一、保險絲的種類有哪些
1、按(an)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)分(fen),可分(fen)為(wei):過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)與過(guo)熱(re)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。用(yong)于(yu)(yu)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)就是(shi)平常(chang)說的(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(也叫限(xian)(xian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si))。用(yong)于(yu)(yu)過(guo)熱(re)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)一(yi)般被稱為(wei)"溫度保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)"。溫度保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)又分(fen)為(wei)低熔(rong)點合(he)金形(xing)(xing)與感溫觸(chu)發形(xing)(xing)還有記憶合(he)金形(xing)(xing)等等(溫度保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)是(shi)防止發熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器或(huo)易發熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器溫度過(guo)高而進行保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de),例如(ru):電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熨斗、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)飯(fan)鍋、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐、變壓器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機等等;它響應于(yu)(yu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器溫升的(de)升高,不(bu)會(hui)理會(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小(xiao)。其工作原理不(bu)同于(yu)(yu)"限(xian)(xian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)")。
2、按使用范圍分,可分為:電(dian)力保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)、機床保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)、電(dian)器(qi)儀表保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(電(dian)子保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si))、汽(qi)車(che)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)。
3、按體(ti)積分(fen)(fen),可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為:大型(xing)(xing)、中型(xing)(xing)、小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)及微型(xing)(xing)。
4、按(an)額定電壓(ya)分(fen),可分(fen)為:高壓(ya)保險(xian)絲、低壓(ya)保險(xian)絲和安全電壓(ya)保險(xian)絲。
5、按分(fen)(fen)斷能力(li)分(fen)(fen),可分(fen)(fen)為(wei):高、低分(fen)(fen)斷能力(li)保險絲。
6、按形狀(zhuang)分(fen),可分(fen)為:平頭管(guan)狀(zhuang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(又可分(fen)為內焊保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)與外焊保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si))、尖(jian)頭管(guan)狀(zhuang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、鍘刀式(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、螺旋式(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、插片(pian)式(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、平板式(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、裹敷式(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、貼片(pian)式(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)。
7、按(an)熔斷(duan)速度分,可(ke)分為:特慢速保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用TT表(biao)示)、慢速保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用T表(biao)示)、中速保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用M表(biao)示)、快(kuai)速保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用F表(biao)示)、特快(kuai)速保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)(一(yi)般(ban)用FF表(biao)示)。
8、按標(biao)準分(fen),可分(fen)為:歐規(gui)保險絲、美規(gui)保險絲、日規(gui)保險絲。
9、按類型(xing)(xing)分,可分為(wei):電(dian)流保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(貼片(pian)(pian)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、微(wei)型(xing)(xing)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、插片(pian)(pian)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、管狀保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)),溫(wen)度保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(RH[方塊型(xing)(xing)]、RP[電(dian)阻型(xing)(xing)]、RY[金屬(shu)殼]),自(zi)恢(hui)復(fu)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(插件、疊(die)片(pian)(pian)、貼片(pian)(pian))。
10、按尺寸可分為:貼片(pian)型0603,0805,1206,1210,1812,2016,2920;非貼片(pian)型Φ2.4×7,Φ3×7,Φ3.6×10,Φ4.5×15,Φ5.0×20,Φ5.16×20,Φ6×25,Φ6×30,Φ6×32,Φ8.5×8,Φ8.5×8×4,Φ10×38,Φ14×51。
二、保險絲的主要參數及含義
1、電壓額定值(VOLTAGERatings)
保險(xian)(xian)絲的(de)電(dian)壓額(e)定(ding)值(zhi)必(bi)須大于或者等(deng)于斷(duan)開(kai)電(dian)路的(de)最大電(dian)壓。由于保險(xian)(xian)絲的(de)阻(zu)值(zhi)非(fei)常低,只有當保險(xian)(xian)絲試圖(tu)熔斷(duan)時,保險(xian)(xian)絲的(de)電(dian)壓額(e)定(ding)值(zhi)才變(bian)得重要。當熔絲元(yuan)件熔化后,保險(xian)(xian)絲必(bi)須能迅速斷(duan)開(kai),熄滅電(dian)弧(hu),并且阻(zu)止開(kai)路電(dian)壓通過斷(duan)開(kai)的(de)熔絲元(yuan)件再次觸發電(dian)弧(hu)。
2、電流額定值(CurrentRatings)
電流額定值(zhi)表(biao)明了保(bao)險絲在一套(tao)測試條件(jian)下的電流承載能(neng)力。每只保(bao)險絲都會注明電流額定值(zhi),這個(ge)值(zhi)可以是數字,字母(mu)或(huo)顏色標記。可以通(tong)過產品數據(ju)表(biao)找到每種標記的意義。
