一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據(ju)燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)車是否(fou)配備(bei)蓄能裝置，可把燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)車分為(wei)純燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)車和混合型(xing)燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動汽(qi)車兩大(da)類(lei)。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池是電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)上電(dian)能(neng)的(de)唯一來源。這種類型的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)要求(qiu)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池的(de)功(gong)率(lv)大，并且無法回收汽(qi)車(che)制動能(neng)量。因此，純(chun)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)目(mu)前應用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)上除燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外，還同時(shi)配備了蓄能(neng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)（如蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等(deng)）。由(you)于蓄能(neng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)可協(xie)助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)而可減小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的功率(lv)，且(qie)蓄能(neng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)還可用(yong)于汽(qi)車(che)制(zhi)動時(shi)的能(neng)量回收，所以(yi)可提高燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的能(neng)量利用(yong)率(lv)。因(yin)此，燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)多采(cai)用(yong)混合型結(jie)構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合型(xing)燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車(che)中燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)和蓄電池(chi)的電路結構，可將混合型(xing)燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車(che)分為(wei)串(chuan)聯式(shi)和并聯式(shi)兩(liang)種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相當(dang)于車(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)換后對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機提(ti)供驅動車(che)輛的(de)全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)特點與(yu)普(pu)通的(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)混合動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)相似。其優點是可采用(yong)小功(gong)率的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)求蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量(liang)和功(gong)率要(yao)足夠大，且燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需(xu)要(yao)經(jing)過(guo)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換過(guo)程，從(cong)中有能(neng)量(liang)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換損失(shi)。目前，串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)較(jiao)為少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)共(gong)同向電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提供(gong)動(dong)(dong)力(li)。根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能量(liang)大(da)小(xiao)的(de)配置不同，又可(ke)將其分為大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型和(he)(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車主(zhu)要由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)較小(xiao)，只是在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車起步、加速(su)、爬(pa)坡等行(xing)駛工況時(shi)協助(zhu)(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車輛減速(su)與(yu)制動(dong)(dong)時(shi)進行(xing)能量(liang)回收。小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車則必(bi)須(xu)采用(yong)大(da)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提供(gong)主(zhu)要的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只是協助(zhu)(zhu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式(shi)是目前燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車采用(yong)較多的(de)形式(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根(gen)據(ju)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所提供的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)不同，燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車又可分為直(zhi)接燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車和重整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車的(de)燃(ran)料主(zhu)要是純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，也可以用甲醇等(deng)燃(ran)料。采用純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)作燃(ran)料的(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車，其氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)燃(ran)料的(de)儲(chu)存方式(shi)有壓縮氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣、液態(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)合(he)金（碳納米管）吸附氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)等(deng)幾(ji)種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)主要有(you)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)、天(tian)然(ran)氣、甲(jia)醇、甲(jia)烷、液化(hua)石油(you)氣等。重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)結構要比氫燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車復雜得多。比如，甲(jia)醇重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車需要對甲(jia)醇進行200℃左右的(de)加熱(re)以分(fen)解出氫，汽(qi)(qi)油(you)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車也需要對汽(qi)(qi)油(you)進行1000℃左右的(de)加熱(re)以分(fen)解出氫。無論采用(yong)什么燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車都需設(she)置重(zhong)整(zheng)裝置，將(jiang)其他燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)轉化(hua)為燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所需的(de)氫。

直接以純(chun)氫為燃(ran)料(liao)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車對(dui)儲氫裝置的(de)要求較(jiao)高(gao)。但與重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車相比，直接燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)結構(gou)簡單、質量輕、能量效率高(gao)、成本低。因(yin)此，目前的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車采(cai)用重整(zheng)技術的(de)相對(dui)較(jiao)少，大(da)都以純(chun)氫為車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在(zai)選擇(ze)燃料電池汽(qi)車時，消費者應(ying)該充分(fen)考慮(lv)自己(ji)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)和(he)使用情況，并(bing)結合汽(qi)車的(de)(de)性能、價格和(he)售后服(fu)務等因(yin)素(su)做(zuo)出正確的(de)(de)決(jue)策(ce)。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者(zhe)首(shou)先應(ying)該對(dui)自己的(de)需求和(he)使(shi)用情況有一(yi)個清晰的(de)認識。如果是(shi)長途出行，需要考(kao)慮汽車的(de)續航里程和(he)加(jia)氫設(she)施(shi)的(de)覆蓋范圍(wei)；如果是(shi)市(shi)區代步，可考(kao)慮汽車的(de)動(dong)力性能(neng)和(he)價格等因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電池(chi)汽車的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)是選(xuan)擇時的(de)(de)重要參考因素(su)。消(xiao)費(fei)者可根據自己的(de)(de)使用需求(qiu)和對汽車性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)，選(xuan)擇續航(hang)里程更長、動力(li)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)更優、充電速度更快的(de)(de)車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對于傳統汽(qi)車價格更高，消(xiao)費者在(zai)選擇時(shi)需要(yao)(yao)根據自(zi)己的(de)(de)經(jing)濟實力做出決策。此外，還需要(yao)(yao)考慮廠家售(shou)后服務的(de)(de)質量和(he)承諾，確(que)保汽(qi)車能夠得到及時(shi)有效的(de)(de)維(wei)修和(he)保養。