng)出(chu)戲詞如同一(yi)首七(qi)言無韻詩一(yi)樣排列

整(zheng)齊(qi)。和唱(chang)詞相對應的(de)是(shi)曲(qu)調,秦腔(qiang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)音樂結(jie)(jie)構可以(yi)(yi)歸納為 “散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)——慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)——由中板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)而(er)(er)入(ru)于(yu)急板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)——結(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)”的(de)過程(cheng),也即打(da)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)節(jie)奏(zou)從慢到略快(kuai)(kuai)、快(kuai)(kuai)、極快(kuai)(kuai)、結(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)前的(de)漸慢、最(zui)終結(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)的(de)過程(cheng)。演(yan)唱(chang)者根據這種循序漸進(jin)的(de)節(jie)奏(zou),層層推入(ru)地展(zhan)開故事情節(jie)。那么如何來改變(bian)節(jie)奏(zou)的(de)快(kuai)(kuai)慢呢(ni)?這正是(shi)秦腔(qiang)唱(chang)腔(qiang)“板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)路”起的(de)作用。秦腔(qiang)屬于(yu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)變(bian)化體劇種,有(you)二六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、帶板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、二倒板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、滾板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等六(liu)大板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)。二六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)就是(shi)兩個“六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)”,一個六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)要(yao)敲六(liu)下梆子,都是(shi)強拍。其它(ta)各種板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)都是(shi)將(jiang)二六(liu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)加(jia)快(kuai)(kuai)、減(jian)慢、自(zi)由、轉(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等變(bian)化而(er)(er)成的(de)。這樣藝術家就可以(yi)(yi)根據劇情需要(yao),使用不同的(de)節(jie)奏(zou)來表達情感了。

6.伴奏

秦腔(qiang)所用的樂器,文場(chang)(chang)有板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)、二(er)弦(xian)子、二(er)胡(hu)、笛、三弦(xian)、琵琶、揚琴、嗩吶、海(hai)笛、管子、大號(喇叭)等(deng);武場(chang)(chang)有暴鼓(gu)、干鼓(gu)、堂鼓(gu)、句鑼、小(xiao)鑼、馬鑼、鐃鈸、鉸子、梆子等(deng)。秦腔(qiang)中最主要的樂器當然是板(ban)(ban)胡(hu),其發(fa)音尖細清脆,最能(neng)體現秦腔(qiang)板(ban)(ban)式變化的特(te)色。

三.八大絕技

1.吹火

亦稱(cheng)噴(pen)火,一(yi)般多用于(yu)有(you)妖怪、鬼魂出現的劇目中。秦腔《游西湖(hu)·救(jiu)裴生》中,李慧娘(niang)用此技。吹火的方法是先將(jiang)松(song)(song)香(xiang)研成(cheng)粉末(mo),用籮過濾,再用一(yi)種纖維長(chang)、拉力強的白(bai)麻紙(zhi)包(bao)成(cheng)可含入口(kou)中的小包(bao),然后剪去(qu)紙(zhi)頭。演員吹火前將(jiang)松(song)(song)香(xiang)包(bao)噙在口(kou)里。用氣吹動(dong)松(song)(song)香(xiang)包(bao),使松(song)(song)香(xiang)末(mo)飛(fei)向火把(ba),燃燒(shao)騰起火焰。

常(chang)見(jian)的形式有:直吹(chui)、傾吹(chui)、斜吹(chui)、仰吹(chui)、俯吹(chui)、翻(fan)身吹(chui)、蹦(beng)子翻(fan)身吹(chui)等。就(jiu)其形狀可分(fen)為;單(dan)口火(huo)(huo)(huo)、連火(huo)(huo)(huo)、翻(fan)身火(huo)(huo)(huo)、一條(tiao)龍、蘑菇(gu)云(yun)火(huo)(huo)(huo)等。

單口火(huo):即一口一口吹(chui)火(huo)。主要用鼻子吸氣,丹田用氣,沖著火(huo)把的火(huo)苗直吹(chui)。

連火:用(yong)氣(qi)方法與單口(kou)(kou)火相(xiang)同。吹時要連緊(jin)一(yi)(yi)些。在(zai)火頭上吹第一(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)火,乘其未(wei)滅時,緊(jin)接著在(zai)第一(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)火上再吹一(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)火,使(shi)火延續不(bu)滅。

