1、苗醫藥(癲癇癥療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省鳳凰縣
(3)保護單位:鳳凰縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
2、苗醫藥(鉆節風療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省花垣縣
(3)保護單位:湘西青山苗族醫學文化有限公司
3、苗醫藥(骨傷蛇傷療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省雷山縣
(3)保護單位:雷山縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
4、苗醫藥(九節茶藥制作工藝),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州
(3)保護單位:黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院(黔東南苗族侗族自治州苗醫苗藥研究院、黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院附屬苗醫醫院)
5、苗醫藥(骨髓骨傷藥膏),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2021年(第五批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州麻江縣
苗醫藥被列為第二批(pi)國家級非(fei)物質文化遺產名錄
申報名稱:傳統醫藥
申遺項目:苗(miao)醫(yi)正骨、蛇傷療法(fa)和“九(jiu)節茶”制作工藝。
苗(miao)醫(yi)正(zheng)骨(gu)術(shu)主要分為湘西(張氏和(he)花垣)苗(miao)醫(yi)正(zheng)骨(gu)術(shu)和(he)黔東南(nan)苗(miao)醫(yi)正(zheng)骨(gu)術(shu),一般以小夾板固定并(bing)外敷以傷藥,著名的(de)傷藥有柏林接骨(gu)散藥等(deng)。
苗族(zu)常(chang)用九節(jie)茶來治療頭暈(九節(jie)茶、苦丁茶用水(shui)煎服)、骨折(九節(jie)茶、野葡萄根、泡桐(tong)樹根皮、四(si)塊瓦鮮(xian)品(pin)搗爛,加白酒外裹患處)、風(feng)濕疼痛(tong)(九節(jie)茶用水(shui)煎服)。
申報編號:Ⅸ-15
申報地區(qu):貴州(zhou)省(sheng)雷山縣、黔(qian)東南苗族侗族自治州(zhou)。
苗藥(yao)簡述:苗藥(yao)主要分布于苗族聚(ju)居的苗嶺山(shan)脈(mo)、烏(wu)蒙山(shan)脈(mo)等(deng)廣大地區。在(zai)我國(guo)苗族聚(ju)居的廣大地區建立(li)了不少的藥(yao)材種植生(sheng)產基地,大力開發常用的藥(yao)材。豐富的苗藥(yao)資源正在(zai)逐步(bu)得到(dao)開發,有的已(yi)被(bei)制(zhi)成保健品投放到(dao)市場。
常見藥材:血(xue)藤、鐵筷子(zi)、百金條、白(bai)龍須、藍(lan)布正等(deng)。
珍(zhen)稀藥材:八角蓮、九月生、金鐵(tie)鎖、一支箭(jian)、 仙桃草等。
苗醫(yi)(yi)簡(jian)史:起源很早,在早期的醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)活動近似“巫醫(yi)(yi)合一”。 隨著(zhu)苗族文化知識的提高,“巫醫(yi)(yi)一家(jia)”的狀況已逐步解(jie)體。苗醫(yi)(yi)均是(shi)個(ge)人設診,采(cai)取民間行(xing)醫(yi)(yi)的方式。醫(yi)(yi)護(hu)一體,無(wu)專門的護(hu)理(li)。苗醫(yi)(yi)理(li)論:“兩病兩綱(gang)”理(li)論,即將一切疾病歸納為(wei)冷(leng)病和熱病并輔以(yi)“冷(leng)病熱治(zhi)、熱病冷(leng)治(zhi)”兩大治(zhi)則(ze)。對(dui)病因的認識較為(wei)樸素,認為(wei)是(shi)季(ji)節氣候和外來毒素(如風毒、水毒、氣毒、寒毒)等所(suo)致。
診斷(duan)方法: 望、號、問(wen)、觸。
特色治療(liao)(liao):糖(tang)藥針(zhen)療(liao)(liao)法和滾蛋(dan)療(liao)(liao)法都是(shi)苗醫特有的治療(liao)(liao)方(fang)法,前者發源(yuan)于苗族古代狩(shou)獵活動(dong),后者則起源(yuan)于巫術。
苗藥(yao)分三門,十六類。十六類分屬于三門之中。
熱療類,冷(leng)療類,提火類,退(tui)火類,止痛類,止塞類,止瀉類,健(jian)胃類,幫交環類。
表毒藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),趕毒藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),敗(bai)毒藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),攻(gong)毒藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),退(tui)氣藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),解危(wei)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei)。
補體藥類。
植(zhi)(zhi)物藥宜(yi)在(zai)其(qi)搜媚若(ruo)充(chong)盛(sheng)時(shi)節(jie)采集。如根類(lei)(lei)藥宜(yi)在(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)株茂盛(sheng)期(qi)至翌年抽(chou)苗前,莖葉宜(yi)在(zai)生長(chang) 旺(wang)期(qi),花類(lei)(lei)宜(yi)在(zai)待(dai)放時(shi),果類(lei)(lei)宜(yi)在(zai)初(chu)熟間,芽以(yi)嬌嫩鮮美為好,皮類(lei)(lei)以(yi)漿汁富足最佳;魚、蝦(xia)、蟲、獸要辨別直假,肉(rou)質(zhi)腐敗者不可入藥;礦物、金屬(shu)宜(yi)剔凈雜質(zhi)。講究品(pin)味等次,擇優取用。
藥物(wu)(wu)制作(zuo)包括(kuo)一般加工(gong),炮制,提(ti)煉,合(he)成以及劑(ji)型改革等,各(ge)有(you)工(gong)藝要求和流程(cheng),但其目的只有(you)三(san)點(dian):一是(shi)純潔各(ge)薄港搜,二是(shi)改善瑪汝(ru)務翠,三(san)是(shi)優化搜媚若。總(zong)之,是(shi)在藥物(wu)(wu)的物(wu)(wu)質、結構(gou)、能量(liang)三(san)方面予以人為(wei)的改進。
苗醫用藥配(pei)方有兩個法(fa)則。第一個,是配(pei)單不配(pei)雙;第二個,是三(san)位一體。
配(pei)(pei)單(dan)(dan)不配(pei)(pei)雙(shuang),就是只用1,3,5,7,9,11…之(zhi)類成單(dan)(dan)的藥物種數配(pei)(pei)制藥方,而不用2,4,6,8,10,12 …之(zhi)類成雙(shuang)的藥物種數配(pei)(pei)方。不少老苗醫師都認為“配(pei)(pei)單(dan)(dan)”比“配(pei)(pei)雙(shuang)”療效好。
三(san)(san)位一體(ti),就是各(ge)(ge)碑嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)碑嘎(ga)(ga):苗(miao)語。即(ji)最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)領(ling)頭藥(yao))。各(ge)(ge)薄嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)薄嘎(ga)(ga):苗(miao)語。即(ji)鋪底(di)藥(yao))。各(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)嘎(ga)(ga):苗(miao)語。即(ji)監(jian)護藥(yao))。三(san)(san)類藥(yao)物共組成方。各(ge)(ge)碑嘎(ga)(ga),意(yi)為領(ling)頭藥(yao),是針(zhen)對(dui)病情起(qi)主要(yao)作用(yong)的(de)藥(yao);各(ge)(ge)薄嘎(ga)(ga),意(yi)為鋪底(di)藥(yao),是對(dui)領(ling)頭藥(yao)有(you)(you)相資作用(yong)或對(dui)身體(ti)有(you)(you)補益作用(yong)的(de)藥(yao);各(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)嘎(ga)(ga),意(yi)為監(jian)護藥(yao),是緩解領(ling)頭藥(yao)、鋪底(di)藥(yao)的(de)劣性和毒副作用(yong),督促共達病所的(de)藥(yao)。這三(san)(san)類功(gong)用(yong)藥(yao)與別的(de)藥(yao)物共配成方,形成三(san)(san)位一體(ti),就能(neng)發揮藥(yao)物的(de)良(liang)好(hao)療效。
根據配單(dan)不配雙(shuang)(shuang)的(de)法則,在“三位一(yi)(yi)(yi)體”的(de)三個方面,也只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)數,不用(yong)(yong)(yong)雙(shuang)(shuang)數。即領頭藥只(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong);鋪底(di)藥可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)多種(zhong),但必須(xu)是單(dan)數;監護藥也只(zhi)(zhi)宜一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)。這(zhe)樣,所(suo)配出藥方都是單(dan)數。“一(yi)(yi)(yi)山無二虎”,領頭藥與監護藥都是有“權力”的(de)藥,故只(zhi)(zhi)宜一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong);鋪底(di)藥是基礎性(xing)的(de)力量,必須(xu)要扎實一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie),故常用(yong)(yong)(yong)至3,5,7,9種(zhong),也可(ke)只(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong),假若(ruo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于治療某些(xie)頑疾(ji)沉疴,可(ke)以“韓信點兵,多多益善”。
苗(miao)醫忌用雙數配(pei)方,源(yuan)出于制天命(ming)、破均衡(heng)、反靜止、廢舊(jiu)態、創(chuang)新序的(de)(de)醫學思想;其三位一體的(de)(de)配(pei)方法(fa)則(ze),源(yuan)出于苗(miao)醫先(xian)祖阿濮濮僮所(suo)講的(de)(de)“三條缺一不得生”。這兩點(dian)都與楚國時苗(miao)族(zu)先(xian)民屈原所(suo)述的(de)(de)“御陰陽”與《老(lao)子》所(suo)講的(de)(de)“三生萬(wan)物”哲理有關。
藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang),是治(zhi)病藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)人工組合結(jie)(jie)構。這(zhe)(zhe)個結(jie)(jie)構組合得(de)好(hao),就(jiu)會形成藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)的(de)瑪(ma)汝務(wu)翠(cui),就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)揮良(liang)好(hao)的(de)療效(xiao);組合得(de)不(bu)好(hao),就(jiu)會形成藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)的(de)瑪(ma)假務(wu)翠(cui)(瑪(ma)假務(wu)翠(cui):苗語。不(bu)良(liang)的(de)結(jie)(jie)構)。即不(bu)良(liang)結(jie)(jie)構,于(yu)是就(jiu)不(bu)可能(neng)(neng)發(fa)揮良(liang)效(xiao),甚至(zhi)發(fa)生有(you)害作用。因(yin)此,在(zai)選藥(yao)(yao)配(pei)方(fang)(fang)時,不(bu)但(dan)要注(zhu)(zhu)意“三(san)位(wei)一體”,還要注(zhu)(zhu)意利用事物(wu)生成的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)資(zi)、相(xiang)(xiang)制、相(xiang)(xiang)征或相(xiang)(xiang)奪的(de)三(san)大(da)關(guan)系,即在(zai)選藥(yao)(yao)上、用藥(yao)(yao)分量上、制作方(fang)(fang)法上以及(ji)服(fu)藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)式、禁忌(ji)事項等方(fang)(fang)面,注(zhu)(zhu)意發(fa)揚事物(wu)之間的(de)良(liang)性關(guan)系,避免惡性關(guan)系,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang),才能(neng)(neng)使藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)產生最佳的(de)治(zhi)病療效(xiao)。
苗醫對疾病的治(zhi)療有三個(ge)途徑(jing),即(ji)調整(zheng)搜(sou)媚若,補充各薄港搜(sou),改善瑪汝(ru)務(wu)翠。
這就是苗族生(sheng)成(cheng)哲(zhe)學一分為三論在治病中(zhong)的具體(ti)運用。
苗醫整病學的重要內容有(you)三大(da)原則,十(shi)六大(da)法,四十(shi)九套方術(shu)。
調整(zheng)搜(sou)媚(mei)若,補充各薄港搜(sou),改善(shan)瑪汝務翠,這是苗醫整(zheng)病(bing)的三(san)大原則。
整病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)原則,就(jiu)是處理疾病(bing)(bing)問題的(de)(de)準繩,是不(bu)(bu)可違(wei)背(bei)的(de)(de)規律,如果違(wei)背(bei)了,就(jiu)要(yao)犯醫(yi)療錯誤。如心力不(bu)(bu)足,則屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)搜(sou)媚若虧(kui)損,治療應當用(yong)補心的(de)(de)方法以調整搜(sou)媚若,假若使用(yong)退火的(de)(de)藥物去治療,使心力更(geng)虧(kui),就(jiu)會出(chu)現血壓下(xia)降、循環衰(shuai)竭、腦架(jia)失(shi)(shi)養、本命無依(yi)、生靈能(neng)廢止等危(wei)急(ji)病(bing)(bing)征,甚或導致死亡(wang)。又如失(shi)(shi)水的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)人(ren),屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)各薄港搜(sou)缺乏,就(jiu)必須補液;腸梗阻屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)瑪(ma)汝務翠(cui)破壞,治療當用(yong)趕毒法而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用(yong)止塞法等。
趕毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),敗毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),攻毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)痛(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),熱(re)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),提火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退(tui)火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),健胃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),幫交環法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),補體(ti)(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),表(biao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退(tui)氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)塞法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),解危(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。這苗醫整病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學的十(shi)六大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),是(shi)針對十(shi)六種病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)而立。趕毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)積(ji)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),敗毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)雄毒(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),攻毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)惡毒(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),止(zhi)痛(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)疼痛(tong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),熱(re)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),提火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)內(nei)冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),退(tui)火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)火毒(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),止(zhi)瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)瀉肚病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),健胃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)胃弱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),幫交環法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)交環不和病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),補體(ti)(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)虧損病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),表(biao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)風冷氣水毒(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),退(tui)氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)氣壅病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),止(zhi)塞法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)外漏病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),解危(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)危(wei)急病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)。十(shi)六大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的具體(ti)(ti)應用(yong),請(qing)看十(shi)七病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)議(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各章節。
生藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、煎湯(tang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)(yao)酒(jiu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吸藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、丸散術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吹藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、涂藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、擦藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、敷貼術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)(yao)洗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、掛藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、睡藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、薰煙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、蒸療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、導(dao)氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、推抹術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、刮痧術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吮吸術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、拔罐術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、放(fang)血術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、麻醉術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、開(kai)刀術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、縫(feng)合術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、包扎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、正骨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燙(tang)熨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、烘(hong)烤術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、滾(gun)蛋術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灰碗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)(huo)燎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燈(deng)火(huo)(huo)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燒燙(tang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)(huo)針術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、發泡(pao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、打針術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、挑紗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、點堂(tang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷(leng)浸水、光(guang)照術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷(leng)浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、熱浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、操練術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、戢毒(du)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、化水毒(du)、沖喜術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、治神術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、食療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。
苗醫對疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)命名(ming)(ming)具有(you)樸素、生動的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)思維(wei)特點,他們根(gen)據(ju)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)外(wai)觀征象(xiang),多以動、植物形象(xiang)、聲音、金屬(shu)(shu)色(se)澤(ze)等(deng)(deng)取類比(bi)象(xiang)命名(ming)(ming),如雙上肢抽搐象(xiang)鷂鷹閃(shan)翅的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫“鷂子(zi)經(jing)”,膝關節紅(hong)腫發亮、形如貓頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫“貓頭證(zheng)”,色(se)形如高(gao)梁的(de)(de)(de)(de)“高(gao)梁痘證(zheng)”,色(se)澤(ze)如銅、鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“銅疔(ding)“、“鐵(tie)疔(ding)”等(deng)(deng)。另有(you)以主癥、病(bing)因(yin)、病(bing)變部位命名(ming)(ming)或互為結合命名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de),如“米黃證(zheng)”、“雪皮風(feng)(feng)證(zheng)”、“寒風(feng)(feng)經(jing)”、“白口菌(jun)”、“男色(se)證(zheng)”、“月家(jia)樂證(zheng)”等(deng)(deng)。在苗族醫生中(zhong)流(liu)行(xing)著“病(bing)有(you)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)單(dan)八證(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法,但因(yin)地域(yu)及分支的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同,有(you)將一(yi)百(bai)(bai)單(dan)八 證(zheng)分解為“三(san)十六(liu)經(jing)、七(qi)十二(er)(er)證(zheng)”、有(you)叫“三(san)十六(liu)證(zheng)、七(qi)十二(er)(er)疾(ji)(ji)二(er)(er)或稱“四十九證(zheng)、四十九翻、十丹(dan)(dan)毒”,據(ju)說(shuo)這些數(shu)字只是為了應(ying)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)單(dan)八的(de)(de)(de)(de)概念,并(bing)非確切的(de)(de)(de)(de)定數(shu)。一(yi)般(ban)來說(shuo),苗醫是根(gen)據(ju)各(ge)種疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)某些共同屬(shu)(shu)性而將疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)進行(xing)歸類,分為經(jing)、證(zheng)、翻、龜、小兒胎病(bing)、新(xin)生兒抽病(bing)、丹(dan)(dan)毒、療、癀、花、瘡等(deng)(deng)類。
(一)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)類凡以發(fa)(fa)病(bing)急驟、病(bing)勢險惡,并以發(fa)(fa)熱(re)、抽搐(chu)、昏(hun)迷或疼痛為主癥(zheng)的(de)一類疾病(bing)大都歸為“經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”類,如36經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you):仙麥(mai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(馬苧經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),麥(mai)坐經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(走馬經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),替謬經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(魚肚(du)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),錄慕(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(錄慕(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),苧太經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(天吊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),代替經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(肚(du)腹經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),獨經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(迷沉經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),翻斗經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(腳翻經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、鬧青經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(心經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))……等。操(cao)黔東(dong)方言(yan)的(de)苗醫(yi)稱尚有(you)?經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)病(bing),嗯(ng)(扯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、衣批嗯(ng)(半邊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、啞(ya)嗯(ng)(啞(ya)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、讀嗯(ng)(火經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、生嗯(ng)(冷經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、哈嗯(ng)(快經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、干嗯(ng)(慢經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。
