主要性狀
本品為不規則(ze)結節(jie)(jie)狀(zhuang)拳形(xing)團(tuan)塊,直徑(jing)2~7cm。表面(mian)(mian)黃(huang)(huang)褐色,粗糙皺縮,有(you)多(duo)數平(ping)行隆(long)起的輪節(jie)(jie),頂端有(you)凹陷的類圓(yuan)形(xing)莖痕,下側(ce)及輪節(jie)(jie)上(shang)有(you)多(duo)數小瘤(liu)狀(zhuang)根痕。質堅實,不易折斷,斷面(mian)(mian)黃(huang)(huang)白色或灰黃(huang)(huang)色,散有(you)黃(huang)(huang)棕色的油室,形(xing)成(cheng)層呈波(bo)狀(zhuang)環紋。氣濃香,味苦、辛。稍(shao)有(you)麻舌感(gan),微回甜。
具體應用
1.血(xue)瘀氣(qi)滯痛(tong)證。本(ben)品(pin)辛(xin)散溫通(tong)(tong),既(ji)能(neng)活血(xue)化瘀,又能(neng)行(xing)氣(qi)止痛(tong),為(wei)“血(xue)中之氣(qi)藥”,具通(tong)(tong)達氣(qi)血(xue)功(gong)效,故治氣(qi)滯血(xue)瘀之胸脅(xie)(xie)、腹部諸(zhu)痛(tong)。若治心脈瘀阻之胸痹心痛(tong),常(chang)與丹參、桂枝、檀香(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)同用(yong);若治肝郁氣(qi)滯之脅(xie)(xie)痛(tong),常(chang)配(pei)柴(chai)胡(hu)、白(bai)芍、香(xiang)(xiang)附(fu),如(ru)柴(chai)胡(hu)疏(shu)肝散(《景岳全書》);如(ru)肝血(xue)瘀阻,積(ji)聚痞塊(kuai)、胸脅(xie)(xie)刺痛(tong),多與桃仁、紅花等(deng)同用(yong),如(ru)血(xue)府逐瘀湯(《醫林改錯(cuo)》)。若治跌(die)仆損傷,瘀腫(zhong)疼痛(tong),可配(pei)乳(ru)香(xiang)(xiang)、沒藥、三七等(deng)藥用(yong)。
川芎善(shan)“下調(diao)經(jing)(jing)水,中開(kai)郁(yu)結(jie)”,為婦科(ke)(ke)要藥,能活血(xue)(xue)調(diao)經(jing)(jing),可用治(zhi)(zhi)多種婦產科(ke)(ke)的疾病。如(ru)治(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)經(jing)(jing)閉(bi),痛(tong)經(jing)(jing),常與赤(chi)芍、桃仁(ren)等(deng)同用,如(ru)血(xue)(xue)府逐瘀(yu)湯(tang)(《醫林(lin)改錯(cuo)》);若屬(shu)寒(han)凝血(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)者,可配(pei)桂心、當歸等(deng),如(ru)溫經(jing)(jing)湯(tang)(《婦人大全良(liang)方(fang)》);若治(zhi)(zhi)產后(hou)惡(e)露不下,瘀(yu)阻腹痛(tong),可配(pei)當歸、桃仁(ren)、炮(pao)姜等(deng),如(ru)生化(hua)湯(tang)(《傅青主女科(ke)(ke)》);若治(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)經(jing)(jing)不調(diao),經(jing)(jing)期(qi)超前或錯(cuo)后(hou),可配(pei)益(yi)母草、當歸等(deng),如(ru)益(yi)母勝(sheng)金丹(《醫學心悟》)。
2.頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)濕痹痛(tong)(tong)(tong)。本品辛溫升散(san)(san),能“上行頭(tou)(tou)(tou)目(mu)”,祛風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)止(zhi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),為治(zhi)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)要(yao)藥,無論(lun)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)寒、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)熱、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)濕、血(xue)虛、血(xue)瘀(yu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)均(jun)可(ke)(ke)(ke)隨證配(pei)伍用(yong)之,故李(li)東垣言“頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)須用(yong)川芎”。