翻身火:踏左步,半臥魚勢,從(cong)火頭上引火(即(ji)借(jie)吹(chui)出的(de)火苗再連續噴出松香末(mo),使火苗不斷延續長達四、五尺(chi))翻身,轉一(yi)圈后,火仍(reng)然連續不斷。

一條龍:半臥(wo)魚(yu)勢俯沖火(huo)(huo)把(ba)(ba)頭吹(chui)火(huo)(huo),然后離開(kai)火(huo)(huo)把(ba)(ba),均勻(yun)地(di)一口氣吹(chui)的引過(guo)火(huo)(huo)來,使火(huo)(huo)苗不斷延續長達(da)數尺,猶如一條火(huo)(huo)龍一樣擺(bai)過(guo)去。

磨(mo)菇云火(huo)(huo):半臥魚(yu)勢,在“一條龍”火(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)龍尾上緊接著再(zai)擺回來,重重地一口一口吹(chui)(chui)火(huo)(huo),即成(cheng)(cheng)一朵一朵的(de)(de)磨(mo)菇狀(zhuang)(也叫天女散(san)花或火(huo)(huo)中(zhong)鳳凰。后來吹(chui)(chui)這種(zhong)火(huo)(huo)時,還可將火(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)顏(yan)色變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)雪青(qing)色)。以(yi)上是最基本(ben)的(de)(de)幾中(zhong)吹(chui)(chui)法,還可根據劇情需(xu)要(yao)和舞蹈動作的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。秦腔(qiang)黨甘亭、何振(zhen)中(zhong)、李(li)正(zheng)敏、馬藍魚(yu)、張詠華、孫利(li)群、張燕(yan);同州梆子王德元;西府(fu)秦腔(qiang)曾(ceng)鑒(jian)堂、李(li)嘉寶等(deng)(deng)均擅(shan)長(chang)此技(ji)。馬藍魚(yu)的(de)(de)“鬼(gui)(gui)吹(chui)(chui)火(huo)(huo)”(《游西湖·救裴生》中(zhong)的(de)(de)李(li)慧娘(niang)之鬼(gui)(gui)魂吹(chui)(chui)火(huo)(huo))享(xiang)譽全國。她能(neng)吹(chui)(chui)出各(ge)種(zhong)形狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo),且能(neng)一口氣吹(chui)(chui)到四十多口火(huo)(huo),堪稱絕技(ji)。她曾(ceng)向全國,如北京、上海等(deng)(deng)省市的(de)(de)很多劇種(zhong)的(de)(de)演員傳授過此技(ji)。

2.變臉

秦腔、同州梆子、西府秦腔、漢(han)調(diao)桄桄、漢(han)調(diao)二簧等劇種的生、旦、丑行皆(jie)有此特(te)技。其變法(fa)有“變臉型”和“吹面(mian)灰(hui)”兩種。