(二)證類
凡以疼痛、吐瀉、發熱、咳嗽、出(chu)血、痘、疹等(deng)為(wei)主癥,或某癥狀(zhuang)單(dan)獨出(chu)現,或幾個(ge)癥狀(zhuang)同時出(chu)現的各種疾病,苗(miao)醫將這一類(lei)疾病歸為(wei)“證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”類(lei),如72證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有:巴鼓干(gan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(公雞(ji)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙謬證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(青沙證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、昏(hun)拓證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(頭(tou)瘟證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、能鋼證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(鋼蛇證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙體證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(紅沙證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、代公證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(狗(gou)心證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、布(bu)容證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(羊毛證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、巴轉(zhuan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(擺(bai)子證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)),豪(hao)指證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃病心)、孟朱替證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(水臌證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))等(deng)。操黔東(dong)方言苗(miao)醫補充;常見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如拿約證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃鱔證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、嗯欒證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(迷(mi)經證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、愛我證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(烏(wu)鴉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、,胡(hu)西證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(縮筋(jin)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))……等(deng)二(er)十多種。
因在烈日下久曬,或(huo)感受瘴嵐穢濁之氣所致(zhi)的(de)各種(zhong)急證,如(ru)口鼻出血、心(xin)腹疼痛、厥(jue)逆(ni)吐瀉、昏(hun)迷痙(jing)厥(jue)等,并伴見某種(zhong)動物形態動作的(de),苗醫統稱為翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),包括(kuo)朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、心(xin)經(jing)疔翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(心(xin)經(jing)疔翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、巴古翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(烏鴉翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),代構(gou)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(狗翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),界構(gou)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(白眼(yan)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、大能翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛇翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、松拿(na)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(啞(ya)巴翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、姑(gu)寶姐翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛤蟆翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))……等49種(zhong)。
(四)胎病
農村小兒中,常見因營養不良或(huo)微量(liang)元素缺乏(fa)所致的消瘦神疲(pi)、毛發干枯、厭食好哭(ku)、哭(ku)聲(sheng)(sheng)細微、夜眠驚惕等(deng)癥,苗(miao)醫根據(ju)其不同見癥及哭(ku)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱為(wei)小兒12胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)病:胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)麥(馬胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)育(牛胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)容(羊胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)干(雞胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)構(狗胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)板(豬(zhu)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)忙(貓(mao)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)訣(jue)(金胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)嘔(銀胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)崩(花(hua)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)奈(人臉)、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)慢(man)(猴胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))。
(五)抽病
是初生小兒最常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)一類對(dui)各種(zhong)有(you)害環(huan)境不(bu)適應性或(huo)過敏性疾病(bing),主要表(biao)現為(wei)身熱面黃、煩(fan)躁啼哭、吐奶(nai)厭食、噴嚏(ti)流淚、指(zhi)紋色紫等,根據病(bing)因及表(biao)現不(bu)同而(er)有(you)不(bu)同的(de)抽(chou)(chou)病(bing),最常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)有(you)以(yi)下幾種(zhong):幾朗抽(chou)(chou)(日抽(chou)(chou))、巧抽(chou)(chou)(煙抽(chou)(chou))、靛抽(chou)(chou)(靛抽(chou)(chou))、都抽(chou)(chou)(木抽(chou)(chou)),此外尚有(you)月、露、風(feng)、雨、人、畜、水(shui)而(er)致(zhi)病(bing)者,但較為(wei)少(shao)見(jian)(jian)。
(六)丹類
