【軍艦分類】艦艇分類 護(hu)衛(wei)艦和(he)驅(qu)逐(zhu)艦的區(qu)別 驅(qu)逐(zhu)艦和(he)巡洋(yang)艦的區(qu)別
艦艇的種類及用途詳解:
前世界主流戰艦(jian)可分(fen)成艦(jian)與(yu)艇:排水(shui)量大于(yu)500噸以上的(de)(de)基本上叫(jiao)(jiao)做艦(jian)、低(di)于(yu)500噸的(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)艇。
艇分成輕重(zhong)兩種:250噸-500噸的叫做(zuo)重(zhong)型快(kuai)艇。低(di)于250的叫做(zuo)輕型快(kuai)艇。
目前軍艦可分為:
輕型護衛艦(jian):排(pai)水量(liang)小(xiao)于(yu)2000噸。通常(chang)具備點防空、反(fan)艦(jian)能力(li),有(you)的還加裝了直升機,但極少有(you)直升機機庫。
護(hu)衛(wei)艦:排水量小于4500噸。通(tong)常(chang)具備面防空、反艦、反潛(qian)能力(li)。基本(ben)上都有直升機機庫。
驅逐艦(jian):排水(shui)量小于(yu)8000噸。通常具備較弱(ruo)的區域防空、反(fan)艦(jian)、反(fan)潛(qian)能力。通常有雙機庫(ku)。
巡洋艦(jian):排水量大于8000噸。通常(chang)具備較強的區域防空能力、反艦(jian)、反潛。有雙機庫。
戰(zhan)列艦:消失的軍種,但部分美國人(ren)認為基洛夫級別屬于戰(zhan)列巡(xun)洋艦。
1、航空母艦
航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)一種以艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載機作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要攻(gong)擊武器的(de)(de)(de)戰斗艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)艇(ting)。當前,世界上(shang)共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)10個國(guo)家擁(yong)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)、中(zhong)、小(xiao)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)近30艘。美國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)要發展(zhan)(zhan)大(da)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),是(shi)擁(yong)有(you)(you)(you)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家,占世界航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)一半。俄羅斯擁(yong)有(you)(you)(you)可(ke)搭載常規(gui)起降固(gu)定翼飛機的(de)(de)(de)6萬(wan)(wan)噸級重型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)“庫茲涅佐(zuo)夫”級。法(fa)國(guo)擁(yong)有(you)(you)(you)4萬(wan)(wan)噸核動力(li)(li)(li)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。當今(jin)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水量一般在10000~75000噸,大(da)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)達(da)100000噸,主(zhu)(zhu)機功(gong)率一般為(wei)(wei)28萬(wan)(wan)~30萬(wan)(wan)馬力(li)(li)(li),常規(gui)動力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)續航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)力(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)8000~14000海(hai)里(li),核動力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)續航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)力(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)4萬(wan)(wan)~70萬(wan)(wan)海(hai)里(li),能抗(kang)12級臺風,在5~6級海(hai)況下(xia)(xia)可(ke)順利起落飛機作(zuo)戰,基本具有(you)(you)(you)全天候(hou)適航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)能力(li)(li)(li),每晝夜可(ke)機動600海(hai)里(li),大(da)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載機70~120架。但它目標大(da),造價高。航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)動向(xiang)(xiang),目前除(chu)了發展(zhan)(zhan)大(da)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)外,有(you)(you)(you)些國(guo)家十分注(zhu)重發展(zhan)(zhan)輕(qing)(qing)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。特別是(shi)直(zhi)升機和垂(chui)直(zhi)/短(duan)距起降飛機的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan),為(wei)(wei)研制輕(qing)(qing)型(xing)、多(duo)用途(tu)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)提供(gong)了有(you)(you)(you)利的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。在動力(li)(li)(li)方面,大(da)型(xing)和中(zhong)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)趨向(xiang)(xiang)采用核動力(li)(li)(li);輕(qing)(qing)型(xing)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)趨向(xiang)(xiang)采用燃氣輪(lun)機。