產品介紹
茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)位于四川省(sheng)阿壩藏(zang)族(zu)羌(qiang)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)東南(nan)部,是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)最(zui)大的(de)(de)羌(qiang)民族(zu)聚居地,占全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)羌(qiang)族(zu)總(zong)人(ren)口的(de)(de)30.5%。據《舊唐書(shu)》、《茂(mao)(mao)(mao)州(zhou)志(zhi)》記載(zai):茂(mao)(mao)(mao)州(zhou)“以郡界茂(mao)(mao)(mao)濕山為(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)”,唐代(dai)(dai)至民國(guo)(guo)初(chu)期(qi)均用(yong)此(ci)名(ming)(ming)。1958年(nian)(nian),汶川、理(li)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)3縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)并置茂(mao)(mao)(mao)汶羌(qiang)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),1987年(nian)(nian)撤自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),茂(mao)(mao)(mao)汶縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)仍(reng)置茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。因此(ci),茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)地區(qu)(qu)出(chu)產(chan)的(de)(de)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)直被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)“茂(mao)(mao)(mao)汶蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”。 茂(mao)(mao)(mao)汶蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)歷史(shi)悠(you)久,清(qing)朝末期(qi),蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)由英國(guo)(guo)傳教士引(yin)進(jin)(jin)并少量(liang)栽(zai)培。據《阿壩州(zhou)志(zhi)》、《茂(mao)(mao)(mao)汶羌(qiang)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》記載(zai),民國(guo)(guo)25、28、35年(nian)(nian),茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)陳氏父(fu)子(zi)先后從四川農(nong)業改進(jin)(jin)所引(yin)進(jin)(jin)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)苗百余株在茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)栽(zai)培獲得成(cheng)功(gong),引(yin)進(jin)(jin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)是(shi)金(jin)冠(guan)(guan),紅(hong)(hong)星(xing),紅(hong)(hong)冠(guan)(guan)等(deng)。建(jian)國(guo)(guo)初(chu)期(qi),川西農(nong)業廳及(ji)四川大學園(yuan)藝系(xi)師生來(lai)到茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行綜(zong)合(he)考察,得出(chu)茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然地理(li)條(tiao)件適宜(yi)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生長的(de)(de)結論。上世紀50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai),全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)砧木苗木和(he)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)50余個,逐漸發(fa)展成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)西南(nan)地區(qu)(qu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)源(yuan)最(zui)豐富的(de)(de)地區(qu)(qu)。 隨著蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)業的(de)(de)迅(xun)速發(fa)展,50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)至60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)先后建(jian)成(cheng)國(guo)(guo)營鳳儀、鳳毛坪、大河壩園(yuan)藝場(chang)(chang),1975年(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)建(jian)立21個鄉園(yuan)藝場(chang)(chang),蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹達(da)(da)50萬(wan)株,年(nian)(nian)產(chan)量(liang)達(da)(da)700萬(wan)斤(jin)左右。“金(jin)冠(guan)(guan),紅(hong)(hong)星(xing),紅(hong)(hong)冠(guan)(guan)”品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在1963、1964、1975、1985年(nian)(nian)四次被(bei)評(ping)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)名(ming)(ming),三次被(bei)評(ping)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)優秀水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稱號;1966年(nian)(nian),“紅(hong)(hong)星(xing),紅(hong)(hong)冠(guan)(guan)”品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)運(yun)往香港市場(chang)(chang)譽勝(sheng)美國(guo)(guo)“蛇果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”;1974年(nian)(nian),國(guo)(guo)家(jia)農(nong)牧(mu)漁業部、外貿部、供(gong)銷合(he)作(zuo)總(zong)社(she)在京召開全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)鑒(jian)定(ding)會(hui),“紅(hong)(hong)冠(guan)(guan)”“金(jin)冠(guan)(guan)”品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)評(ping)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)之冠(guan)(guan)。80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)初(chu),茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府(fu)提出(chu)把發(fa)展蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)搞活農(nong)村(cun)經濟的(de)(de)帶頭產(chan)業。1985年(nian)(nian),茂(mao)(mao)(mao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被(bei)確定(ding)為(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)優秀蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)基地建(jian)設縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),同年(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)農(nong)牧(mu)漁業部、省(sheng)農(nong)業廳、州(zhou)農(nong)牧(mu)局投資(zi)120萬(wan)元(yuan),在縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)建(jian)500噸儲藏(zang)冷庫。