變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)臉(lian)(lian)型(xing):《三人(ren)頭(tou)·揭墓(mu)》中(zhong)用(yong)此技(ji)。揭墓(mu)賊(zei)用(yong)腰帶(dai)做好套圈,一(yi)(yi)(yi)端套在(zai)僵(jiang)尸(shi)脖子(zi)上(shang)(shang),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)端掛在(zai)自己脖子(zi)上(shang)(shang),扶起(qi)(qi)僵(jiang)尸(shi)脫衣(yi)時(shi),感(gan)情變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)復(fu)雜,面(mian)(mian)部表情也隨之變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)。他(ta)發現(xian)死(si)者衣(yi)著(zhu)(zhu)豪華(hua)時(shi),高興得眼(yan)睛瞇(mi)成(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條線(xian),嘴角(jiao)翹到(dao)了(le)(le)鼻子(zi)兩側(ce),喜得渾(hun)身(shen)發抖。當(dang)尸(shi)體(ti)的(de)蓋臉(lian)(lian)怕飛落,露出陰森可怖面(mian)(mian)孔時(shi),他(ta)被嚇得脖子(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)縮,裂開(kai)大嘴,瞪著(zhu)(zhu)兩眼(yan),眉(mei)毛(mao)不住(zhu)地跳動。揭墓(mu)賊(zei)為了(le)(le)抑制(zhi)心中(zhong)的(de)恐懼情緒,忽地眉(mei)頭(tou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)聳(song),圓鼓雙眼(yan),翹起(qi)(qi)鼻翼,眥著(zhu)(zhu)牙,顯出兇殘之相(xiang)。死(si)者穿了(le)(le)七套衣(yi)服(fu),每旋轉一(yi)(yi)(yi)次尸(shi)體(ti),就(jiu)脫掉一(yi)(yi)(yi)件衣(yi)服(fu),同(tong)時(shi)還要穿在(zai)自己身(shen)上(shang)(shang),并(bing)要變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)—次臉(lian)(lian)型(xing)。他(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)得憨(han)傻(sha)癡呆,一(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒(er)(er)又(you)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)得機智(zhi)勇敢(gan);一(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒(er)(er)扯長(chang)脖子(zi),收起(qi)(qi)下巴,舌尖頂住(zhu)下唇,把頭(tou)和脖子(zi)拉(la)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti),變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)又(you)長(chang)又(you)細的(de)臉(lian)(lian)型(xing);一(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒(er)(er)皺起(qi)(qi)雙眉(mei),縮著(zhu)(zhu)下顎,撅著(zhu)(zhu)下巴,變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)兩腮無肉的(de)險惡者;一(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒(er)(er)又(you)鼓起(qi)(qi)兩腮,松(song)開(kai)雙肩,變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)大胖子(zi);一(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒(er)(er)縮著(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou),收起(qi)(qi)下巴,變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)瘦(shou)子(zi)……形態百出,變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)無窮,全靠一(yi)(yi)(yi)張臉(lian)(lian)的(de)功夫(fu)。漢(han)調桄桄演(yan)員(yuan)田興華(hua)精于此特(te)技(ji)。

吹面(mian)灰(hui)(hui):演員給自(zi)己臉(lian)(lian)上(shang)吹灰(hui)(hui),使之變(bian)化。西安亂(luan)彈《毒(du)(du)二娘》、漢(han)調(diao)桄桄《藥毒(du)(du)武(wu)大郎》等,皆用此法(fa)。武(wu)大郎一(yi)(yi)時毒(du)(du)酒下(xia)肚(du),腹疼難忍,指罵潘(pan)(pan)金蓮。潘(pan)(pan)下(xia)狠(hen)心猛撲過去(qu),用被子(zi)捂住(zhu)武(wu)大郎,到潘(pan)(pan)起身坐在被子(zi)上(shang)時,面(mian)灰(hui)(hui)已吹上(shang)臉(lian)(lian),一(yi)(yi)副陰森黑(hei)煞之臉(lian)(lian)相。《太和城(cheng)》中孫武(wu)也(ye)有變(bian)臉(lian)(lian)的情節(jie)。

3.頂燈

演者將一(yi)盞油燈點著,置于頭頂,耍各種動作。秦腔《三進士》的丑(chou)角(jiao)常天保因賭博被其(qi)妻處罰頂

燈(deng)(deng)。常天保頭(tou)頂油燈(deng)(deng),跪地、行走(zou)、仰臥、鉆椅、鉆桌、上(shang)桌等(deng),均很(hen)自如,并能使油燈(deng)(deng)不掉、不灑、不滅(mie)。這全憑演員(yuan)(yuan)脖(bo)頸的(de)平(ping)衡技巧(qiao)。秦腔丑角(jiao)演員(yuan)(yuan)劉(liu)省(sheng)三、晉福長(chang)和(he)漢調桄桄演員(yuan)(yuan)王半(ban)(ban)截(jie)、趙安(an)學及漢調二簧(huang)演員(yuan)(yuan)蔡安(an)今等(deng),均擅長(chang)此技。王半(ban)(ban)截(jie)還能自己將(jiang)頭(tou)頂之燈(deng)(deng)吹滅(mie)。

