一、保險絲的種類有哪些
1、按保(bao)(bao)護(hu)形(xing)式(shi)分,可分為:過(guo)(guo)電流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)與過(guo)(guo)熱保(bao)(bao)護(hu)。用于(yu)過(guo)(guo)電流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)就(jiu)是平常說的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(也叫(jiao)限(xian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si))。用于(yu)過(guo)(guo)熱保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)一般被稱為"溫(wen)度(du)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)"。溫(wen)度(du)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)又分為低熔點(dian)合金(jin)形(xing)與感溫(wen)觸發(fa)(fa)形(xing)還有記憶合金(jin)形(xing)等(deng)等(deng)(溫(wen)度(du)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)是防止發(fa)(fa)熱電器或易(yi)發(fa)(fa)熱電器溫(wen)度(du)過(guo)(guo)高而進行(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de),例如:電吹(chui)風、電熨(yun)斗、電飯鍋(guo)、電爐、變(bian)壓器、電動(dong)機等(deng)等(deng);它(ta)響應于(yu)用電電器溫(wen)升的(de)(de)升高,不會理會電路的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電流(liu)大小。其工(gong)作(zuo)原理不同于(yu)"限(xian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)")。
2、按使用范圍(wei)分,可分為(wei):電(dian)力(li)保險(xian)(xian)絲、機床保險(xian)(xian)絲、電(dian)器儀表保險(xian)(xian)絲(電(dian)子保險(xian)(xian)絲)、汽(qi)車(che)保險(xian)(xian)絲。
3、按體(ti)積分(fen)(fen),可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為:大型、中型、小型及微型。
4、按額(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)分,可分為:高壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)險絲、低壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)險絲和安全電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)險絲。
5、按分(fen)(fen)(fen)斷能(neng)力分(fen)(fen)(fen),可分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei):高(gao)、低分(fen)(fen)(fen)斷能(neng)力保(bao)險絲。
6、按形狀(zhuang)分(fen),可分(fen)為:平頭(tou)管(guan)狀(zhuang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(又可分(fen)為內焊保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)與外(wai)焊保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si))、尖頭(tou)管(guan)狀(zhuang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)、鍘刀(dao)式(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)、螺旋式(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)、插片式(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)、平板式(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)、裹(guo)敷式(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)、貼片式(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)。
7、按熔斷速(su)度(du)分(fen)(fen),可分(fen)(fen)為:特慢速(su)保險(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)TT表(biao)(biao)示(shi))、慢速(su)保險(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)T表(biao)(biao)示(shi))、中速(su)保險(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)M表(biao)(biao)示(shi))、快速(su)保險(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)F表(biao)(biao)示(shi))、特快速(su)保險(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)FF表(biao)(biao)示(shi))。
8、按標(biao)準分(fen),可分(fen)為(wei):歐規(gui)保(bao)險(xian)絲、美規(gui)保(bao)險(xian)絲、日規(gui)保(bao)險(xian)絲。
9、按類型(xing)(xing)分,可分為:電流保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(貼片(pian)(pian)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)、微型(xing)(xing)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)、插片(pian)(pian)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)、管狀保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)),溫(wen)度保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(RH[方塊型(xing)(xing)]、RP[電阻型(xing)(xing)]、RY[金(jin)屬殼(ke)]),自恢復(fu)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(插件、疊(die)片(pian)(pian)、貼片(pian)(pian))。
10、按尺寸(cun)可分為:貼片型(xing)0603,0805,1206,1210,1812,2016,2920;非(fei)貼片型(xing)Φ2.4×7,Φ3×7,Φ3.6×10,Φ4.5×15,Φ5.0×20,Φ5.16×20,Φ6×25,Φ6×30,Φ6×32,Φ8.5×8,Φ8.5×8×4,Φ10×38,Φ14×51。
二、保險絲的主要參數及含義
1、電壓額定值(VOLTAGERatings)
保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲的電(dian)壓額定值(zhi)必須大于或者等于斷(duan)開電(dian)路的最(zui)大電(dian)壓。由于保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲的阻(zu)值(zhi)非常低,只(zhi)有當保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲試(shi)圖熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)時,保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲的電(dian)壓額定值(zhi)才(cai)變(bian)得重要。當熔(rong)(rong)絲元件(jian)熔(rong)(rong)化后,保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲必須能迅(xun)速(su)斷(duan)開,熄滅電(dian)弧(hu),并且阻(zu)止開路電(dian)壓通過斷(duan)開的熔(rong)(rong)絲元件(jian)再次觸發(fa)電(dian)弧(hu)。