本病發病急驟,初(chu)起有發熱、惡寒、頭(tou)痛(tong)、骨(gu)節痛(tong)、惡心(xin)等全身(shen)癥狀,繼而(er)出現皮疹(zhen)。皮疹(zhen)略高(gao)于皮膚,色紅(hong)如(ru)涂丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),邊緣(yuan)清楚(chu),表面光亮灼熱,其(qi)(qi)大如(ru)掌,繼而(er)擴散(san),甚者遍身(shen),或癢或痛(tong),發無定處,根據其(qi)(qi)初(chu)發部位及擴散(san)路徑不同(tong),苗(miao)醫(yi)將其(qi)(qi)分為10丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)毒:晝(zhou)買(mai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(飛灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)買(mai)松丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(走灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)麥(mai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(鬼火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)真度丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(天火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)汁斗丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(天灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)卡煮(zhu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(水(shui)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)替丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(葫蘆丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)勞丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(野火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)保斗丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(煙火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)漏丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(壺漏丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))。
(七)癀類
初起(qi)患部腫痛(tong),繼而向深(shen)層(ceng)和周(zhou)(zhou)圍擴(kuo)大(da),形成大(da)片紅腫熱(re)痛(tong)的硬塊,四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)漫腫,伴全(quan)身寒熱(re)癥狀。常見有讀仿(火癀)、歐(ou)仿(水(shui)癀)、恨松仿(巴骨癀)節(jie)。
(八)花類
多因(yin)(yin)(yin)癀(huang)(huang)類失治誤治而(er)來,后期皮膚紅腫潰爛、腐肉外翻突起,其(qi)形如(ru)花狀,此(ci)時多伴(ban)有(you)人體消瘦,面色蒼(cang)白,食欲不振,低熱等全身癥狀,因(yin)(yin)(yin)其(qi)病(bing)(bing)灶(zao)(zao)發于某(mou)處而(er)名(ming)某(mou)花,如(ru)哥巫(wu)榜(bang)(奶花)、骨汁榜(bang)(背花)、娘(niang)榜(bang)(坐花),另有(you)一些不是因(yin)(yin)(yin)癀(huang)(huang)失治而(er)來,只因(yin)(yin)(yin)其(qi)病(bing)(bing)灶(zao)(zao)如(ru)某(mou)種物體開花狀,或呈(cheng)現某(mou)種花紋(wen)而(er)得(de)名(ming),如(ru)蠟(la)榜(bang)(蠟(la)燭花),講姑買(mai)榜(bang)(蘿1、花)等。
(九)疔類
是一種(zhong)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)皮膚傳(chuan)染性(xing)疾(ji)病(bing),因其病(bing)灶形小根深,頑硬如(ru)釘(ding)而(er)得名,好發(fa)于人體暴露部位,如(ru)頭面及四肢末端(duan),并(bing)伴有寒(han)戰高熱、煩(fan)渴引飲(yin),甚則昏(hun)迷(mi)譫(zhan)語(yu)。本(ben)病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)急(ji)(ji)驟,病(bing)情(qing)兇險(xian),不(bu)急(ji)(ji)治則死(si)。根據(ju)疔發(fa)特(te)點,有樣干(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(飛(fei)疔)、歐干(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(水(shui)疔)、那(nei)干(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(干(gan)疔)、讀公(gong)(火疔)、倒公(gong)(銅疔)、哨公(gong)(鐵疔),此外(wai)根據(ju)發(fa)生部位不(bu)同還(huan)有節骨疔、箍頸疔、手(shou)板疔、腳(jiao)板疔等。
(十)瘡類
指病(bing)(bing)灶(zao)表(biao)淺的一(yi)類皮膚病(bing)(bing),據其不同性狀及(ji)發生部位有:讀萬(wan)潑(火(huo)旋瘡)、干紐潑(白口瘡)、哥巫潑(乳瘡)等(deng)。
(十一)龜類
是長(chang)在腹內形似龜(gui)背(bei)的各(ge)種包塊。包塊質(zhi)軟(ruan),按之消失(shi),起手復現,聚散(san)無常(chang)叫(jiao)崩(beng)播(氣龜(gui));質(zhi)較(jiao)硬,按之不消叫(jiao)向(xiang)播(血龜(gui));按之堅硬如(ru)石(shi)叫(jiao)衣播(石(shi)龜(gui))。包塊圓而(er)無角屬(shu)陰(yin)叫(jiao)“母(mu)龜(gui)”,圓而(er)有(you)角屬(shu)陽叫(jiao)“公龜(gui)”。
據統計,苗(miao)(miao)醫掌(zhang)握病(bing)種有(you)200余種,廣泛涉及(ji)(ji)到內、外、婦、兒、神經、精神、骨傷、皮膚、寄(ji)生蟲及(ji)(ji)各種傳(chuan)染病(bing)、流行病(bing)等(deng),其(qi)(qi)歸類方(fang)(fang)法自成體系(xi),并具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)科學性及(ji)(ji)規范性。但(dan)因地(di)(di)域不同(tong)(tong)(tong),方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)有(you)別(bie),各地(di)(di)苗(miao)(miao)族醫在疾病(bing)命(ming)名(ming)(ming)、證(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)上有(you)不盡相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)之處,有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)名(ming)(ming)異癥、同(tong)(tong)(tong)癥異名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)現象,如(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)叫“飛蛾證(zheng)(zheng)”,湘(xiang)西方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)“飛蛾證(zheng)(zheng)”其(qi)(qi)臨床表(biao)(biao)(biao)現是(shi)(shi)發熱、鼻翼煽動、咳嗽氣急(ji)、胸痛(tong)(tong)等(deng);黔(qian)東方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)“飛蛾證(zheng)(zheng)”臨床表(biao)(biao)(biao)現是(shi)(shi)發熱、扁桃(tao)體紅腫(zhong)(zhong)疼痛(tong)(tong)等(deng)。又(you)如(ru)黔(qian)東方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)“雷公證(zheng)(zheng)”是(shi)(shi)頭(tou)部劇烈疼痛(tong)(tong),以(yi)戴(dai)帽一(yi)圈尤(you)甚,而湘(xiang)西方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)之“雷公證(zheng)(zheng)”則是(shi)(shi)以(yi)胸痛(tong)(tong)、咳嗽、吐血(xue)等(deng)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)主癥,“同(tong)(tong)(tong)名(ming)(ming)異癥”者治(zhi)(zhi)法迥異。另有(you)“同(tong)(tong)(tong)癥異名(ming)(ming)”者,如(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣(yang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現為(wei)(wei)好(hao)食生米、面(mian)色萎黃(huang)、浮(fu)腫(zhong)(zhong)乏(fa)力的(de)(de)(de),湘(xiang)西方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)稱為(wei)(wei)“米黃(huang)證(zheng)(zheng)”,黔(qian)東方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)稱為(wei)(wei)“黃(huang)腫(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)”;同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣(yang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現為(wei)(wei)口干(gan)舌(she)燥、多(duo)食多(duo)飲、腹(fu)脹大而形體消瘦(shou)者,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)稱“魚(yu)肚經”,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)稱為(wei)(wei)“水證(zheng)(zheng)”,“異名(ming)(ming)同(tong)(tong)(tong)癥”者其(qi)(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)療方(fang)(fang)藥一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)或相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)。
