滕(teng)(teng)國(guo)故城位(wei)于山東(dong)省滕(teng)(teng)州(zhou)市西南七公里滕(teng)(teng)城村一帶(dai),荊河(he)之(zhi)陽(yang),如(ru)今城墻依(yi)稀可見,子城周長約(yue)2公里,1977年被列為山東(dong)省重點文物保護單位(wei)。
黃(huang)帝(約(yue)前26世紀)黃(huang)帝之子(zi)(zi)二(er)十(shi)五(wu)宗(zong),其(qi)得姓(xing)者(zhe)十(shi)四人,為十(shi)二(er)姓(xing),其(qi)中第十(shi)子(zi)(zi)封滕,稱“黃(huang)帝之滕”。“滕”者(zhe),取水騰涌為名。
滕(teng)(teng)國的滕(teng)(teng)字(zi)(zi),原為(wei)(wei)(wei)“塍”字(zi)(zi)。鄭玄云(yun):“古人(ren)在書(shu)寫時,由于(yu)‘倉卒無其字(zi)(zi),或以音(yin)(yin)類(lei)比方假借(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)之,趨于(yu)近之而(er)巳’”。“滕(teng)(teng)”就此情下,為(wei)(wei)(wei)古人(ren)使用(yong)的一個同音(yin)(yin)的假借(jie)字(zi)(zi)。假的時間長了人(ren)們便以錯(cuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)。
公(gong)元前1027年(nian),武王克(ke)商封其十四弟叔(shu)(shu)繡于滕(teng),爵為候。是(shi)(shi)為姬姓滕(teng)國的(de)開始。叔(shu)(shu)繡及其子孫是(shi)(shi)周(zhou)王朝派來(lai)東方監視(shi)東夷各國的(de)親(qin)信,滕(teng)國當初與(yu)魯、衛、晉、鄭地位(wei)齊名(ming)。滕(teng)國傳(chuan)三十一世,歷時七百余(yu)年(nian),于周(zhou)赧王二十九(公(gong)元前286年(nian))被宋(song)國所滅(一說(shuo)越滅滕(teng),一說(shuo)齊滅滕(teng))。
戰國(guo)時期,滕(teng)(teng)國(guo)國(guo)君(jun)滕(teng)(teng)文公以方圓五十(shi)里的(de)小國(guo),在八(ba)百諸侯并立(li),七(qi)雄稱霸的(de)境(jing)況下,不但沒被大(da)國(guo)吞(tun)并反而(er)被譽為“善(shan)國(guo)”,“卓然于泗上十(shi)二諸侯之上”,這不能不說是一歷史(shi)奇(qi)跡。
滕(teng)文公(gong)在做世子時途經宋國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)都彭城,兩(liang)次問(wen)政于孟(meng)子。孟(meng)子說:“今滕(teng)絕長補短(duan),將五十里也(ye)猶(you)可(ke)以(yi)為善國(guo)(guo)也(ye)”。其父滕(teng)定公(gong)卒后,派然友去(qu)鄒,向孟(meng)子請治喪之(zhi)禮(li)。孟(meng)子教以(yi)行“三年之(zhi)喪”。因喪禮(li)久廢(fei),群臣反對。又派然友去(qu)鄒。孟(meng)子說:“然不可(ke)以(yi)他求也(ye)”。于是文公(gong)行“三年之(zhi)喪”,居(ju)廬盡(jin)哀,因此孝名在諸(zhu)侯中傳揚。
滕(teng)文(wen)公(gong)繼(ji)位后,請孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)于上宮開課講學。文(wen)公(gong)問孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi):“滕(teng),小國也;間(jian)于齊(qi)楚間(jian),事(shi)(shi)齊(qi)乎?事(shi)(shi)楚乎?”孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)說:“滕(teng),小國也;竭(jie)力以(yi)事(shi)(shi)大國,則不(bu)(bu)得免焉。”主張不(bu)(bu)依靠某一(yi)大國,只要施行(xing)仁政,就能(neng)富強不(bu)(bu)敗。于是文(wen)公(gong)“法先(xian)王”、“行(xing)仁政”、“施善(shan)教”,不(bu)(bu)久滕(teng)國名(ming)聲大?。遠(yuan)近頌(song)文(wen)公(gong)為(wei)“賢君(jun)”。
楚國(guo)的許行研究神農學說,是先秦諸子(zi)中(zhong)農家較(jiao)有影響的人物。他慕名率徒(tu)十人來(lai)到滕國(guo)定居。宋國(guo)的陳(chen)相之徒(tu)陳(chen)良,與其弟辛,背著耒耜(si)來(lai)滕國(guo)安家落戶。
滕國故(gu)城位于山東(dong)省滕州市西(xi)南,距市區約5公里(li)的荊河北岸,處于今姜屯鎮南部,東(dong)與洪(hong)緒鎮隔河相望(wang)。
據史料記載(zai),“滕城周二十里,內有(you)子城”。現(xian)故城城垣(yuan)依稀可見(jian)。
