一.產品介紹
撫(fu)(fu)州西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)與(yu)河南開封瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、安徽鳳陽瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、浙江平湖瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)齊名(ming)(ming),撫(fu)(fu)州西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)主產區(qu)為臨川區(qu)11個(ge)鄉鎮151個(ge)村(cun)委會(hui)。1996年(nian),農業部授予臨川區(qu)全國(guo)4個(ge)“西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)鄉”之(zhi)一的(de)榮譽稱號。宋代就有“冷似霜雪甘如(ru)蜜,一次(ci)加口(kou)沉疴痊”這樣的(de)詩句來贊(zan)美(mei)撫(fu)(fu)州西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)。50、60年(nian)代的(de)幾次(ci)中央廬山會(hui)議(yi),撫(fu)(fu)州西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)曾是席間珍(zhen)品,周(zhou)恩來總(zong)理贊(zan)美(mei)說:“撫(fu)(fu)州西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)有兩(liang)大(da)特點:解暑,不(bu)壞肚子。”在1997年(nian)江西(xi)(xi)(xi)省西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),甜瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)鑒定會(hui)上,臨川無籽(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)囊括了前三名(ming)(ming),有籽(zi)雜優西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)也連奪(duo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)冠、亞(ya)軍,西(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)銷售市場遍(bian)布大(da)江南北。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和人文歷(li)史(shi)因素
臨川(chuan)屬(shu)東亞(ya)熱帶(dai)季風型氣候(hou)區,四季分(fen)明,雨量(liang)充(chong)沛(pei),光照充(chong)足,氣候(hou)溫和(he),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫7.8℃,最熱月(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫為(wei)(wei)9.8℃,最冷月(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫為(wei)(wei)5.7℃;年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水量(liang)為(wei)(wei)698毫米4—6月(yue)為(wei)(wei)降(jiang)雨相對(dui)集中期,占全年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)雨量(liang)的67%左右,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)無霜(shuang)期75天,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)相對(dui)濕度8%。以(yi)河(he)(he)灘(tan)沖(chong)積平(ping)(ping)原和(he)紅壤低丘崗(gang)地為(wei)(wei)主,土壤類(lei)型為(wei)(wei)沙壤、紅壤。土壤晝夜溫差較(jiao)大(da),pH在6.0—7.5,且澇能(neng)排旱能(neng)灌(guan)。境內有撫河(he)(he)、東鄉河(he)(he)、宜(yi)黃河(he)(he)、崇仁河(he)(he)、夢江(jiang)河(he)(he),其間(jian)水庫、池(chi)塘星羅(luo)棋布,地下水蓄量(liang)充(chong)沛(pei),水資源(yuan)豐富,形成了適合撫州西瓜生長的獨特自然生態環境。
三.地域范圍
撫(fu)州臨(lin)川地(di)處江西東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)、撫(fu)河(he)中游(you),東(dong)(dong)(dong)與金溪、東(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)毗鄰;西倚崇仁、豐(feng)城(cheng);南瀕南城(cheng)、宜(yi)黃;北與進賢接壤。撫(fu)州西瓜地(di)域保(bao)(bao)護(hu)范圍包(bao)括臨(lin)川區湖南鄉(xiang)、七里崗鄉(xiang)、太(tai)陽鎮(zhen)(zhen)、云山鎮(zhen)(zhen)、唱凱鎮(zhen)(zhen)、羅針鎮(zhen)(zhen)、羅湖鎮(zhen)(zhen)、孝橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)、撫(fu)北鎮(zhen)(zhen)、展坪鄉(xiang)、上頓渡鎮(zhen)(zhen)等11個鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen)(zhen));保(bao)(bao)護(hu)范圍為東(dong)(dong)(dong)經116°12′31″—116°29′46″,北緯27°52′17″—28°14′52″之間,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)面(mian)積2000公頃,年產(chan)量為9萬噸。
四(si).產品品質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征
1、外在(zai)感官特征:撫州(zhou)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)長圓形,個大,一般(ban)單(dan)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)重(zhong)15-20公斤(jin),瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)皮大多為淡綠(lv)色(少(shao)數(shu)為深綠(lv)或墨綠(lv)),有縱條紋;瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)皮與瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)肉交界(jie)處(chu)有金黃色暈圈,瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)瓤黃色,汁多、脆、沙、爽(shuang)口、纖維少(shao)、味(wei)淡微(wei)甜,具特有清香味(wei);瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)皮厚2厘米左右,耐貯藏,可為菜(cai),味(wei)脆微(wei)甜。
2、內在品質指標:撫州西瓜含可溶性固(gu)形物9.90%—15.50%,總酸(suan)(以檸(ning)檬酸(suan)計)0.10%—0.20%,固(gu)酸(suan)比75.50—80.00,維生(sheng)素C 12.0mg/100g—14.5mg/100g,粗纖維0.20%—0.30%,鎂6.20mg/100g—7.20mg/100g,鈉9.05mg/100g—10.00mg/100g,鎂6.20mg/100g—7.20mg/100g,鈉9.05mg/100g—10.00mg/100g,鈣7.50mg/100g—8.00mg/100g,葡萄糖(tang)2.00%—2.20%,果(guo)糖(tang)3.50%—4.00%,蔗糖(tang)1.50%—2.00%。
五.特定生產方式