4.打碗

秦腔、同州梆子、西府(fu)秦腔、漢(han)(han)調(diao)桄桄及漢(han)(han)調(diao)二(er)簧等(deng)(deng)劇種(zhong)演神廟會戲時常用(yong)的(de)(de)打(da)(da)鬼(gui)特技(ji)。《打(da)(da)臺》的(de)(de)天官(guan),《太和(he)城》的(de)(de)孫武子等(deng)(deng)凈角(jiao)、須(xu)生也(ye)用(yong)此技(ji),其表(biao)演方法是將(jiang)一(yi)碗(wan)(wan)擲于空中(zhong)(zhong)飛(fei)(fei)轉,用(yong)另(ling)一(yi)只(zhi)碗(wan)(wan)飛(fei)(fei)出擊打(da)(da),兩(liang)(liang)(liang)碗(wan)(wan)同在空中(zhong)(zhong)粉碎。打(da)(da)碗(wan)(wan)表(biao)演有平(ping)打(da)(da)、斜打(da)(da)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)打(da)(da)法。平(ping)打(da)(da):先(xian)將(jiang)一(yi)碗(wan)(wan)底(di)(di)(di)朝下平(ping)擲于空中(zhong)(zhong)飛(fei)(fei)轉,再將(jiang)另(ling)一(yi)碗(wan)(wan)底(di)(di)(di)朝上擲出,兩(liang)(liang)(liang)只(zhi)碗(wan)(wan)底(di)(di)(di)對擊相撞,破碎落下。斜打(da)(da);兩(liang)(liang)(liang)手(shou)各拿一(yi)碗(wan)(wan),碗(wan)(wan)底(di)(di)(di)相對轉磨,打(da)(da)時先(xian)將(jiang)碗(wan)(wan)側立(li)擲出,使(shi)其在空中(zhong)(zhong)如(ru)車輪滾行狀(zhuang)旋轉,然后(hou)將(jiang)第(di)二(er)個碗(wan)(wan)如(ru)法擲出,以碗(wan)(wan)底(di)(di)(di)邊撞擊而破碎。西府(fu)秦腔須(xu)生王彥魁、唐(tang)二(er)瓜、司(si)東紀(ji)、呂明發,西安秦腔演員(yuan)陸順子、和(he)家彥、劉立(li)杰、閻(yan)國斌等(deng)(deng),均擅(shan)長此技(ji)。

5.鞭掃燈花

秦腔、同(tong)州梆子、西府秦腔、漢(han)(han)調桄桄和漢(han)(han)調二簧凈、旦(dan)行的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)演特(te)技。有鞭掃(sao)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和“紙(zhi)擺子”(把(ba)紙(zhi)擰成繩子一樣的(de)(de)(de)條子)掃(sao)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)兩種。鞭掃(sao)燈(deng)(deng) 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua):《太(tai)和城》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)孫武子與《黃河陣》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)聞(wen)仲用(yong)此(ci)技。其表(biao)(biao)(biao)演法是(shi):先用(yong)黃表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙(zhi)在(zai)鞭梢扎成約四(si)寸多長的(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),然后加足燈(deng)(deng)油,拉長燈(deng)(deng)捻(nian)(nian)(用(yong)紙(zhi)裹香做(zuo)成),使(shi)其多出(chu)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。演員在(zai)兵卒下場后,跨右(you)腿(tui),左(zuo)轉身,躦步(bu)(bu),左(zuo)前(qian)弓后箭,面(mian)向觀(guan)(guan)眾,對著(zhu)(zhu)舞(wu)臺左(zuo)前(qian)角(jiao)吊(diao)的(de)(de)(de)油燈(deng)(deng),在(zai)打擊樂《腳底(di)風》伴奏中(zhong),雙(shuang)(shuang)鞭從下向上(shang),反手交叉挽面(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),雙(shuang)(shuang)鞭梢前(qian)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),反復掃(sao)向燈(deng)(deng)捻(nian)(nian)上(shang)所結(jie)的(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),使(shi)其擴(kuo)散(san),灑向空(kong)中(zhong)。接(jie)著(zhu)(zhu),跨左(zuo)腿(tui),右(you)轉身躦步(bu)(bu),右(you)前(qian)弓后箭,面(mian)向觀(guan)(guan)眾,對著(zhu)(zhu)吊(diao)在(zai)舞(wu)臺右(you)前(qian)角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)油燈(deng)(deng),動作要求與鑼鼓(gu)經同(tong)上(shang),只是(shi)方向不(bu)同(tong)。接(jie)著(zhu)(zhu),舞(wu)一套雙(shuang)(shuang)鞭,在(zai)《倒四(si)錘》中(zhong),到(dao)舞(wu)臺右(you)前(qian)角(jiao)扎勢亮(liang)(liang)相。這時(shi),舞(wu)臺空(kong)間火(huo)星(xing)閃(shan)閃(shan),四(si)下飄(piao)落,忽(hu)明忽(hu)暗,撲朔迷離。靠近演員亮(liang)(liang)相的(de)(de)(de)那(nei)盞燈(deng)(deng),因(yin)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被掃(sao)掉而(er)燈(deng)(deng)光由暗轉亮(liang)(liang),使(shi)觀(guan)(guan)眾清晰地看到(dao)演員面(mian)部的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)情與眼神。掃(sao)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),在(zai)添(tian)油、撥捻(nian)(nian)子、結(jie)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、掃(sao)燈(deng)(deng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)上(shang),均需掌握好(hao)時(shi)間,恰到(dao)好(hao)處,配合(he)默契,才能顯示出(chu)技巧的(de)(de)(de)高超。舊時(shi)演出(chu)用(yong)清油燈(deng)(deng)照明,用(yong)此(ci)特(te)技。隨著(zhu)(zhu)科學技術的(de)(de)(de)發展,照明條件的(de)(de)(de)改變(bian),此(ci)特(te)技已(yi)無人使(shi)用(yong)。