“外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”略呈方(fang)形,車(che)西(xi)橫陳。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)墻(qiang)南部,有(you)一(yi)段塹壕,俗稱(cheng)“西(xi)海子(zi)”為昔(xi)(xi)日的護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河,外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內東南兩端(duan)可有(you)洼沼一(yi)片,積水成澤(ze),昔(xi)(xi)日植滿(man)蓮藕,有(you)“兩池荷花,一(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)芙(fu)蓉”之(zhi)稱(cheng)。
依據(ju)考古調查發現(xian),外城一周實際長度(du)4.5千米。
北(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)以(yi)(yi)東(dong)西(xi)小(xiao)荊河(he)為(wei)(wei)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he),且為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址北(bei)(bei)界;東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)近(jin)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)走向(xiang)(xiang)的荊河(he)故道西(xi)側,原以(yi)(yi)西(xi)河(he)堤為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji),此段河(he)即(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)界;東(dong)南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)即(ji)(ji)在故河(he)道向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)拐(guai)(guai)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)處,內彎(wan)河(he)堤上(shang)原有(you)上(shang)宮觀(guan)舊址;南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)一少(shao)部(bu)分東(dong)段即(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)河(he)堤為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji),南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)大部(bu)分至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)依然略有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)殘(can)余跡象,似(si)有(you)一道土壟(long),壟(long)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內為(wei)(wei)高,向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)低,原是河(he)灘處;南(nan)(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)延伸至(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)滕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村(cun)南(nan)(nan),即(ji)(ji)直(zhi)線向(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)(bei)拐(guai)(guai),形成西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)以(yi)(yi)外低洼處原是“西(xi)海子”;西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)外原有(you)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)一道很深(shen)的凹(ao)溝,這就(jiu)是西(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he);西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)并不過(guo)河(he),在村(cun)北(bei)(bei)與小(xiao)荊河(he)的南(nan)(nan)岸堤交(jiao)會,形成西(xi)北(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao);墻(qiang)(qiang)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)以(yi)(yi)東(dong)的北(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)即(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)河(he)堤為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)。