1、產(chan)地要求:種植撫州西(xi)瓜應選(xuan)擇地勢高、排灌(guan)方便(bian)、土(tu)壤(rang)耕(geng)層(ceng)深厚、土(tu)質(zhi)疏松肥沃、通透性良好的沙質(zhi)壤(rang)土(tu),忌用花生、豆類和(he)西(xi)瓜作西(xi)瓜的前茬。采用非嫁接栽培時(shi),旱(han)地需(xu)輪作5年—6年,水田需(xu)輪作3年—4年方可再種西(xi)瓜。
2、品種(zhong)選擇:采用當地品質(zhi)好的撫(fu)州西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)留種(zhong)到第(di)二年(nian)使(shi)用。撫(fu)州西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)為自交(jiao)授(shou)粉品種(zhong),選種(zhong)時(shi)應(ying)選取具有撫(fu)州西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)典型性狀的單瓜(gua)(gua)留種(zhong),采用嫁接栽培(pei)時(shi)選用葫瓜(gua)(gua)品種(zhong)、南瓜(gua)(gua)品種(zhong)做砧木。
3、生產管理:為保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)撫(fu)州(zhou)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的品質特色,田間管理尤(you)其要加(jia)強(qiang)以(yi)下(xia)環節的生產技(ji)術控制(zhi): ①育(yu)苗:3月下(xia)旬(xun)將種子浸(jin)6小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou),用(yong)河沙保(bao)(bao)濕在(zai)(zai)28℃-30℃恒溫(wen)條件中(zhong)發芽,種子露(lu)白(bai)(bai)后(hou)播入營養缽內,在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)護地用(yong)薄膜覆(fu)蓋培育(yu),到4月下(xia)旬(xun),瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)苗長(chang)到2葉1心時(shi)(shi)移苗定植。 ②作垅(long)(long)(long)蓋膜:采(cai)(cai)取先(xian)作畦(qi)(qi)開溝,畦(qi)(qi)寬(kuan)4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),畦(qi)(qi)中(zhong)起垅(long)(long)(long),垅(long)(long)(long)寬(kuan)60厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),呈(cheng)龜(gui)背形(xing),垅(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)施(shi)足基肥,垅(long)(long)(long)上(shang)緊蓋薄膜。瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)苗育(yu)好后(hou),掀開薄膜,按60厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)—80厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)距離(li)定植,再覆(fu)蓋好地膜,劃孔(kong)使苗露(lu)出(chu)膜面(mian),有利保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)、保(bao)(bao)肥、保(bao)(bao)潮、保(bao)(bao)持土壤疏松與防止(zhi)暴(bao)雨(yu)打(da)壞瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)苗,控制(zhi)雜草生長(chang)。 ③整蔓授粉:瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)蔓長(chang)到30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)時(shi)(shi),每(mei)株留主(zhu)蔓與兩個(ge)側蔓,隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)摘去多余分枝,并(bing)固(gu)定瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)蔓走(zou)向,使蔓葉均勻分布畦(qi)(qi)面(mian),充(chong)分利用(yong)陽光,在(zai)(zai)第一朵雌花開放以(yi)后(hou),進行人工授粉,使其坐(zuo)果(guo)長(chang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)。 ④避(bi)害(hai)(hai)栽(zai)培:采(cai)(cai)用(yong)小(xiao)拱(gong)棚地膜雙覆(fu)蓋栽(zai)培,可(ke)以(yi)較(jiao)好地解決撫(fu)州(zhou)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)生長(chang)前期(qi)低溫(wen)、后(hou)期(qi)陰雨(yu)以(yi)及(ji)暴(bao)雨(yu)高(gao)溫(wen)對西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)生長(chang)的不利影響,降低病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)危害(hai)(hai)。 ⑤病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)防治:撫(fu)州(zhou)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)最嚴(yan)重的病(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)是(shi)枯萎病(bing)(bing)、炭疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)和病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing),其次(ci)為白(bai)(bai)粉病(bing)(bing)、猝倒病(bing)(bing)。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)主(zhu)要集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)苗期(qi),有地老虎、黃守瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、種蠅、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等。對病(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)著重從栽(zai)培技(ji)術上(shang)加(jia)以(yi)預防,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)輪(lun)作換(huan)茬(cha)、深溝高(gao)畦(qi)(qi)防漬、配施(shi)磷鉀肥料、定期(qi)噴(pen)施(shi)農藥、鋪草墊(dian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)等。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)防治嚴(yan)格(ge)執行GB4285《農藥安全使用(yong)標準(zhun)》和GB/T8321《農藥合理使用(yong)準(zhun)則》規(gui)定。 ⑥采(cai)(cai)收:每(mei)年7月底8月初隨(sui)市場情況分別采(cai)(cai)收。采(cai)(cai)收時(shi)(shi)要輕(qing)收輕(qing)放、不碰傷、不碰裂,按大小(xiao)分級裝箱(袋)上(shang)市或收藏。
4、生產記(ji)錄要求(qiu):生產全(quan)過(guo)程都要建立完善的(de)生產、銷售(shou)記(ji)錄檔(dang)案,檔(dang)案必須準(zhun)確(que)、清晰、工整、齊全(quan),能追(zhui)溯實(shi)際(ji)生產的(de)全(quan)過(guo)程,并妥善保存3年以上,以備查閱(yue)。