貴州特殊的(de)(de)生態環境(jing)及復(fu)雜多樣的(de)(de)自然條件,孕育著無比豐(feng)富而特有的(de)(de)藥用(yong)動、植物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)與礦物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan),為(wei)中國著名的(de)(de)四(si)大道地(di)藥材產(chan)區之一,也是我國著名的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)鄉,蘊(yun)藏著極其豐(feng)富的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)藥資(zi)源(yuan)。
貴(gui)州地(di)(di)處(chu)我國大(da)西(xi)南的東(dong)南部,云貴(gui)高原(yuan)東(dong)部,位于東(dong)經103。36’~109。35’,北緯(wei)24。37’~29。13’,居長江(jiang)、珠江(jiang)兩大(da)河流上(shang)游的分(fen)水(shui)嶺地(di)(di)帶,是隆起于四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)和廣(guang)西(xi)、湘西(xi)丘陵之間(jian)的亞熱帶巖溶化高原(yuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di),境內地(di)(di)勢起伏,西(xi)高東(dong)低,主要山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)有(you)烏蒙山(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)婁(lou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、梵凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)和苗嶺;境內河流縱橫,平均(jun)海(hai)拔(ba)l000m,最高1900m,最低137m。
貴州地(di)處中亞(ya)熱(re)帶中部,主(zhu)要受東南季(ji)風影響,氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)屬亞(ya)熱(re)帶高原山地(di)型,具有溫暖(nuan)濕潤(run)、冬無嚴寒(han)、夏無酷暑、光熱(re)水同期(qi)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)特征。同時,立體氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)明顯,垂直差異(yi)顯著,各地(di)年(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫在8~20℃,大部分(fen)地(di)區(qu)在15~C左右(you),年(nian)降雨量為(wei)850~1600mm,多(duo)(duo)在1000?D1300ram,多(duo)(duo)數地(di)區(qu)無霜期(qi)為(wei)210~350d,一般在270d左右(you)。
貴(gui)州(zhou)的(de)(de)植被類型為中亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)常綠(lv)闊葉林,由殼(ke)斗(dou)科、樟科、山茶(cha)科,以及木蘭科的(de)(de)栲(kao)屬、青(qing)岡櫟(li)、樟屬、楨楠屬和木荷屬等優勢樹種構成,一般分布在海撥l400m。在石(shi)灰(hui)巖地區(qu)多(duo)為石(shi)灰(hui)巖常綠(lv)櫟(li)林。
貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)無比豐富,經20世紀80~90年代的(de)大規模、系統的(de)全省(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)普查,貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)有中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)4290種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)3924種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸(li)屬(shu)于(yu)275科(ke),1384屬(shu);如蕨類30科(ke),200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸子植(zhi)物(wu)11科(ke),25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被(bei)子植(zhi)物(wu)196科(ke),2577種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),占(zhan)(zhan)91.5%;動物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)289種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸(li)屬(shu)于(yu)126科(ke)),占(zhan)(zhan)6.7%,礦物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸(li)屬(shu)于(yu)10類),占(zhan)(zhan)1.8%;在全國(guo)(guo)統一(yi)普查的(de)363種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)點(dian)藥(yao)(yao)材品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)有資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)達326種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)89.6%。貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)豐富程度(du)與(yu)全國(guo)(guo)各省(sheng)區比較,僅次(ci)于(yu)云南(5050種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))、廣西(xi)(4590種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))及(ji)四川(chuan)(含原重(zhong)慶市,4354種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),名列前茅,榮(rong)居第(di)4位,果真是“川(chuan)廣云貴(gui)(gui),地道藥(yao)(yao)材“。
貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)但具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豐富中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),而(er)且也(ye)蘊藏有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),同(tong)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一樣,屬天然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)范疇,涉(she)及到(dao)植物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、動物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)礦物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。據(ju)調(diao)查,貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在4000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you),正如貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)畢(bi)節地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)老苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)所言(yan):(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi))病有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)108癥(zheng),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)3800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(zhe)(泛指高等(deng)(deng)植物)3000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(zhe)(泛指低等(deng)(deng)植物、動物、礦物及其它(ta)類(lei))800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。如別具(ju)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)觀音草(cao)、米槁、艾納香、八爪金(jin)龍、仙桃草(cao)、旱蓮草(cao)、活血丹、大丁草(cao)、重樓等(deng)(deng)。近幾十年來(lai),通過對(dui)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)聚居地(di)(di)區苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛深(shen)入調(diao)查、整理與研究,據(ju)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完全統計,常(chang)(chang)見(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)2000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you),最常(chang)(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)達400種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)己收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)于全國性或(huo)(huo)地(di)(di)方性民(min)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)(deng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)專著。