6.踩蹺

秦(qin)腔(qiang)、漢調(diao)二簧旦角(jiao)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)特技(ji)。蹺(qiao)(qiao)子(zi)是(shi)木制(zhi)腳(jiao)墊,尖而小,約三(san)寸長(chang),外面套(tao)繡花小鞋(xie)。演(yan)(yan)員只(zhi)能用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)(liang)個腳(jiao)指穿假鞋(xie),而且要(yao)將鞋(xie)綁在(zai)腳(jiao)指上,因此,稱之(zhi)為(wei)扎(zha)蹺(qiao)(qiao)。扎(zha)蹺(qiao)(qiao)之(zhi)后(hou),演(yan)(yan)員只(zhi)能憑(ping)兩(liang)(liang)個腳(jiao)的腳(jiao)指行(xing)走,腳(jiao)跟高(gao)高(gao)提(ti)起,扎(zha)蹺(qiao)(qiao)演(yan)(yan)員則始終都得用(yong)(yong)二指著地(di)。戲(xi)演(yan)(yan)完(wan)后(hou)方可解蹺(qiao)(qiao)休息。更難的是(shi),不僅要(yao)求模仿三(san)寸金蓮的步子(zi)和形態,還有(you)特為(wei)扎(zha)蹺(qiao)(qiao)設計的高(gao)難動作(zuo),如(ru):踩(cai)(cai)(cai)蹺(qiao)(qiao)走凳、踩(cai)(cai)(cai)蹺(qiao)(qiao)過(guo)桌、踩(cai)(cai)(cai)蹺(qiao)(qiao)踢石子(zi)等,沿低上高(gao),蹦(beng)跳不止,方能顯(xian)出演(yan)(yan)員的踩(cai)(cai)(cai)蹺(qiao)(qiao)技(ji)巧來。清乾隆時,秦(qin)腔(qiang)旦角(jiao)魏長(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)北京演(yan)(yan)出后(hou),“名動京師”,踩(cai)(cai)(cai)蹺(qiao)(qiao)之(zhi)技(ji)從此推廣到全(quan)國各兄弟劇種。魏長(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)后(hou),踩(cai)(cai)(cai)蹺(qiao)(qiao)著名者有(you)朱怡堂。

7.牙技

秦(qin)腔(qiang)、同州(zhou)梆子、西(xi)(xi)府(fu)秦(qin)腔(qiang)、漢調桄(guang)桄(guang)和漢調二簧等劇種中(zhong)毛(mao)凈所用(yong)的(de)一種特(te)技(ji)。牙(ya)技(ji)分為(wei)“咬(yao)牙(ya)”和“耍牙(ya)”兩種。咬(yao)牙(ya):也(ye)叫(jiao)磨牙(ya),毛(mao)凈常用(yong)此技(ji)。演(yan)員(yuan)用(yong)上、下牙(ya)齒咬(yao)緊磨動,發出咯吱(zhi)吱(zhi)的(de)聲音(yin),表示咬(yao)牙(ya)切(qie)齒的(de)恨。這一技(ji)巧主(zhu)要在(zai)于控制(zhi),咬(yao)響并不難,難點在(zai)于聲音(yin)要響并要傳得遠(yuan),還不能有(you)疹人的(de)噪音(yin)。秦(qin)腔(qiang)名演(yan)員(yuan)彥(yan)娃、劉(liu)金錄、范仲魁、華啟民、陳西(xi)(xi)秦(qin)、周輔國(guo)等在(zai)《反長沙》、《虎(hu)頭(tou)橋(qiao)》、《祭(ji)燈》、《淤泥(ni)河(he)》、《八義(yi)圖》等劇中(zhong),扮演(yan)魏延(yan)、蓋蘇文、屠岸賈(jia)等,均用(yong)此技(ji)。

耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya):即將牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)含在口中使(shi)其活動。所耍(shua)的牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)有兩(liang)種。一是將兩(liang)顆較長(chang)的豬(zhu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)洗凈(jing),空根郭灌鉛(qian),外(wai)部(bu)刻細槽,扎(zha)上(shang)(shang)細絲(si)線,使(shi)兩(liang)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相(xiang)連,演出時(shi)含于(yu)口中,以舌操(cao)縱;一種是用牛(niu)骨磨制而(er)成的。從(cong)前漢(han)調(diao)桄恍演員用這種牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。耍(shua)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)有六種七個樣式。(一)陰(yin)陽齒。即左邊牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)尖朝上(shang)(shang)彎,右(you)邊牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)尖朝下(xia)(xia)彎,或相(xiang)反;(二)獠牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。即兩(liang)顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒同(tong)時(shi)向上(shang)(shang),并微向外(wai)撇,呈(cheng)(cheng)倒八字(zi)形(xing);(三)鼻孔齒。即兩(liang)顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒同(tong)時(shi)向上(shang)(shang),將牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)尖仲進兩(liang)個鼻孔內,根部(bu)微撇,呈(cheng)(cheng)正八字(zi)形(xing);(四)一字(zi)齒。即兩(liang)顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒分別(bie)從(cong)嘴兩(liang)邊出,伸(shen)向兩(liang)邊腮部(bu),同(tong)嘴唇呈(cheng)(cheng)一字(zi)形(xing)。(五)巨齒:即巨靈神的齒形(xing),兩(liang)顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒從(cong)嘴角兩(liang)側向下(xia)(xia)斜仲,在下(xia)(xia)巴兩(liang)側呈(cheng)(cheng)倒八字(zi)形(xing);(六)疵牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。即兩(liang)顆牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒由(you)口中向下(xia)(xia)伸(shen)直,呈(cheng)(cheng)“ll”形(xing)狀(zhuang)。西府(fu)秦腔藝人(ren)謝德奎、溫(wen)良民、趙文(wen)國(guo)、焦定(ding)國(guo)等常用此(ci)技。主要用于(yu)番王、判官、鬼怪—類腳色。漢(han)調(diao)二簧(huang)藝人(ren)劉嗚祥(xiang),漢(han)調(diao)桄桄名凈(jing)馬忠福(fu)、張同(tong)福(fu)、華天堂,西安(an)亂彈的王化民,后起之秀雷藝強(qiang),富(fu)平阿宮腔的柏福(fu)榮等均(jun)擅長(chang)此(ci)技。

用(yong)(yong)2-4顆洗凈(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長豬(zhu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)空其(qi)根(gen)部(bu)灌鉛,繞根(gen)部(bu)外圍刻一(yi)道細渠,用(yong)(yong)約二寸長的(de)(de)(de)(de)線分頭扎在(zai)渠里(li),銜在(zai)嘴內(nei)(nei)用(yong)(yong)舌操作。表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)時(shi),嘴唇、牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒配合舌尖頂來拉去(qu),使其(qi)吐(tu)出各種形態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”技巧。唱(chang)(chang)念(nian)時(shi),用(yong)(yong)舌將牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頂到唇內(nei)(nei)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)外兩邊即可,功夫深的(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)員(yuan)經常牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不離口,并唱(chang)(chang)念(nian)清晰。此(ci)表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)技巧難度特大,具有(you)和(he)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)欣賞價值!秦腔(qiang)有(you)史以(yi)來能活(huo)泛用(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)技巧的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)屬鳳毛麟角。(上(shang)個世紀(ji))四十(shi)年(nian)代劉(liu)鳳鳴老藝人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)堪(kan)稱一(yi)絕。五十(shi)年(nian)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)王華民也有(you)此(ci)技巧。后起者(zhe)雷(lei)藝強“耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)自如,并能準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)配合人(ren)(ren)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)性格和(he)情(qing)感。富平“阿宮腔(qiang)”凈(jing)角演(yan)員(yuan)柏福榮尚能“耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”,六十(shi)年(nian)代他表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《活(huo)捉王魁》一(yi)戲中的(de)(de)(de)(de)判官(guan),把“吐(tu)火”巧改“耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”,頗有(you)聲譽!此(ci)后再無有(you)演(yan)員(yuan)掌握“耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)"技巧真是(shi)秦腔(qiang)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺憾! “耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”技巧,在(zai)秦腔(qiang)傳統戲中一(yi)般表(biao)(biao)(biao)現相貌兇(xiong)惡的(de)(de)(de)(de)角色(se)。周倉(cang)、判官(guan)、王白(bai)超、龍須虎、鄧(deng)忠(zhong)等都用(yong)(yong)耍牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)。不管(guan)陽(yang)世三間,陰曹地府,還(huan)是(shi)天際(ji)神界(jie),皆(jie)有(you)用(yong)(yong)之。其(qi)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)作為《淤(yu)泥(ni)河》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓋蘇文(wen)。