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)人還在設想研制與導(dao)彈(dan)核潛艇(ting)組成編隊的(de)(de)(de)水下(xia)(xia)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),研制航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)速可(ke)達(da)100節以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)側壁(bi)式氣墊航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和具有(you)(you)(you)甲(jia)板(ban)面積(ji)大(da)、穩(wen)性好的(de)(de)(de)雙體(ti)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等等。總之,隨(sui)著科學技術的(de)(de)(de)進步,航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)正在向(xiang)(xiang)著更加現代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)水平發展(zhan)(zhan)。
2、巡洋艦
巡(xun)(xun)(xun)洋(yang)艦(jian)(jian)是(shi)僅次(ci)于戰(zhan)列艦(jian)(jian)的(de)反艦(jian)(jian)、反潛水面攻擊(ji)艦(jian)(jian)艇,排(pai)水量(liang)多(duo)(duo)在8000噸以上(shang)。在航(hang)母(mu)(mu)未誕生之(zhi)前,可(ke)(ke)以率(lv)領艦(jian)(jian)艇編隊進行遠洋(yang)巡(xun)(xun)(xun)邏和作戰(zhan);航(hang)母(mu)(mu)誕生后(hou),可(ke)(ke)以依賴岸(an)基飛機而獨立(li)在近海水域作戰(zhan),亦(yi)可(ke)(ke)以作為(wei)航(hang)母(mu)(mu)的(de)護衛艦(jian)(jian)在遠洋(yang)作戰(zhan)。與驅逐(zhu)(zhu)艦(jian)(jian)相比(bi),巡(xun)(xun)(xun)洋(yang)艦(jian)(jian)的(de)噸位更(geng)大(da)、續航(hang)能力更(geng)強(qiang),有(you)(you)的(de)還采(cai)用了核動力;其(qi)攻擊(ji)和防衛能力亦(yi)更(geng)加強(qiang)大(da),如前蘇聯的(de)“基洛夫(fu)”級巡(xun)(xun)(xun)洋(yang)艦(jian)(jian),可(ke)(ke)攜帶500多(duo)(duo)枚艦(jian)(jian)--艦(jian)(jian)及(ji)艦(jian)(jian)--空導(dao)彈(dan),每枚艦(jian)(jian)艦(jian)(jian)導(dao)彈(dan)的(de)裝(zhuang)藥量(liang)達一噸之(zhi)多(duo)(duo),一顆導(dao)彈(dan)就足以將敵軍的(de)航(hang)空母(mu)(mu)艦(jian)(jian)送入海底(di),而且(qie)火控系統可(ke)(ke)以使其(qi)同時打擊(ji)數十個(ge)活(huo)動目標;此外還備(bei)有(you)(you)3架反潛直升機以及(ji)魚雷、深(shen)水炸彈(dan)等多(duo)(duo)種武器,故(gu)被冠以“戰(zhan)列巡(xun)(xun)(xun)洋(yang)艦(jian)(jian)”的(de)美稱。但作戰(zhan)亦(yi)是(shi)要講究軍事經濟效益的(de),從經濟性(xing)、可(ke)(ke)修(xiu)復性(xing)及(ji)作戰(zhan)性(xing)能等指標上(shang)綜合考慮,驅逐(zhu)(zhu)艦(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)能更(geng)勝(sheng)一籌,因此巡(xun)(xun)(xun)洋(yang)艦(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)被驅逐(zhu)(zhu)艦(jian)(jian)所代替的(de)趨勢。
3、驅逐艦
驅逐艦(jian)(jian)是(shi)以(yi)導(dao)彈(dan),魚雷(lei),艦(jian)(jian)炮等(deng)為主要武器,具有多種(zhong)作戰能力的中(zhong)型(xing)軍艦(jian)(jian)。它(ta)是(shi)海軍艦(jian)(jian)隊(dui)中(zhong)突擊(ji)力較(jiao)強的艦(jian)(jian)種(zhong)之一,用(yong)于攻擊(ji)潛艇和水面(mian)艦(jian)(jian)船,艦(jian)(jian)隊(dui)防空(kong),以(yi)及(ji)護航,偵(zhen)察巡邏(luo)警(jing)戒,布(bu)雷(lei),襲擊(ji)岸上目(mu)標等(deng)。
4、護衛艦
護(hu)衛艦是(shi)以導彈(dan)、艦炮、深(shen)水炸彈(dan)及反潛魚雷為(wei)主(zhu)要武器的輕型水面(mian)戰斗艦艇。它的主(zhu)要任務(wu)是(shi)為(wei)艦艇編隊(dui)擔負反潛、護(hu)航、巡邏(luo)、警戒、偵察及登陸支援作戰等任務(wu)。
5、補給艦
遠洋綜合補給艦(jian)是海(hai)上編隊不依賴海(hai)外港(gang)口進行(xing)遠洋航行(xing),遠海(hai)作戰的必要(yao)保障(zhang)力量。
6、登陸艦
登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)艦(jian)(jian)用于(yu)運送登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)兵(bing)及武器裝備(bei)的(de)登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)艦(jian)(jian)船。有(you)大型和(he)中型兩種(zhong)。大型登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)艦(jian)(jian),排水量(liang)2000-8000噸(dun),續航(hang)力(li)(li)3000海里(li)以(yi)上(shang),艦(jian)(jian)上(shang)可(ke)裝載坦(tan)(tan)克10-20輛登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)兵(bing)數(shu)百名。中型登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)艦(jian)(jian),排水量(liang)600-1000噸(dun),續航(hang)力(li)(li)1000海里(li),可(ke)裝載坦(tan)(tan)克數(shu)量(liang),登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)兵(bing)數(shu)百名。登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)艦(jian)(jian)多采(cai)用柴(chai)油機作(zuo)動力(li)(li)裝置,航(hang)速12-20節。艦(jian)(jian)上(shang)裝載艙內設有(you)斜坡板或升降平臺、牽(qian)引絞(jiao)車等。艦(jian)(jian)上(shang)武器有(you)艦(jian)(jian)炮數(shu)門,主要用于(yu)防空和(he)登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)時進行(xing)火力(li)(li)支援。此外,還有(you)較齊全的(de)觀通(tong)、導航(hang)設備(bei),以(yi)保證(zheng)航(hang)行(xing)安全和(he)通(tong)信聯絡(luo)。世界上(shang)第一艘登(deng)(deng)(deng)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)艦(jian)(jian)為英(ying)國(guo)于(yu)1940年建造(zao)。