如《中國民(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物志(zhi)》第(di)一卷(juan)(1984年)收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、第(di)二(er)卷(juan)(1990年)收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物集(ji)》(1988年)收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)163種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)少數民(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物集(ji)》(1989年)收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)91種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學》收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)340種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》(1992年)收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)民(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)197種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究與開發(fa)》(1998年)收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)按國家有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)規定再評價并批準(zhun)(zhun)為貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材地(di)(di)方標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)165種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《中國苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物彩色(se)圖(tu)集(ji)》收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)368種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)。此外(wai)湖南、云南、廣西等(deng)(deng)省區出版的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)書籍和(he)發(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)學術論文(wen)中也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)記述。據(ju)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完全統計,常(chang)(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可達1500種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多,最常(chang)(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中,一些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)常(chang)(chang)用而(er)中醫(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)民(min)間草(cao)醫(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用或(huo)(huo)少用的(de)(de)(de)(de);或(huo)(huo)一些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物雖(sui)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)與其它(ta)民(min)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)皆(jie)使用,但苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)位(wei)等(deng)(deng)卻有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)∞“0。總之,貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)廣、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)多、產(chan)量大、品質好,這(zhe)為貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)天然(ran)民(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業產(chan)業化的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓬勃發(fa)展(zhan)奠定了無(wu)比堅(jian)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。
苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)命名(ming)(ming)(ming)亦(yi)有(you)其(qi)特(te)色與(yu)規律性(xing),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)聚居地區和方(fang)言雖有(you)不同,但其(qi)命名(ming)(ming)(ming)方(fang)法(fa)基(ji)本相似。對(dui)(dui)“藥(yao)(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱謂,川(chuan)黔滇方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)語或湘西方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)語均稱之為(wei)(wei)“Guab”(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)文(wen)),其(qi)近似漢語譯(yi)音為(wei)(wei) “ 嘎 ”(下(xia)同);黔東方(fang)言稱為(wei)(wei) “Jab” ,“ 佳 ” 。對(dui)(dui)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命名(ming)(ming)(ming),無論是(shi)來(lai)源于(yu)木(mu)本、草(cao)本、藤本類(lei)(lei)(lei)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)藥(yao)(yao),還是(shi)來(lai)源于(yu)昆蟲、鳥獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)藥(yao)(yao),其(qi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一詞素(su)(第(di)一音節、或一、二(er)音節)一般都(dou)是(shi)該(gai)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)(lei)別(bie)或藥(yao)(yao)用部位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯(yi);第(di)二(er)、三(san)(san)詞素(su)(一或幾(ji)個音節)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)、植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)或特(te)征(一般特(te)征為(wei)(wei)形狀、氣味、顏色、生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)季節及(ji)習性(xing)、功(gong)用)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯(yi)。例如(ru),車前草(cao) “ Vob ngeix dlliangt” (窩里八(ba)降): “ 窩 ” ,即草(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei),是(shi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)別(bie); “ 里 ” ,是(shi)特(te)征,即比(bi)較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思; “ 八(ba)降 ” ,即該(gai)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱。又(you)如(ru)木(mu)本藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai):以(yi)(yi) “ Det” (豆(dou)(dou))詞起頭(tou)。 “ 豆(dou)(dou) ”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯(yi)為(wei)(wei)木(mu),如(ru)杜仲,苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)文(wen)名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei) "Det dem" (豆(dou)(dou)頓)。 苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識和立方(fang)遣藥(yao)(yao)有(you)其(qi)獨特(te)模式。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)在長(chang)期生(sheng)(sheng)產和與(yu)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐中(zhong)(zhong),總結積累(lei)了(le)豐(feng)富而(er)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)驗,逐(zhu)漸形成了(le)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱、經(jing)(jing)、癥、疾(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論模式,以(yi)(yi)及(ji)關于(yu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)因、疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)分類(lei)(lei)(lei)、診斷、治療(liao)和預防等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具有(you)濃郁民族(zu)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)論。