滕城(cheng)(cheng)外城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),東墻(qiang)大部分城(cheng)(cheng)基依(yi)然存在(zai),東北城(cheng)(cheng)角(jiao)依(yi)然明顯。其它部分多已消失。
舊(jiu)《滕(teng)縣志(zhi)(zhi)》所載(zai)“滕(teng)城(cheng)(cheng),周(zhou)二十里。”可(ke)能是(shi)一個虛(xu)數(shu)。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)曾經的(de)(de)若干次考古勘探,并沒有發現(xian)向北2千米(mi)許(xu)包(bao)括莊(zhuang)里村西(xi)滕(teng)國貴(gui)族(zu)墓地“壅城(cheng)(cheng)”的(de)(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)墻”所存在(zai),所以志(zhi)(zhi)載(zai)滕(teng)城(cheng)(cheng)外城(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)二十里,是(shi)根(gen)(gen)本就不存在(zai)的(de)(de)。
內城(cheng)(cheng)即是“子(zi)(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)”,在外城(cheng)(cheng)中央,略呈方形(xing),據說原(yuan)周長10余(yu)華里。近百年來當地居民在原(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)基上(shang)(shang)圍(wei)土筑寨,尤其是清末為避(bi)幅(fu)軍(jun),以抵御兵禍水(shui)患(huan),而在內城(cheng)(cheng)墻原(yuan)來的城(cheng)(cheng)基上(shang)(shang)修筑的土圩子(zi)(zi)。土圩子(zi)(zi)并未改變原(yuan)來內城(cheng)(cheng)的位置。經過測定,內城(cheng)(cheng)一周實際(ji)長度(du)幾(ji)近3千米,與相傳“10余(yu)華里”的數據出入(ru)不少。
現“子城(cheng)”高出地面(mian)3-4米,城(cheng)墻(qiang)頂上植滿槐樹,綠葉成蔭,花香(xiang)四溢。城(cheng)內(nei)有滕城(cheng)村(cun),村(cun)四周是(shi)一片蔥綠的果園和農(nong)田,煥發著勃(bo)勃(bo)生機。
內城(cheng)東北隅(yu)附(fu)近有(you)一高臺(tai),為(wei)(wei)(wei)“文(wen)公臺(tai)”,亦(yi)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)”,臺(tai)下有(you)一池,傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“靈(ling)(ling)池”。《孟子(zi)·梁惠王(wang)(wang)上》記載:“文(wen)王(wang)(wang)以民(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)臺(tai),為(wei)(wei)(wei)沼(zhao),而民(min)歡樂(le)(le)之,謂(wei)(wei)其臺(tai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai),謂(wei)(wei)其沼(zhao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)(ling)沼(zhao)”。滕文(wen)公效法文(wen)王(wang)(wang)筑(zhu)靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai),掘靈(ling)(ling)沼(zhao),取與民(min)歡樂(le)(le)之意。
明萬(wan)歷年(nian)間,臺上修筑了真武廟(miao),該廟(miao)左掖門(men)兩側(ce)有清代朱(zhu)榜(bang)秀(xiu)才魏積(ji)查(cha)磚(zhuan)刻楹(ying)聯(lian):“古跡近(jin)荊流,曾向(xiang)高(gao)臺懷(huai)世子;遺(yi)封原(yuan)叔(shu)繡,莫將飛閣誤滕(teng)王”為(wei)證。高(gao)臺東側(ce)古建有“文昌(chang)閣”、“呂祖(zu)閣”、“功德(de)祠(ci)”、“休息祠(ci)”等。所(suo)以“文公(gong)臺”,鄉人舊稱其(qi)為(wei)“滕(teng)城廟(miao)”。
另有一功德石,刻(ke)有一段神奇動(dong)人的故事(shi)。臺面有一巨(ju)石,上刻(ke)李(li)白手書“壯觀”二字;
臺前有兩株古(gu)槐,蒼勁古(gu)樸,左右(you)對峙,枝繁葉(xie)茂(mao)。傳為(wei)唐貞觀年(nian)間所植,距今1000多年(nian),當地百姓尊(zun)為(wei)“神樹(shu)”。
上宮館遺(yi)址位(wei)于河邊外(wai)城的東南(nan)隅的河岸上,是儒家大師孟子來古滕國拜訪滕文(wen)公所(suo)歇居于古滕國內(nei)的高級(ji)賓館。
