土工材料包含哪些

土工合成材料是(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程應(ying)用的(de)合成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)總(zong)稱。作為一(yi)種土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，它是(shi)以(yi)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)的(de)聚(ju)合物（如塑料(liao)(liao)、化(hua)纖、合成(cheng)橡(xiang)膠等）為原料(liao)(liao)，制成(cheng)各種類(lei)型的(de)產品(pin)，置于(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體內部、表(biao)面或各種土(tu)(tu)(tu)體之間，發揮(hui)加(jia)強或保護土(tu)(tu)(tu)體的(de)作用。《土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)用技術(shu)規范》將土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)分為土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)織物、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)膜、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)特種材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)網，玻纖網，土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)墊等類(lei)型。

土工合成材料原料

土(tu)(tu)工合成(cheng)材料(liao)的原材料(liao)是(shi)高分子(zi)聚(ju)(ju)合物（polymer）。它們是(shi)由煤、石(shi)油、天(tian)然氣或石(shi)灰石(shi)中(zhong)提(ti)煉出來的化學物質(zhi)制(zhi)成(cheng)，再進一步加工成(cheng)纖維或合成(cheng)材料(liao)片材，最(zui)后制(zhi)成(cheng)各(ge)種(zhong)產品。制(zhi)造土(tu)(tu)工合成(cheng)材料(liao)的聚(ju)(ju)合物主要有(you)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)（PE）、聚(ju)(ju)酯（PET）、聚(ju)(ju)酰(xian)胺（PER）、聚(ju)(ju)丙烯(xi)(xi)（PP）和聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)（PVC）、氯(lv)化聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)（CPE）、聚(ju)(ju)苯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)（EPS）等 。

土工材料的應用

土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)的重要(yao)性土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)技術自20世紀70年(nian)代引入(ru)我(wo)國(guo)以后，在(zai)水利(li)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian)、交(jiao)通和港(gang)口(kou)等領域(yu)得到了普(pu)遍的應用(yong)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坡(po)中(zhong)加入(ru)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)(土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格柵(zha)或(huo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu))可以將土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坡(po)填筑得更陡一(yi)些(xie)。就加筋功能而(er)言，同(tong)針刺(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)相(xiang)比，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格柵(zha)和有(you)紡(fang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)可以在(zai)較小的應變(bian)下(xia)發揮(hui)作(zuo)用(yong)。針刺(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)則(ze)具有(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格柵(zha)和有(you)紡(fang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)所(suo)不具有(you)的土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合成材料(liao)平面內的透水性。

近(jin)年來，土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)在(zai)巖石(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程，尤其是在(zai)防(fang)洪搶險工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)的大量(liang)應(ying)用及其成效(xiao)，引起了廣(guang)大工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技術人員(yuan)的高度重視。對(dui)于土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)成材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的應(ying)用技術，國家從(cong)防(fang)滲(shen)、反濾、排水(shui)、加筋、防(fang)護等方面，提出(chu)了規范性技術要求，大大加快了新材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的推廣(guang)應(ying)用步伐。土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)與常(chang)規的砌石(shi)及砼材(cai)(cai)料(liao)防(fang)滲(shen)效(xiao)果(guo)相(xiang)比，具(ju)有投資低，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝簡單(dan)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)期短，防(fang)滲(shen)效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)，渠道有效(xiao)利(li)用系數高等優點。

土工材料應用的主要場合

(1)陡(dou)坡(po)路堤(di)加(jia)筋或挖方(fang)邊(bian)坡(po)修(xiu)復(fu)加(jia)筋，以形(xing)成(cheng)較陡(dou)邊(bian)坡(po)節省(sheng)占地或適應(ying)特(te)定的場(chang)地要求；

(2)路(lu)基暗(an)溝排(pai)水(shui)、支擋結構的墻(qiang)背排(pai)水(shui)、路(lu)面(mian)的層間排(pai)水(shui)和邊緣排(pai)水(shui)中(zhong)，起過濾和排(pai)水(shui)作(zuo)用；

(3)路(lu)基邊坡(po)(po)防(fang)護中，防(fang)止雨水對邊坡(po)(po)沖蝕，利于植(zhi)物(wu)的生長(chang)。應用于沿河路(lu)基邊坡(po)(po)防(fang)護，防(fang)止河流對路(lu)基的沖刷，如采用土工(gong)網墊、土工(gong)織物(wu)、土工(gong)模袋(dai)等；

(4)路(lu)基(ji)(ji)開挖(wa)場地的臨時或永久(jiu)防護(hu)，防止水(shui)土流失(shi)對環(huan)境(jing)和路(lu)基(ji)(ji)路(lu)面結構的影響；

(5)舊路(lu)面(mian)(mian)罩面(mian)(mian)，防治路(lu)面(mian)(mian)反射裂縫，延緩(huan)反射裂縫的發(fa)生和發(fa)展，應用于路(lu)面(mian)(mian)結(jie)構中，增強(qiang)路(lu)面(mian)(mian)結(jie)構強(qiang)度，減(jian)少車轍；

(6)柔性路面(mian)的碎石基(ji)層或碎石底(di)基(ji)層中，增(zeng)強基(ji)層或底(di)基(ji)層的整體強度(du)；

(7)構筑加筋土橋臺(tai)；

(8)軟土地(di)基(ji)和有問題地(di)基(ji)中，加速(su)地(di)基(ji)的固(gu)結、提高地(di)基(ji)的強度，如(ru)采用(yong)土工(gong)格(ge)室(shi)、土工(gong)排水板(ban)、土工(gong)織物或土工(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)形成的柔(rou)性墊層等；

(9)土(tu)(tu)釘(ding)、錨桿等錨固(gu)支擋結構中，和土(tu)(tu)釘(ding)、錨桿一起形(xing)成(cheng)完整的(de)支擋結構；

(10)構筑加筋土擋墻。