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)將疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)分為(wei)(wei)“冷(leng)(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)”、熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)”兩綱,并認為(wei)(wei)冷(leng)(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)相互(hu)對(dui)(dui)立又(you)存在一定(ding)聯系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩類(lei)(lei)(lei)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。一般來(lai)說,凡(fan)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)在發生(sheng)(sheng)發展過程中(zhong)(zhong),表現為(wei)(wei)慢(man)(man)性(xing)、寒冷(leng)(leng)、虛弱、安靜、功(gong)能低下(xia)等(deng)多(duo)屬(shu)冷(leng)(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing);表現為(wei)(wei)急性(xing)、灼熱、躁(zao)動(dong)、機能亢(kang)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)屬(shu)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)根(gen)據疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)表現和起病(bing)(bing)(bing)快慢(man)(man),分為(wei)(wei)“冷(leng)(leng)經(jing)(jing)”、“熱經(jing)(jing)”、“半(ban)邊(bian)經(jing)(jing)”、“快經(jing)(jing)”、“慢(man)(man)經(jing)(jing)”五(wu)經(jing)(jing);苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)流(liu)行著“病(bing)(bing)(bing)有(you)一百單八(ba)癥”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法(fa),并將一百單八(ba)癥分解為(wei)(wei)“三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)、七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)二(er)癥”,或“三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)大癥、七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)二(er)小疾(ji)”,或“四十(shi)(shi)九癥、四十(shi)(shi)九翻、十(shi)(shi)丹毒”。如(ru)此則形成了(le)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱、經(jing)(jing)、癥、疾(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論模式特(te)色。
苗(miao)族醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本原(yuan)則(ze)是(shi):“熱(re)(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治冷(leng)病(bing)”,“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治熱(re)(re)病(bing)”。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)則(ze)分“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”、“熱(re)(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”兩性,又分酸(suan)、甜、辣(la)、麻、澀(se)、辛、淡等七味(wei)。在黔(qian)東南地(di)區,還根據(ju)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性味(wei)歸(gui)入“五(wu)經(jing)”。其(qi)原(yuan)則(ze)是(shi):凡味(wei)甜、麻、香(xiang)、辣(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸(gui)屬(shu)(shu)冷(leng)經(jing);香(xiang)、辣(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)同(tong)時歸(gui)屬(shu)(shu)于快經(jing)、半(ban)邊經(jing);凡味(wei)酸(suan)、苦、澀(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸(gui)屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)經(jing)。苗(miao)族醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)立方簡要、遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精煉,多一方一藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,并擁有(you)(you)大(da)(da)量“簡、便、廉、驗”的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)方、驗方與秘(mi)方。在防治疑難病(bing)、常(chang)見病(bing)、慢(man)性病(bing)、老年病(bing)等方面有(you)(you)其(qi)特(te)殊(shu)療(liao)效(xiao)和絕招。苗(miao)族多居(ju)住在廣袤的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)區,有(you)(you)得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)場地(di),用(yong)(yong)(yong)鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可以(yi)(yi)就地(di)取材,勿需加(jia)工貯藏(zang),故苗(miao)族醫(yi)尚多應用(yong)(yong)(yong)鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),這也是(shi)其(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特(te)點之一。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方劑(ji)(ji)(ji)一般較簡單(dan)而實用(yong)(yong)(yong),除(chu)單(dan)味(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai),其(qi)復方方劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分為(wei)“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))與“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))兩大(da)(da)類而加(jia)以(yi)(yi)伍用(yong)(yong)(yong)。“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))是(shi)根據(ju)主(zhu)要癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功效(xiao)而確(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de);“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))則(ze)是(shi)根據(ju)次要癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)或協助增(zeng)強主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)功效(xiao)等而確(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方劑(ji)(ji)(ji)多數味(wei)組(zu)成,大(da)(da)復方較少見。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)型多種多樣(yang),大(da)(da)多保持傳統劑(ji)(ji)(ji)型特(te)色。常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)水(shui)煎(jian)(jian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、水(shui)酒(jiu)共煎(jian)(jian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),酒(jiu)浸(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、油浸(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、煎(jian)(jian)膏劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、散劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、丸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、灸(jiu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、薰蒸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)等。另外(wai)(wai),還有(you)(you)將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與豬腳(jiao)同(tong)燉服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與蛋同(tong)煮(zhu)服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)酒(jiu)或醋磨汁,鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)搗爛外(wai)(wai)敷等多種用(yong)(yong)(yong)法(fa).