1958年8月,毛(mao)(mao)澤(ze)東從河南到山東視察,專列(lie)在(zai)兗州(zhou)稍停。 詢問時(shi)任濟寧地(di)委副書(shu)記兼(jian)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)縣(xian)縣(xian)委第一書(shu)記的(de)王(wang)吉德(de),“滕(teng)(teng)(teng)小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)哪里?孟(meng)子(zi)在(zai)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)的(de)古跡還有(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)?”“滕(teng)(teng)(teng)文(wen)公請(qing)孟(meng)子(zi)來(lai)講學(xue),孟(meng)子(zi)館于上(shang)(shang)(shang)宮嘛。上(shang)(shang)(shang)宮還有(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)?”把毛(mao)(mao)澤(ze)東戲(xi)稱為“滕(teng)(teng)(teng)小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)王(wang)”的(de)王(wang)吉德(de)難為了一下,沒有(you)(you)答出來(lai)。偉人所提及(ji)到的(de)”孟(meng)子(zi)館于上(shang)(shang)(shang)宮”的(de)就是在(zai)外城東南角的(de)“上(shang)(shang)(shang)宮館”。
1992年滕(teng)州市人(ren)民政府(fu)對文(wen)(wen)公(gong)臺進(jin)行(xing)了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)修,臺上殿宇回廊(lang),雕梁(liang)畫(hua)棟,青磚碧瓦,殿堂聳立,重(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)昔日輝(hui)煌。殿內陳(chen)列著(zhu)“文(wen)(wen)公(gong)問政”的(de)(de)蠟像,文(wen)(wen)公(gong)求孟(meng)子治國方(fang)略,及然(ran)友、畢戰(zhan)等人(ren)物(wu)活(huo)靈活(huo)現(xian),栩栩如生。臺東側新建的(de)(de)碑林,陳(chen)列著(zhu)歷(li)年來征集的(de)(de)碑碣、墓志(zhi)、唐(tang)王室詮造像碑,唐(tang)興國寺(si)碑,唐(tang)梁(liang)山耶娘碑,金太(tai)平院(yuan)碑,金大(da)定碑,宋太(tai)祖趙匡胤圣諭碑,元(yuan)大(da)清碑及華(hua)士奎(kui)等人(ren)的(de)(de)書(shu)法藝術石刻等,供游人(ren)瀏(liu)覽觀(guan)賞(shang)。
主要(yao)的景(jing)觀有:文公(gong)樓、善國碑(bei)林、周靈沼、唐古槐、壯觀石、古磚刻楹聯、呂祖(zu)閣(ge)、上(shang)公(gong)館雍城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)等。較具代表性的景(jing)觀有文公(gong)樓、唐古槐、善國碑(bei)林。
文(wen)(wen)(wen)公樓:建于(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公臺之(zhi)上,座(zuo)北朝南。一(yi)樓正廳內塑有滕(teng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公、孟子等滕(teng)國歷(li)史人物彩塑蠟像,塑像生動(dong)再(zai)現了《孟子*滕(teng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公章(zhang)句(ju)》中所載的滕(teng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公問政于(yu)孟子,群(qun)臣聆(ling)聽(ting)史官筆錄的生動(dong)場景。二樓“滕(teng)國史跡展”以珍貴的文(wen)(wen)(wen)物、圖片、史料和書畫展現滕(teng)國三千(qian)年的燦(can)爛歷(li)史。
唐古(gu)槐(huai)(huai):文(wen)公臺前,兩(liang)株古(gu)槐(huai)(huai)東西對(dui)峙,突(tu)兀參天(tian)(tian),高約(yue)10米,周粗約(yue)3米。冬日虬龍當(dang)空舞,春來新綠遮碧天(tian)(tian),蒼勁古(gu)樸(pu),古(gu)韻盎(ang)然。此槐(huai)(huai)為(wei)唐貞觀年(nian)間僧(seng)人所(suo)植,距(ju)今已(yi)有一千三百(bai)余年(nian)的歷(li)史,被(bei)當(dang)地人稱為(wei)“神樹”。
善國碑林:位于文公臺上,文公樓東側(ce)。匯集了從漢(han)至(zhi)今數十(shi)塊(kuai)碑碣(jie),其中有(you)漢(han)畫像石(shi)、唐造(zao)像碑、宋太祖圣諭碑和蘇東坡(po)的《西園詩碑》等(deng)。既具有(you)很(hen)高的史(shi)料價值又具書畫鑒賞(shang)價值。