治(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)寒頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),配(pei)羌(qiang)(qiang)活(huo)、細辛、白芷,如(ru)川芎茶調散(san)(san)(《和劑局方(fang)》);若(ruo)配(pei)菊花、石(shi)膏、僵蠶,可(ke)(ke)(ke)治(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)熱頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),如(ru)川芎散(san)(san)(《衛生保健(jian)》);若(ruo)治(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)濕頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),可(ke)(ke)(ke)配(pei)羌(qiang)(qiang)活(huo)、獨活(huo)、防風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),如(ru)羌(qiang)(qiang)活(huo)勝濕湯(《內外傷辨(bian)惑(huo)論(lun)》);配(pei)當(dang)歸、白芍,取(qu)本品祛風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)止(zhi)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)之功,可(ke)(ke)(ke)治(zhi)血(xue)虛頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),如(ru)加味四物湯(《金匱翼》);若(ruo)治(zhi)血(xue)瘀(yu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)痛(tong)(tong)(tong),可(ke)(ke)(ke)配(pei)赤芍、麝(she)香,如(ru)通竅活(huo)血(xue)湯(《醫林改錯》)。
本品(pin)辛(xin)散溫通(tong),能祛風通(tong)絡止痛(tong),又可治風濕(shi)痹痛(tong),常配獨(du)(du)活(huo)、秦艽、防風、桂(gui)枝等藥同(tong)用,如獨(du)(du)活(huo)寄生湯(tang)(《千金(jin)方(fang)》)。
使用注意
陰虛火旺,多汗,熱盛及無瘀之出血(xue)證和孕婦慎用。
川(chuan)穹性溫,是(shi)(shi)婦科常用(yong)藥品,有活血順氣的作(zuo)用(yong),但也不能(neng)(neng)多(duo)用(yong),尤其是(shi)(shi)身體有出血現象(xiang)的人不適合服(fu)(fu)用(yong),如女性經期。陰虛火旺(wang),多(duo)汗,熱盛及無瘀之出血證(zheng)慎(shen)用(yong),孕婦慎(shen)用(yong)。此藥久服(fu)(fu)傷正,“能(neng)(neng)致暴亡”。
食用含川穹(qiong)的(de)藥(yao)膳后不(bu)要馬上飲綠(lv)茶(cha),因綠(lv)茶(cha)性(xing)涼,會減弱川穹(qiong)的(de)功(gong)效(xiao)。
川穹又是藥膳中常用(yong)的藥材之一(yi),與烏(wu)雞同食(shi),可(ke)以養陰(yin)活血,是女性滋補佳(jia)品。
古籍摘要
1.《神農本草經》:“主(zhu)中風入(ru)腦頭痛、寒痹,筋(jin)脈緩急,金瘡,婦人(ren)血閉無(wu)子。”
2.《本草(cao)匯言(yan)》:“芎??,上行頭目,下(xia)調經(jing)水,中開郁結,血(xue)中氣(qi)藥。嘗(chang)為當(dang)歸所使,非第治血(xue)有(you)功,而(er)治氣(qi)亦(yi)神(shen)驗(yan)也……味辛性(xing)陽,氣(qi)善走竄而(er)無陰(yin)凝粘滯(zhi)之態,雖入血(xue)分,又能去一切風,調一切氣(qi)。”
3.《本(ben)草新(xin)編》:“川芎……血(xue)閉者能通(tong),外感者能散,療頭風其神,止金瘡疼痛。此藥可(ke)(ke)君可(ke)(ke)臣(chen),又可(ke)(ke)為佐(zuo)使,但不可(ke)(ke)單用(yong)……倘單用(yong)一味(wei)以補血(xue),則血(xue)動,反有(you)散失(shi)之(zhi)憂。若單用(yong)一味(wei)以止痛,則痛止,轉有(you)暴亡之(zhi)慮。”
現代研究
化學成分
本(ben)品(pin)含生(sheng)物(wu)堿(如(ru)川芎(xiong)嗪),揮發油(主要(yao)為(wei)藁本(ben)內脂(zhi)、香(xiang)燴烯(xi)等),酚類物(wu)質(如(ru)阿(a)魏酸),內脂(zhi)素以(yi)及維生(sheng)素A,葉酸,蔗糖(tang),甾醇,脂(zhi)肪(fang)油等。
藥理作用