1986年(nian)(nian)9月,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)儲藏(zang)保鮮量(liang)突破100萬(wan)斤(jin)。 從90年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)中后期(qi)開始,茂(mao)(mao)(mao)汶蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)通過(guo)(guo)改造低產(chan)園(yuan)、人(ren)工(gong)授粉(fen)、套袋(dai)技術、高(gao)接換代(dai)(dai)、地膜(mo)覆蓋等(deng)新(xin)技術的(de)(de)實施(shi),全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)均有不(bu)同程度更新(xin),產(chan)量(liang)穩定(ding)增長,質量(liang)明(ming)顯提高(gao)。目前,茂(mao)(mao)(mao)汶蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積突破25000畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)達(da)(da)50000噸,已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)促進(jin)(jin)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)民增收(shou)的(de)(de)主要(yao)產(chan)業之一(yi)。“十二(er)五”農(nong)業和(he)農(nong)村(cun)經濟發(fa)展規劃(hua)提綱中計(ji)劃(hua)提升改造果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)35000萬(wan)畝(mu),通過(guo)(guo)項目建(jian)設,調整果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)熟(shu)期(qi)結構,5年(nian)(nian)內名(ming)(ming)優新(xin)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)比例達(da)(da)到60%以上,優質商(shang)品(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率達(da)(da)到70%以上。
自然(ran)生態環境和(he)人文歷史因素(su)
茂(mao)汶蘋果產區(qu)地(di)貌以(yi)高山峽谷為主(zhu)(zhu),境內(nei)高山聳立,河流深切,地(di)勢(shi)西北高、東南低(di),東部土門地(di)區(qu)山勢(shi)、谷坡較為低(di)緩。山峰多在海(hai)拔4000m左(zuo)右,相對高度1500-2500m,最高海(hai)拔5230m,最低(di)海(hai)拔890m。產區(qu)地(di)質構(gou)造復雜,巖(yan)層有(you)夾沙灰、黑(hei)色頁巖(yan)、砂板巖(yan)、火成巖(yan)等,土壤(rang)以(yi)暗(an)棕壤(rang)、褐土、棕壤(rang)為主(zhu)(zhu),pH值6.0-8.0,有(you)機質含量(liang)高,適(shi)合蘋果種植。茂(mao)汶蘋果產區(qu)屬北亞熱帶氣(qi)候,立體垂直氣(qi)候特征明顯,表現為干燥多風,冬(dong)冷(leng)夏涼、晝夜溫(wen)差(cha)(cha)大(da)、地(di)區(qu)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)大(da)。產區(qu)年均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)11.2℃,最低(di)氣(qi)溫(wen)-11.6℃,最高氣(qi)溫(wen)32℃,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日照數1557小時,年降水量(liang)490毫(hao)米(mi),平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蒸發量(liang)1375毫(hao)米(mi),無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)期215天。冬(dong)長無(wu)(wu)夏、春秋季相連,春季氣(qi)溫(wen)回升快(kuai),氣(qi)溫(wen)年較差(cha)(cha)小,日較差(cha)(cha)大(da),空氣(qi)質量(liang)好,無(wu)(wu)工業(ye)污染,有(you)利(li)于蘋果開花結實(shi)和(he)光合產物積累。得天獨厚(hou)的生(sheng)態環境造就了茂(mao)汶蘋果肉質脆嫩(nen)、細膩化(hua)渣、風味濃郁的特點(dian)。
地域范圍
茂汶蘋(pin)果產(chan)(chan)于四川省阿壩藏族(zu)(zu)羌族(zu)(zu)自治州(zhou)茂縣,農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理(li)標志地(di)域保護范(fan)圍包括茂縣境(jing)內南(nan)新鎮、鳳(feng)儀鎮、溝口鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、胃門鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、永和鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、回龍鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、飛紅鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、黑虎鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、三龍鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、曲谷鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、雅都鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、太平鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、疊溪鎮、石大關(guan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、松坪溝鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、洼底鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、白溪鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、土門鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、東興鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等21個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(鎮)。地(di)理(li)坐標為東經102°56ˊ-104°10ˊ,北緯31°24-32°17之間(jian),茂縣地(di)處四川省西北部,阿壩藏族(zu)(zu)羌族(zu)(zu)自治州(zhou)東南(nan)部,東與北川、安縣、綿竹三縣毗(pi)連,南(nan)接(jie)(jie)什邡、彭縣、汶川縣,西與理(li)縣、黒水接(jie)(jie)壤,北臨松潘縣境(jing)。保護面積96000畝(mu),年產(chan)(chan)量19.2萬噸。
品質特性特征
(1)外(wai)在感官特征:茂汶(wen)蘋果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實中大,短圓(yuan)柱形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面底(di)色(se)(se)黃色(se)(se),著片(pian)(pian)狀(zhuang)或條狀(zhuang)粉紅暈,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)點小而稀。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)頂萼(e)洼窄,較深、有淺(qian)的棱狀(zhuang)突起,萼(e)片(pian)(pian)宿存,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)柄細(xi)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)心較大、種子小、五心室(shi)(shi),每(mei)室(shi)(shi)著生1-2粒種子。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉黃白色(se)(se),質地(di)脆、味(wei)濃,純甜、有香(xiang)味(wei),汁液中等。?
(2)內在(zai)品質(zhi)指標(biao):茂汶蘋果可(ke)食率≥80%,可(ke)溶性固形物≥11%,含(han)有豐富(fu)的維生素(su)C,硬(ying)度(du)大、耐貯藏。