一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車是否配備(bei)蓄能裝置(zhi)，可把燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車分(fen)為(wei)純燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車和混合型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車兩(liang)大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池是電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)上電(dian)能的(de)唯一來源。這種類型的(de)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)要求燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池的(de)功率大，并且無法(fa)回(hui)收汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制動(dong)(dong)能量。因此，純燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)目前應用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合型(xing)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)上(shang)除(chu)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)外(wai)，還同時(shi)配備了蓄能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置（如(ru)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等）。由于蓄能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置可協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因而可減小燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的功率，且蓄能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置還可用于汽車(che)制動時(shi)的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)收，所以可提高燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)利(li)用率。因此，燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)多采用混合型(xing)結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據混合(he)型燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車中燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)和蓄電池(chi)(chi)的電路(lu)結構，可將混合(he)型燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車分為串聯式和并(bing)聯式兩種(zhong)。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相當(dang)于車(che)(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通過DC/DC轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)器(qi)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)(huan)(huan)后對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再(zai)由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供驅動(dong)車(che)(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)。串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)特點與普通的(de)(de)(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)混合(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)相似。其優點是可采用小功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但要求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量和(he)功(gong)率(lv)要足(zu)夠大，且燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要經過蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)過程，從(cong)中有能量的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)損失。目前(qian)，串(chuan)聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)較為(wei)少(shao)見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)(bing)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供(gong)動(dong)力(li)。根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與(yu)(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)量(liang)大(da)小的(de)(de)(de)配置不(bu)同，又可(ke)將其分為(wei)大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型和(he)小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型兩(liang)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車主要(yao)由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)較小，只(zhi)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車起步、加速(su)、爬坡等行駛工況時協(xie)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)(bing)在車輛減(jian)速(su)與(yu)(yu)制動(dong)時進行能(neng)量(liang)回收(shou)。小燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車則(ze)必須采(cai)用(yong)大(da)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只(zhi)是(shi)協(xie)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)(bing)聯式是(shi)目(mu)前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車采(cai)用(yong)較多的(de)(de)(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池所提供的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)不同，燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車又可分為直接燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車和重整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直(zhi)接燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池電動汽車的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)主要是純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，也可以(yi)用(yong)甲(jia)醇等燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)。采用(yong)純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)作燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池電動汽車，其(qi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)儲存方式有壓縮(suo)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)和合(he)金（碳納米管）吸(xi)附氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)等幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)主要有汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)、天然氣、甲醇(chun)、甲烷、液化石油(you)氣等。重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的結構要比(bi)氫燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)復雜得多。比(bi)如，甲醇(chun)重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)需要對甲醇(chun)進(jin)行200℃左右的加熱(re)以分(fen)(fen)解(jie)出氫，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)也需要對汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)進(jin)行1000℃左右的加熱(re)以分(fen)(fen)解(jie)出氫。無論(lun)采用什么燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)都需設置重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)裝置，將其他燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)轉化為燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)所需的氫。

直接以(yi)(yi)純(chun)氫為燃料(liao)的燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車對儲氫裝置(zhi)的要求(qiu)較高。但與重整燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車相比，直接燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車的結(jie)構簡單、質量(liang)輕(qing)、能量(liang)效率高、成(cheng)本低。因此，目前的燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車采(cai)用重整技術的相對較少，大(da)都(dou)以(yi)(yi)純(chun)氫為車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料電池汽車時(shi)，消費者應該充分考慮自己的(de)(de)(de)需求和(he)使用情(qing)況，并結合(he)汽車的(de)(de)(de)性能、價格和(he)售(shou)后服務等因素做出正確的(de)(de)(de)決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首先應該對(dui)自己的需(xu)求(qiu)和(he)(he)使用情(qing)況有一個清晰的認識(shi)。如(ru)果(guo)是長途出(chu)行，需(xu)要考慮(lv)(lv)汽車的續航(hang)里(li)程(cheng)和(he)(he)加氫設施的覆蓋范(fan)圍；如(ru)果(guo)是市區代步，可考慮(lv)(lv)汽車的動力性(xing)能(neng)和(he)(he)價(jia)格等(deng)因素。

2、汽車性能

燃料電池汽車的性(xing)能(neng)是(shi)選擇(ze)時的重要參考(kao)因(yin)素。消費者可根據自己的使(shi)用需求和對汽車性(xing)能(neng)的要求，選擇(ze)續航里程(cheng)更長、動力性(xing)能(neng)更優、充電速度更快的車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于傳統(tong)汽車價格更高，消費(fei)者在選(xuan)擇(ze)時(shi)需(xu)要(yao)根(gen)據自己(ji)的經濟實力做出決策。此外，還需(xu)要(yao)考慮廠家售后服務的質量(liang)和(he)承諾，確保汽車能夠得到及時(shi)有效的維修(xiu)和(he)保養(yang)。