8.尸吊

亦稱“大上(shang)吊(diao)(diao)(diao)”[劉(liu)全進瓜(gua)],秦腔、同州梆子(zi)、西(xi)府秦腔、漢調桄桄、漢調二簧、眉戶等劇種均(jun)有此特技。演(yan)出前(qian),先將一根(gen)長吊(diao)(diao)(diao)桿(gan),平綁(bang)于入場口(kou)(kou)的柱子(zi)上(shang),桿(gan)的一端在(zai)(zai)臺(tai)口(kou)(kou),另(ling)一端藏于臺(tai)內(nei)側。劇中人(ren)上(shang)吊(diao)(diao)(diao)時(shi),站(zhan)椅上(shang),將白綾吊(diao)(diao)(diao)圈(quan)綁(bang)于桿(gan)頭(tou)(tou),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)將吊(diao)(diao)(diao)圈(quan)套在(zai)(zai)脖(bo)子(zi),蹬倒椅子(zi)。這時(shi)臺(tai)內(nei)即將吊(diao)(diao)(diao)桿(gan)一端壓下,右移,使桿(gan)頭(tou)(tou)上(shang)翹并伸出臺(tai)口(kou)(kou),使上(shang)吊(diao)(diao)(diao)者高高吊(diao)(diao)(diao)于臺(tai)前(qian)。演(yan)員(yuan)在(zai)(zai)化妝(zhuang)時(shi),腰里扎(zha)一橢(tuo)圓形鐵(tie)裹肚,上(shang)端有兩個鐵(tie)鉤,由胸部直(zhi)通脖(bo)頸。上(shang)吊(diao)(diao)(diao)時(shi),往脖(bo)子(zi)上(shang)套的吊(diao)(diao)(diao)圈(quan)一定要套在(zai)(zai)鐵(tie)鉤上(shang),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)將一水(shui)(shui)袖繞脖(bo)搭肩(jian),以作掩飾(shi),另(ling)一水(shui)(shui)袖下垂,呈現出活人(ren)被吊(diao)(diao)(diao)死的景象。至(zhi)今已不用此技。

三.常見曲目

秦腔(qiang)所演的(de)(de)劇目有神(shen)話、民間故事和(he)各種公案戲(xi)。它的(de)(de)傳統劇目豐富,已抄存的(de)(de)共(gong)2748本。

備受(shou)觀眾喜愛(ai)的曲目有《春秋筆(bi)》、《八義圖(tu)》、《紫霞宮(gong)》、《和(he)氏璧》、《惠鳳扇》、《玉(yu)虎墜》、《麟(lin)骨床》、《鴛鴦被》、《射九(jiu)陽》、《哭長城》、《伐(fa)董卓》、《白蛇(she)傳(chuan)》、《梵王(wang)宮(gong)》、《法門寺》、《鐵公雞》等(deng)(deng)。新中國(guo)建立后還創作了《黃花崗》、《漢宮(gong)案》、《屈原》等(deng)(deng)膾炙人口(kou)的佳(jia)作。

膾炙人口(kou)的曲目有《三滴血》、《周仁回府》、《十五(wu)貫》、《火(huo)焰駒》、《大登殿》等。


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