2、電流額定值(CurrentRatings)
電(dian)流額定值(zhi)表明(ming)了(le)保險(xian)絲在一套測(ce)試條(tiao)件下的電(dian)流承載能力。每只保險(xian)絲都會注明(ming)電(dian)流額定值(zhi),這個值(zhi)可以是數(shu)字(zi),字(zi)母或顏色標記。可以通過產品數(shu)據表找到每種(zhong)標記的意義。
3、分斷能力(BreakingCapacity/InterruptingRating)
保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)必須能(neng)在(zai)不破(po)壞周圍電路(lu)的情況下斷(duan)開(kai)故障(zhang)電路(lu)。分(fen)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li)就是指在(zai)額定電壓下,保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)能(neng)夠安全(quan)斷(duan)開(kai)電路(lu),并(bing)且(qie)不發生破(po)損時的最大(da)電流值(zhi)。保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)的分(fen)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li)必須等(deng)于或大(da)于電路(lu)中的可能(neng)發生的最大(da)故障(zhang)電流。
4、熔斷積分(MeltingIntegral)
保險(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)熔(rong)斷積(ji)(ji)分(fen),是(shi)熔(rong)斷這(zhe)(zhe)一保險(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)熔(rong)絲(si)(si)元件(jian)所需的(de)(de)能(neng)量,也(ye)稱之為熔(rong)斷值I2t。熔(rong)絲(si)(si)元件(jian)的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)、材料和橫截面積(ji)(ji)決(jue)定(ding)了(le)這(zhe)(zhe)個值。每一系列(lie)保險(xian)絲(si)(si)根據額定(ding)電流(liu)值不同,使用(yong)了(le)不同的(de)(de)材料和元件(jian)配置(zhi),因此確(que)定(ding)每只保險(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)I2t非常必要。通常在直流(liu)電路中(zhong),采用(yong)10倍的(de)(de)額定(ding)電流(liu)作為故障電流(liu),使保險(xian)絲(si)(si)在極短的(de)(de)時間內斷開,通過高速示波儀和積(ji)(ji)分(fen)程序來測得非常精確(que)的(de)(de)I2t。
5、環境溫度(AmbientTemperature)
環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)是直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸在保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)周圍的(de)空氣(qi)溫(wen)度(du)(du),不是指室(shi)溫(wen)。保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)電特性在25°C環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)中是額定(ding)的(de)標(biao)準值。無論(lun)高于或低于這(zhe)個溫(wen)度(du)(du)都會影響保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)斷開時間(jian)和電流承載(zai)特性。
6、快斷保險絲和慢斷保險絲(FastActingFuse&TimeDelayFuse)
快(kuai)斷(duan)保險絲在(zai)過載和短路時(shi)斷(duan)開地非常迅(xun)速。UL標準(zhun)規定(ding):快(kuai)斷(duan)保險絲在(zai)承(cheng)受200%~250%的額定(ding)電(dian)流時(shi),應該在(zai)最(zui)多5秒(miao)鐘(zhong)之內斷(duan)開。IEC對于(yu)快(kuai)斷(duan)保險絲的規定(ding)有兩種:
F=快斷(duan),當10倍額定電流時在0.001~0.01秒內斷(duan)開
FF=超快斷,當10倍額定(ding)電流(liu)時小于0.001秒斷開
慢(man)斷保(bao)險絲(si)可以允許暫時(shi)的、無害的浪(lang)涌(yong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過而不斷開(kai),但是當(dang)持續過載或短路時(shi),它就會斷開(kai)。UL標準規(gui)定(ding):慢(man)斷保(bao)險絲(si)在承受200%~250%的額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi),應該在最(zui)多2分鐘(zhong)之(zhi)內斷開(kai)。IEC對于快斷保(bao)險絲(si)的規(gui)定(ding)也有兩種(zhong):
T=慢(man)斷,當10倍額定(ding)電(dian)流時在0.01~0.1秒(miao)內斷開
TT=超慢斷,當10倍(bei)額定電流時在0.1~1秒內斷開
7、浪涌和脈沖電流特性(SurgeandPulseCurrentCharacteristics)
有些使(shi)用場合會產(chan)生(sheng)浪(lang)涌(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),這樣就要(yao)求保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲能(neng)夠使(shi)這些浪(lang)涌(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過而不(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)誤斷開(kai)動作(zuo)或損傷(shang)(shang)熔絲元(yuan)件。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲能(neng)夠承受浪(lang)涌(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是設(she)計電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中非常重要(yao)的(de)環節。脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以(yi)(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)熱能(neng),雖(sui)然不(bu)一定(ding)使(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲斷開(kai),但可能(neng)使(shi)熔絲受到損傷(shang)(shang),影響保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲的(de)壽命,所以(yi)(yi)我們要(yao)考慮保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲的(de)熔斷積分值I2t。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲的(de)I2t值要(yao)大于(yu)或等于(yu)脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)I2t乘以(yi)(yi)一個脈沖(chong)系數Fp。
8、國際標準(STANDARD)
北美標準UL/CSA和歐洲標準IEC對于保險絲的時間、電流特性的定義是不完全相同的,因此這兩種標準的保險絲是不可以互換的。在(zai)亞(ya)洲主要的標準(zhun)有日(ri)本的METI和(he)中國(guo)的CCC等(deng)。由于保險絲的標準(zhun)不同,因此注(zhu)意采用不同國(guo)際標準(zhun)的保險絲對于電路設計者是非常重要的。