川芎嗪能(neng)(neng)擴張(zhang)冠狀動(dong)(dong)脈,增加冠狀動(dong)(dong)脈血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)流量,改善心肌(ji)的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)氧供應(ying),并降(jiang)低(di)心肌(ji)的(de)耗氧量;川芎嗪可(ke)擴張(zhang)腦血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan),降(jiang)低(di)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)阻(zu)力,顯著增加腦及肢體血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)流量,改善微循環;能(neng)(neng)降(jiang)低(di)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板表面活(huo)性,抑制血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板凝集,預防血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)栓(shuan)的(de)形成(cheng)(cheng),;所含(han)阿魏(wei)酸(suan)的(de)中性成(cheng)(cheng)分小(xiao)劑量促(cu)(cu)進,大劑量抑制子宮(gong)平滑肌(ji);水煎劑對動(dong)(dong)物中樞神經(jing)系統有鎮靜作用(yong),并有明(ming)顯而持久(jiu)的(de)降(jiang)壓作用(yong);可(ke)加速(su)骨(gu)折(zhe)局部血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)腫的(de)吸收,促(cu)(cu)進骨(gu)痂形成(cheng)(cheng);有抗維生素E缺(que)乏作用(yong);能(neng)(neng)抑制多種桿菌;有抗組織胺和利膽作用(yong)。
臨床研究
川芎(xiong)在臨床上應用廣(guang)泛(fan)。如:用川芎(xiong)、紅花各等份壓(ya)片,每天口服(fu)3次(ci),每次(ci)4片(每片含川芎(xiong)、紅花各1.25 克),治療冠心病心絞(jiao)痛84例(li),83例(li)有效。(北京地(di)區冠心病協(xie)作組。資料匯(hui)編(第二輯),1972,12)。
每(mei)日用川芎嗪80—100毫升(sheng)加入5%葡萄糖液500毫升(sheng)靜(jing)滴1次,10次為1療(liao)(liao)程,治療(liao)(liao)缺血性(xing)中(zhong)風急性(xing)期(qi)(qi)66例(li),恢(hui)復期(qi)(qi)154例(li),后(hou)遺(yi)癥(zheng)期(qi)(qi)47例(li)。結果(guo):急性(xing)期(qi)(qi)有效率100%,恢(hui)復期(qi)(qi)有效率95.4%,后(hou)遺(yi)癥(zheng)期(qi)(qi)有效率70.2%。(陜西中(zhong)醫,1988.(9):408)。
用(yong)川芎24—28克(ke),白酒30毫升(sheng),水250毫升(sheng),浸泡1小時后,加蓋用(yong)文火燉(dun)煎分2次服,不飲酒者(zhe)可單加水燉(dun)服,治療功能性(xing)子宮出血(xue)29例,均有效(陜(shan)西中醫,1990,11(4):150)。
鑒別方法
* 本品橫切面:木(mu)栓(shuan)層(ceng)為10余列細(xi)胞。皮層(ceng)狹窄(zhai),散有(you)根跡(ji)維(wei)管(guan)(guan)束(shu),其形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)明顯。韌皮部(bu)(bu)寬(kuan)廣(guang),形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)環(huan)波狀(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)不規(gui)則(ze)多(duo)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。木(mu)質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)多(duo)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)類圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),大(da)多(duo)單列或(huo)(huo)(huo)排成(cheng)“V”形(xing)(xing)(xing),偶(ou)有(you)木(mu)纖(xian)維(wei)束(shu)。髓部(bu)(bu)較大(da)。