3、分斷能力(BreakingCapacity/InterruptingRating)
保險(xian)絲(si)必須能(neng)在(zai)不破壞(huai)周圍電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)情況下斷開故(gu)(gu)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。分斷能(neng)力就是指在(zai)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下,保險(xian)絲(si)能(neng)夠(gou)安全斷開電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu),并且不發生破損時的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流值。保險(xian)絲(si)的(de)(de)分斷能(neng)力必須等于(yu)或大(da)(da)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的(de)(de)可能(neng)發生的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)故(gu)(gu)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。
4、熔斷積分(MeltingIntegral)
保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)積分(fen),是熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)這一保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)(si)元件所需的(de)能(neng)量,也稱之為熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)值(zhi)I2t。熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)(si)元件的(de)結構(gou)、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和橫截面積決(jue)定(ding)了這個值(zhi)。每一系(xi)列保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)根(gen)據(ju)額定(ding)電(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)不同(tong),使用了不同(tong)的(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和元件配置,因此確定(ding)每只保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)I2t非常(chang)(chang)必(bi)要。通常(chang)(chang)在(zai)(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong),采用10倍的(de)額定(ding)電(dian)流(liu)作為故障電(dian)流(liu),使保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)極短的(de)時間(jian)內斷(duan)開,通過高(gao)速示波儀和積分(fen)程序來測得非常(chang)(chang)精確的(de)I2t。
5、環境溫度(AmbientTemperature)
環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)是(shi)直接接觸(chu)在保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)周圍的(de)(de)空氣溫(wen)(wen)度(du),不是(shi)指室(shi)溫(wen)(wen)。保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)的(de)(de)電特(te)性在25°C環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)中是(shi)額定的(de)(de)標準(zhun)值(zhi)。無論高于或低于這個(ge)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)都(dou)會影(ying)響(xiang)保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)的(de)(de)斷開時間和電流承載特(te)性。
6、快斷保險絲和慢斷保險絲(FastActingFuse&TimeDelayFuse)
快(kuai)(kuai)斷(duan)(duan)保險(xian)(xian)絲在(zai)(zai)過載(zai)和短路(lu)時斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)地非常迅速。UL標(biao)準(zhun)規定:快(kuai)(kuai)斷(duan)(duan)保險(xian)(xian)絲在(zai)(zai)承受(shou)200%~250%的額定電流時,應該在(zai)(zai)最(zui)多(duo)5秒鐘之內斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)。IEC對于快(kuai)(kuai)斷(duan)(duan)保險(xian)(xian)絲的規定有兩種:
F=快斷,當10倍(bei)額定電流時(shi)在0.001~0.01秒(miao)內斷開
FF=超快(kuai)斷,當10倍額定電流時小于0.001秒斷開
慢斷(duan)(duan)保險絲可以允許暫時(shi)的(de)、無害的(de)浪(lang)涌(yong)電流(liu)通過而不斷(duan)(duan)開(kai),但是當(dang)持續過載或短路時(shi),它就會斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)。UL標準規定:慢斷(duan)(duan)保險絲在承受200%~250%的(de)額定電流(liu)時(shi),應該在最多2分(fen)鐘之內斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)。IEC對于快(kuai)斷(duan)(duan)保險絲的(de)規定也(ye)有兩種(zhong):
T=慢斷(duan),當10倍額定電流時在0.01~0.1秒(miao)內斷(duan)開
TT=超慢斷(duan),當10倍額定電(dian)流時在0.1~1秒內(nei)斷(duan)開
7、浪涌和脈沖電流特性(SurgeandPulseCurrentCharacteristics)
有(you)些(xie)使(shi)用場合會(hui)產生(sheng)浪涌電(dian)流(liu),這(zhe)樣就要(yao)(yao)(yao)求保險(xian)絲(si)能(neng)夠使(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)浪涌電(dian)流(liu)通過而不發(fa)生(sheng)誤斷(duan)開動(dong)作或(huo)損傷(shang)熔(rong)絲(si)元(yuan)件。保險(xian)絲(si)能(neng)夠承受浪涌電(dian)流(liu)是設計電(dian)路中非常重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的環節。脈沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu)可以產生(sheng)熱能(neng),雖然不一(yi)定使(shi)保險(xian)絲(si)斷(duan)開,但可能(neng)使(shi)熔(rong)絲(si)受到損傷(shang),影(ying)響保險(xian)絲(si)的壽命(ming),所以我們要(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮保險(xian)絲(si)的熔(rong)斷(duan)積分值I2t。保險(xian)絲(si)的I2t值要(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)于或(huo)等于脈沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu)I2t乘(cheng)以一(yi)個脈沖(chong)系數(shu)Fp。
8、國際標準(STANDARD)
北美標準UL/CSA和歐洲標準IEC對于保險絲的時間、電流特性的定義是不完全相同的,因此這兩種標準的保險絲是不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)互換的(de)。在亞(ya)洲(zhou)主(zhu)要的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有日本的(de)METI和中(zhong)國的(de)CCC等。由于(yu)保(bao)險絲的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)不(bu)(bu)同,因此注意(yi)采用不(bu)(bu)同國際標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)保(bao)險絲對于(yu)電路設(she)計者(zhe)是非常重要的(de)。