7、兩棲攻擊艦
兩棲攻擊艦是攜載直升機用于輸送登陸部隊及裝備的登陸艦船。也稱直升機登陸運輸艦。主要是使用直升機輸送登陸兵進行垂直登陸,以提高登陸作戰的突然性、快速性和機動性。艦上飛行甲板能同時起降7-8架直升機。飛行甲板下方為機庫和登陸車輛等。直升機和車輛由機庫中的升降機運送到飛行甲板。登陸兵住艙有通道可直達登機部位。艦上還有指揮中心,導航設備和較齊全的醫療設施等。美國建造的“硫磺”島兩棲攻擊艦,滿載排水量為1.83萬噸,最大航速23節,可攜載20架直升機、4架垂直-短距起落飛機,艦上還(huan)裝有航空導彈(dan)和(he)76毫米(mi)艦炮,還(huan)可載(zai)運2000名(ming)登陸兵(bing)及武器(qi)裝備(bei)。
8、掃雷艦
掃雷(lei)艦(jian)的(de)任(ren)務是(shi)排(pai)除(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei),為登陸部隊、艦(jian)隊或船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)隊打開通(tong)行的(de)航道(dao)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)是(shi)一種重要的(de)海(hai)上防御武器,主要布設于(yu)海(hai)峽(xia)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)道(dao)以及近海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)域,以進(jin)行海(hai)上封(feng)鎖和增強(qiang)抗登陸能力(li)(li)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)一般布設于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面下5-10米(mi),可裝(zhuang)藥(yao)300余公斤,爆(bao)炸力(li)(li)強(qiang)大(da)(da)并(bing)專門攻(gong)擊船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)底,對于(yu)驅(qu)逐艦(jian)等(deng)中(zhong)小型艦(jian)艇,一只水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)即可將其炸入海(hai)底。在第二次世界大(da)(da)戰中(zhong),共(gong)有(you)2700余艘(sou)艦(jian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)被水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)擊沉。現代(dai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)更是(shi)五(wu)花八門,有(you)碰撞(zhuang)式的(de)錨(mao)雷(lei)、磁性(xing)引爆(bao)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)及音控雷(lei)等(deng),沒有(you)特殊裝(zhuang)備(bei)的(de)艦(jian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)較難偵測和排(pai)除(chu)。掃雷(lei)艇即專為排(pai)除(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)而(er)設計的(de)艦(jian)艇,通(tong)過(guo)聲納(na)等(deng)設備(bei)進(jin)行偵測,利用爆(bao)破等(deng)方法實施排(pai)除(chu),是(shi)整個船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)隊的(de)保護神。
9、戰列艦
戰(zhan)(zhan)列艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是一種裝備(bei)多(duo)門艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)炮(pao),具有很強裝甲防護(hu)能(neng)力的(de)大型艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)艇。19世(shi)紀(ji)以(yi)前,曾(ceng)經是最大的(de)海軍艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)艇,由于在(zai)海戰(zhan)(zhan)中經常(chang)要排(pai)成單縱隊(dui)的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)列線(xian)進行(xing)炮(pao)戰(zhan)(zhan),所以(yi)人們稱它(ta)為(wei)戰(zhan)(zhan)列艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。早(zao)期的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)列艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)曾(ceng)稱作(zuo)鐵甲艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或裝甲艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)。
10、戰列巡洋艦
戰列巡洋艦是一種20世紀初興建的一種大型戰艦。是在裝甲巡洋艦的基礎上演變過來的一種功能性很強的新型戰艦。英國廣布全球的通過漫長海上航運線和商業網絡相互聯系的殖民利益,需要強大并且可以快速集結的海軍艦隊保護。英國皇家海軍需要一種強大火力與高機動力相結合的戰艦,不僅可以有效的打擊敵方的襲擾,又能夠快速部署應付突發性事件。于是英國海軍以“理想型巡洋艦”名義設計的戰列巡洋艦是一種把戰列艦強大火力和巡洋艦高機動結合在一起的戰艦,當時新的技術提供了建造新型戰艦的可能性。戰列巡洋艦與裝甲巡洋艦之間最大的區別在于武裝。戰列巡洋艦的主炮口徑比裝甲巡洋艦大。從主炮口徑大小和威力方面戰列巡洋艦可以與戰列艦媲美,但防護裝甲比戰列艦薄。裝甲方面省下來的重量被用在更強大的驅動裝置上,這為戰列巡洋艦提供了更高的速度。