薄(bo)(bo)(bo)壁(bi)(bi)組(zu)織中散有(you)多(duo)數油室(shi),類圓(yuan)(yuan) 形(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)不規(gui)則(ze),淡黃棕(zong)色(se),靠(kao)近形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)層(ceng)的(de)油室(shi)小,向(xiang)外漸大(da);薄(bo)(bo)(bo)壁(bi)(bi)細(xi)胞中富含(han)淀粉(fen)粒,有(you)的(de)薄(bo)(bo)(bo)壁(bi)(bi)細(xi)胞中含(han)草酸(suan)鈣晶(jing)體,呈(cheng)類圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)團(tuan)塊(kuai)或(huo)(huo)(huo)類簇晶(jing)狀(zhuang)。粉(fen)末(mo)淡黃棕(zong)色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)灰(hui)棕(zong)色(se)。淀粉(fen)粒較多(duo),單粒橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、長圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、類圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)腎形(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)5~16μm,長約(yue)21μm,臍(qi)點(dian)點(dian)狀(zhuang)、長縫狀(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)人字狀(zhuang);偶(ou)見復(fu)粒,由2~4分粒組(zu)成(cheng)。草酸(suan)鈣晶(jing)體存在于薄(bo)(bo)(bo)壁(bi)(bi)細(xi)胞中,呈(cheng)類圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)團(tuan)塊(kuai)或(huo)(huo)(huo)類簇晶(jing)狀(zhuang),直徑(jing)10~25μm。木(mu)栓(shuan)細(xi)胞深黃棕(zong)色(se),常多(duo)層(ceng)重疊(die),表面觀呈(cheng)多(duo)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing),壁(bi)(bi)薄(bo)(bo)(bo)。油室(shi)多(duo)己破碎,偶(ou)可見油室(shi)碎片,分泌細(xi)胞壁(bi)(bi)薄(bo)(bo)(bo),含(han)有(you)較多(duo)的(de)油滴。導(dao)(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)主為螺紋(wen)導(dao)(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan),亦有(you)網紋(wen)及(ji)梯紋(wen)導(dao)(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan),直徑(jing)14~50μm,有(you)的(de)螺紋(wen)導(dao)(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)增厚壁(bi)(bi)互相(xiang)聯結,似(si)網狀(zhuang)螺紋(wen)導(dao)(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)。
* 取本品(pin)粉末1g,加石油醚(30~60℃)5ml,放置10小時,時時振搖(yao),靜(jing)置,取上清液1ml,揮干后,殘渣加甲(jia)醇(chun)1ml使溶(rong)解,再加2%3,5-二硝基苯甲(jia)酸(suan)的甲(jia)醇(chun)溶(rong)液2 ~3滴與甲(jia)醇(chun)飽和的氫氧化鉀溶(rong)液2滴,顯紅(hong)紫色。
* 取本品粉末1g,加乙(yi)醇20ml,加熱回流(liu)1小時,濾過,濾液(ye)揮干,殘(can)渣(zha)加醋酸乙(yi)酯2ml使溶(rong)解,作為供試(shi)(shi)品溶(rong)液(ye)。另取川芎(xiong)對(dui)照藥材1g,同法制成(cheng)對(dui)照藥材溶(rong)液(ye)。照薄層(ceng)色譜法(附(fu)錄(lu)Ⅵ B)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan),吸取上(shang)述兩種溶(rong)液(ye)各1~2μl ,分別(bie)點于同一(yi)硅膠(jiao)G薄層(ceng)板上(shang),以(yi)正己烷-醋酸乙(yi)酯(9:1)為展開劑,展開,取出(chu),晾干,置紫外光(guang)燈(deng)(365nm)下檢視(shi)。供試(shi)(shi) 品色譜中(zhong),在與對(dui)照藥材色譜相應的(de)(de)位置上(shang),顯相同顏色的(de)(de)熒光(guang)斑點。